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Karacaoğlan A, Fırat K, Hekimoğlu MA, Saka Ş, Suzer C, Midilli S, Kırım B, Beken AT, Özdoğan M, Yıldırım Ş, Çoban D. Enzymatic, skeletal, and histological ontogeny of shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) larvae under intensive culture conditions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:351-370. [PMID: 36995511 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the structural and ontogenetic development of the skeletal system and digestive tract histologically and enzymatically in larvae of shi drum (U. cirrosa) under intensive rearing conditions until 40 days after hatching (DAH). Among digestive enzymes, amylase was detected at 0.89 ± 0.12 mU mg protein-1 on the first hatching day. The specific activities of trypsin and lipase were detected simultaneously with mouth opening on 3 DAH with 28.47 ± 3.52 and 2.8 ± 0.32 mU mg protein-1, respectively. In addition, pepsin was found for the first time at 0.88 ± 0.21 mU mg protein-1 on 15 DAH in association with stomach formation and increased sharply up to 40 DAH. In the structural development of the skeletal system, the development of the caudal fin in larvae was morphologically associated with the flexion of the notochord. It was observed that the shape of the fin and spine, which reached 40 DAH, became similar to the adult shape. Histologically, 3 DAH, the mouth and anus were opened. The formation of the primitive stomach was observed at the end of the seventh day-the pyloric sphincter formed between 13 and 18 days. A functional stomach was seen on the 15th DAH. Therefore, U. cirrosa is believed to have critical aquaculture potential that can be cultured under intensive conditions. The developmental profile of skeletal, enzymatic, and histological ontogeny observed in U. cirrosa is similar to that described for other sciaenid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Karacaoğlan
- Egemar Sea Products Inc., Akbük, Didim, Aydın, Turkey
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kürşat Fırat
- Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Aquaculture Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Şahin Saka
- Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Aquaculture Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Suzer
- Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Aquaculture Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sema Midilli
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Engineering, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Birsen Kırım
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Engineering, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Atife Tuba Beken
- Department of Aquaculture, Central Fisheries Research Institute, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mürsel Özdoğan
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Zootechnics, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Yıldırım
- Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Aquaculture Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Deniz Çoban
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Engineering, Aydın, Turkey
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Morshedi V, Hamedi S, Pourkhazaei F, Torfi Mozanzadeh M, Tamadoni R, Ebadi M, Esmaili A, Azodi M, Gisbert E. Larval rearing and ontogeny of digestive enzyme activities in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus, Houttuyn 1782). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 261:111044. [PMID: 34371185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present research was conducted to provide insight into digestive larval capacity in Acanthopagrus latus larvae from hatching up to 30 days after hatching (DAH). Newly hatched larvae were stocked into six 300-L cylindrical polyethylene tanks at a density of larvae 50 larvae/L and reared by means of the green water system using Nannochloropsis oculata (0.5 × 106/mL). After mouth opening, larvae were fed with rotifers (5-16 individual/mL) from 2 to 20 DAH; then, Artemia nauplii (0.5-3.0 individuals/mL) were offered to larvae from 18 to 30 DAH, meanwhile a commercial microdiet was offered to larvae from 25 to 30 DAH. Larval performance in terms of growth and survival, and the assessment of the activity of selected digestive enzymes ontogeny of digestive enzymes activities was evaluated in larvae sampled at 0 (hatching), 7, 15, 22 and 30 DAH. Larvae showed an exponential growth characterized by two different growth stanzas, a first one characterized by slow growth rates comprised between hatching to 15 DAH (4.7 ± 0.2 mm), followed by a period of faster growth rates between 16 and 30 DAH (7.5 ± 0.6 mm). The activities of the brush border (alkaline phosphatase, ALP) and cytosolic (leucine-alanine peptidase, LAP) enzymes, as well as those of the pancreatic ones like total alkaline proteases, bile salt-activated lipase and α-amylase were detected from the mouth opening stage. Total activities of pancreatic and gastric enzymes increased with larval growth showing an enhancement of digestive capacities with larval age and size. The intestinal maturation in A. latus as assessed by the ratio of AP to LAP did not occur as expected by end of the first month of life suggesting the complete establishment of digestive luminal processes may take place at older ages. This study related to the growth patterns and ontogenic changes in activity of pancreatic, gastric and intestinal enzymes in A. latus and their nutritional regulation may be considered as the first step for improving the larviculture, as well as assessing and refining the nutritional requirements during the larval and early juvenile stages of this sparid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Morshedi
- Department of Fisheries and Biology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Shirin Hamedi
- Department of Fisheries and Biology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourkhazaei
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mansour Torfi Mozanzadeh
- South Iran Aquaculture Research Centre, Iranian Fisheries Science Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahwaz, Iran.
| | - Rezvan Tamadoni
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913798, Iran
| | - Mina Ebadi
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913798, Iran
| | - Afsane Esmaili
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913798, Iran
| | - Maryam Azodi
- Department of Fisheries and Biology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Rápita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture program, Crta. del Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Rápita 43540, Spain
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Evaluation of a Bacterial Single-Cell Protein in Compound Diets for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fry as an Alternative Protein Source. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091676. [PMID: 32957512 PMCID: PMC7552228 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish meal (FM), as the main protein source, is used in aquafeeds due to its good nutritional profile and palatability. In recent years, because of the high cost and uncertainty in FM supply, studies have been focused to identify and evaluate alternative protein ingredients to minimize FM and reducethe cost of formulated feeds. Currently, plant protein ingredients and animal by-products are used as alternative protein sources to FM, but these components have some nutritional limitations, such as beingrich in anti-nutritional elements and deficient in certain essential amino acids. Among alternative protein sources, single-cell protein (SCP) such as bacteria, yeasts and microalgae, is considered a promising substitute for animal- or plant-derived ingredients. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the replacement of FM with a bacterial SCP, a by-product of the monosodium L-glutamic acid produced by microbial fermentation of vegetal raw materials, in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Results indicated that the maximum replacement of FM by SCP in terms of growth and feed efficiency performance was up to 50%, while the broken-line regression analyses using DHA muscle content and weight gain showed that this value ranged between 46.9 to 52% SCP depending on the parameter considered. Abstract A 60-day trial was conducted in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry (initial weight = 2.5 ± 0.6 g) to evaluate the potential use of a bacterial single-cell protein (SCP) as an alternative protein source. Five experimental diets with different levels of fishmeal replacement (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and no amino acid supplementation were tested. At the end of the trial, we found that fry fed diets, replacing 25 and 50% of fishmeal with bacterial SCP, were 9.1 and 21.8% heavier, respectively, than those fed the control diet (p < 0.05), while Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) values were also lower in comparison to the reference group. These results were also supported by Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Lipid Efficiency Ratio (LER) values that improved in fish fed diets replacing 50% fishmeal by bacterial SCP. The inclusion of SCP enhanced Feed intake (FI) (p < 0.05), although FI was reduced at higher inclusion levels (>50%), which was associated to feed palatability. High levels of bacterial SCP (>50%) affected the muscular amino acid and fatty acid profiles, imbalances that were associated to their dietary content. The broken-line regression analysis using muscle DHA content and weight gain data showed that the maximum levels of fishmeal replacement by bacterial SCP were 46.9 and 52%, respectively.
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Bruni L, Secci G, Mancini S, Faccenda F, Parisi G. A commercial macroalgae extract in a plant-protein rich diet diminished saturated fatty acids of Oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum fillets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1745097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bruni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulia Secci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Faccenda
- Technology Transfer Centre, Experiment and Technological Services Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Dietary protein modulates digestive enzyme activities and gene expression in red tilapia juveniles. Animal 2020; 14:1802-1810. [PMID: 32213230 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the level of dietary protein modulates the enzymatic activity of the digestive tract of fish; however, its effect at the molecular level on these enzymes and the hormones regulating appetite has not been well characterised. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CP on the activity of proteases and the expression of genes related to the ingestion and protein digestion of juveniles of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.), as well as the effects on performance, protein retention and body composition of tilapia. A total of 240 juveniles (29.32 ± 5.19 g) were used, distributed across 20 tanks of 100 l in a closed recirculation system. The fish were fed to apparent satiety for 42 days using four isoenergetic diets with different CP levels (24%, 30%, 36% and 42%). The results indicate that fish fed the 30% CP diet exhibited a higher growth performance compared to those on the 42% CP diet (P < 0.05). Feed intake in fish fed 24% and 30% CP diets was significantly higher than that in fish fed 36% and 42% CP diets (P < 0.05). A significant elevation of protein retention was observed in fish fed with 24% and 30% CP diets. Fish fed with 24% CP exhibited a significant increase in lipid deposition in the whole body. The diet with 42% CP was associated with the highest expression of pepsinogen and the lowest activity of acid protease (P < 0.05). The expression of hepatopancreatic trypsinogen increased as CP levels in the diet increased (P < 0.05) up to 36%, whereas trypsin activity showed a significant reduction with 42% CP (P < 0.05). The diet with 42% CP was associated with the lowest intestinal chymotrypsinogen expression and the lowest chymotrypsin activity (P < 0.05). α-amylase expression decreased with increasing (P < 0.05) CP levels up to 36%. No significant differences were observed in the expression of procarboxypeptidase, lipase or leptin among all the groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the diet with 42% CP resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the expression of ghrelin and insulin and an increase (P < 0.05) in the expression of cholecystokinin and peptide yy. It is concluded that variation in dietary protein promoted changes in the metabolism of the red tilapia, which was reflected in proteolytic activity and expression of digestion and appetite-regulating genes.
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Weaning European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) with plant protein-based diets and its effects on intestinal maturation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 228:43-50. [PMID: 30414916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Weaning glass eels with compound diets (36% proteins, 16% lipids) differing in their fishmeal (FM) level (50, 75 and 100% FM replaced by a blend of plant proteins, PP) was compared to a group fed cod roe. Weaning lasted for 20 days and then, eels were fed compound diets for 70 days, whereas the other group was only fed cod roe (90 days). Diets were tested with four replicates and evaluated in terms of growth, survival, glass eels metamorphosis into elvers, oxidative stress status and activity of digestive enzymes. Although glass eels are traditionally fed with fish roe and progressively weaned onto compound diets, results revealed that this strategy should not be prolonged for a long time, since feeding glass eels with cod roe for 90 days negatively affected their growth (2 times lower than fish fed compound diets), delayed their metamorphosis, as well as the maturation of their digestive function as the ratio of alkaline phosphatase and leucine-alanine peptidase indicated. Weaning glass eels onto compound diets differing in their FM levels did not affect their growth, metamorphic stage nor the activity of pancreatic enzymes (total alkaline proteases, trypsin, bile salt-activated lipase and α-amylase), although 75% FM replacement by PP sources delayed the level of intestinal maturation in eels. In comparison to glass eels fed the 100% FM diet, survival was negatively affected in groups fed diets with 50 and 75% FM replacement by PP ingredients, which indicated that further improvement is needed in diet formulation for this stage of development.
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González-Félix ML, Gatlin DM, Perez-Velazquez M, Webb K, García-Ortega A, Hume M. Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus growth and expression of bile salt-dependent lipase in response to increasing dietary lipid supplementation. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:1319-1331. [PMID: 29790089 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sciaenops ocellatus has a long history in aquaculture and many difficulties associated with its commercial culture have been addressed and successfully resolved; nevertheless, further research in lipid nutrition could address more comprehensive questions on the way these nutrients are utilized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate S. ocellatus growth and lipase gene expression in response to increasing dietary lipid supplementation. Four experimental diets were formulated to provide 3, 10, 16, or 23% lipid using menhaden fish oil. Twenty juveniles (mean initial weight 2.3 ± 0.1 g) were stocked per aquaria in a recirculating system; each diet was assigned to three aquaria and fed to fish for 6 weeks. At the end of the study, fish fed 3% of dietary lipid were significantly (P < 0.0001) smaller and showed significantly lower feed efficiency, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and intraperitoneal fat than fish fed the other diets, but no differences were observed among fish fed 10, 16, or 23% lipid. A straight broken-line regression model for thermal growth coefficient provided an estimated value of 9.4% of dietary lipid as the optimal inclusion level. The bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL) of red drum was 80.3 kDa. Relative gene expression of BSDL was significantly higher (P = 0.0007) in fish fed 10% lipid, with no differences among the other dietary treatments. Results provided could help monitor the metabolic status of farmed fish and contribute to optimize diet formulations based on maximum gene expression of BSDL for supplementation of dietary lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra L González-Félix
- Department of Scientific and Technological Research, University of Sonora, Edificio 7-G, Blvd. Luis Donaldo Colosio s/n, e/Sahuaripa y Reforma, Col. Centro, C.P, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Delbert M Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Martin Perez-Velazquez
- Department of Scientific and Technological Research, University of Sonora, Edificio 7-G, Blvd. Luis Donaldo Colosio s/n, e/Sahuaripa y Reforma, Col. Centro, C.P, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ken Webb
- Fisheries and Mariculture Laboratory, Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Armando García-Ortega
- College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Michael Hume
- USDA, Food and Feed Safety Unit, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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Lund I, El Kertaoui N, Izquierdo MS, Dominguez D, Hansen BW, Kestemont P. The importance of phospholipids combined with long-chain PUFA in formulated diets for pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:628-644. [PMID: 30058990 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dietary phosphoglycerides and n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) play important functions in the development of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae. This study aimed to determine optimal dietary levels of soyabean lecithin (SBL)-derived phospholipids (PL) in starter feeds for pikeperch larvae 10-30 d post-hatch (DPH) and examine performance and ontogeny by additional supplementation of n-3 LC-PUFA in the form of Algatrium DHA 70 (glyceride product; 660-700 mg/g DHA; EPA 60-75 mg/g). In total, six isoproteic and isoenergetic extruded diets were formulated with increasing levels of PL (3·7, 8·3 or 14·5 % wet weight (w.w.), respectively); however, three of the diets were supplemented with three levels of Algatrium DHA 70 (0·6, 2·0 or 3·4 %, respectively). Liver proteomic analyses of larvae at 30 DPH were included for effects of PL and primarily DHA on performance, physiological expression and interactions in larval proteins. In addition, bone anomalies, digestive enzymatic activity, candidate gene expression and skeleton morphogenesis were examined. Results confirmed the importance of dietary PL levels of at least 8·2 % w.w., and an additional beneficiary effect of supplementation with DHA plus EPA. Thus, combined supplementation of SBL (up to 14·51 % w.w. PL) and n-3 LC-PUFA (1·004 % DM DHA and 0·169 % DM EPA) in the form of TAG resulted in highest growth and lowest incidence of anomalies, improved digestive enzyme activity and had differential effect on liver proteomics. The results denote that essential fatty acids can be supplemented as TAG to have beneficial effects in pikeperch larvae development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Lund
- 1Technical University of Denmark,DTU Aqua,Section for Aquaculture,The North Sea Research Centre,PO Box 101,DK-9850 Hirtshals,Denmark
| | - Najlae El Kertaoui
- 2Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology,University of Namur,Rue de Bruxelles,61-5000 Namur,Belgium
| | - Marisol S Izquierdo
- 3Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA),Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Crta. Taliarte s/n,35214 Telde,Spain
| | - David Dominguez
- 3Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA),Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Crta. Taliarte s/n,35214 Telde,Spain
| | - Benni W Hansen
- 4Department for Science and Environment,Roskilde University,4000 Roskilde,Denmark
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- 2Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology,University of Namur,Rue de Bruxelles,61-5000 Namur,Belgium
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Vizcaíno AJ, Rodiles A, López G, Sáez MI, Herrera M, Hachero I, Martínez TF, Cerón-García MC, Alarcón FJ. Growth performance, body composition, and digestive functionality of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) juveniles fed diets including microalgae freeze-dried biomass. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:661-677. [PMID: 29354886 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Senegalese sole is one of the most promising fish species cultivated in the Southern European countries. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of microalgae biomass added to diets for Senegalese sole juveniles on fish growing and condition status. Three isoproteic (52%) and isolipidic (10%) were formulated containing 15% Tisochrysis lutea (TISO), Nannochloropsis gaditana (NAN), or Scenedesmus almeriensis (SCE) biomass, respectively. An experimental microalgae-free diet (CT) and a commercial diet (COM) were used as controls. Fish were fed at 3% of their body weight for 85 days. Final body weight of fish fed microalgae-supplemented diets did not differ from group fed CT diet. Fish-fed CT, TISO, NAN, and SCE showed higher growth performance and nutrient utilization figures than specimen-fed COM diet. The highest carcass lipid content was found in COM group (141 g kg-1), and no differences were observed in body protein content. Ash was significantly higher in TISO, NAN, and SCE groups compared to fish-fed CT. Muscle EPA and DHA contents were not modified owing to the different dietary treatments. The n3/n6 and EPA/DHA ratios in muscle were similar in all the experimental groups. The quantification of digestive proteolytic activities did not differ among experimental groups, although differences in the protease pattern in digestive extracts by zymography were revealed in those fish fed on COM diet. Both α-amylase activity in the intestinal lumen and leucine aminopeptidase in the intestinal tissue were significantly lower in COM fish. Specimens fed on SCE diet showed a higher leucine aminopeptidase activity associated to the intestinal tissue compared to NAN-fed fish (0.40 and 0.25 U g tissue-1, respectively). The ultrastructural study revealed that the dietary inclusion of algal biomass, especially T. lutea and N. gaditana, had a positive impact on the absorptive capacity of the intestinal mucosa. The highest values for the parameters microvilli length and microvilli absorption surface were observed in fish fed on NAN diet (1.99 μm and 45.93 μm2, respectively). Even though further studies aimed at optimizing commercial formulas for Senegalese sole are required prior to any large-scale practical utilization, the results obtained clearly suggest the potential of microalgae as dietary ingredients for this fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Vizcaíno
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - A Rodiles
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - G López
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M I Sáez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M Herrera
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, Huelva, Spain
| | - I Hachero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - T F Martínez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M C Cerón-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CITE II-A, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - F Javier Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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Gao XQ, Liu ZF, Guan CT, Huang B, Lei JL, Li J, Guo ZL, Wang YH, Hong L. Developmental changes in digestive enzyme activity in American shad, Alosa sapidissima, during early ontogeny. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:397-409. [PMID: 27942900 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the digestive physiological capacity of the American shad Alosa sapidissima and to establish feeding protocols that match larval nutritional requirements, we investigated the ontogenesis of digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipase, pepsin, alkaline phosphatase, and leucine aminopeptidase) in larvae, from hatching to 45 days after hatching (DAH). We found that all of the target enzymes were present at hatching, except pepsin, which indicated an initial ability to digest nutrients and precocious digestive system development. Trypsin rapidly increased to a maximum at 14 DAH. Amylase sharply increased until 10 DAH and exhibited a second increase at 33 DAH, which coincided with the introduction of microdiet at 30 DAH, thereby suggesting that the increase was associated with the microdiet carbohydrate content. Lipase increased until 14 DAH, decreased until 27 DAH, and then increased until 45 DAH. Pepsin was first detected at 27 DAH and then sharply increased until 45 DAH, which suggested the formation of a functional stomach. Both alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase markedly increased until 18 DAH, which indicated intestinal maturation. According to our results, we conclude that American shad larvae possess the functional digestive system before mouth opening, and the significant increases in lipase, amylase, pepsin, and intestinal enzyme activities between 27 and 33 DAH suggest that larvae can be successfully weaned onto microdiets around this age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Tao Guan
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Lin Lei
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Long Guo
- Jiangsu Zhongyang Group, Nantong, 226600, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Zhongyang Group, Nantong, 226600, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Gaillard M, Pavey SA, Côté CL, Tremblay R, Bernatchez L, Audet C. Regional variation of gene regulation associated with storage lipid metabolism in American glass eels (Anguilla rostrata). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 196:30-37. [PMID: 26921640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Variation in gene regulation may be involved in the differences observed for life history traits within species. American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is well known to harbor distinct ecotypes within a single panmictic population. We examined the expression of genes involved in the regulation of appetite as well as lipid and glycogen among glass eels migrating to different locations on the Canadian east coast and captured at two different periods of upstream migration. Gene expression levels of three reference and five candidate genes were analyzed by real-time PCR with Taqman probes in recently captured wild glass eels. All gene transcripts were detected in glass eels. Of the five candidate genes, bile salt activated and triacylglycerol lipases were respectively 7.65 and 3.25 times more expressed in glass eels from the St. Lawrence estuary than in those from Nova Scotia, and there was no effect related to the two-week difference in capture date. These two genes explained 82.41% of the dissimilarity between the two rivers. In contrast, glycogen phosphorylase, ghrelin, and leptin receptor genes showed no significant differences in gene transcription. These results confirmed at the molecular level an observation that was recently made at the phenotypic level that glass eels from the St. Lawrence estuary have a greater capacity to use lipid reserves to sustain their metabolic needs. These observations add to the body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that regional phenotypic variation observed in American eel is determined early in life and that part of this variation is likely under genetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gaillard
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Scott A Pavey
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Caroline L Côté
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada.
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12
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Castro C, Couto A, Pérez-Jiménez A, Serra CR, Díaz-Rosales P, Fernandes R, Corraze G, Panserat S, Oliva-Teles A. Effects of fish oil replacement by vegetable oil blend on digestive enzymes and tissue histomorphology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:203-217. [PMID: 26364216 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of replacing circa 70% fish oil (FO) by a vegetable oil (VO) blend (rapeseed, linseed, palm oils; 20:50:30) in diets for European sea bass juveniles (IBW 96 ± 0.8 g) was evaluated in terms of activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, trypsin and total alkaline proteases) in the anterior (AI) and posterior (PI) intestine and tissue morphology (pyloric caeca-PC, AI, PI, distal intestine-DI and liver). For that purpose, fish were fed the experimental diets for 36 days and then liver and intestine were sampled at 2, 6 and 24 h after the last meal. Alkaline protease characterization was also done in AI and PI at 6 h post-feeding. Dietary VO promoted higher alkaline phosphatase activity at 2 h post-feeding in the AI and at all sampling points in the PI. Total alkaline protease activity was higher at 6 h post-feeding in the PI of fish fed the FO diet. Identical number of bands was observed in zymograms of alkaline proteases of fish fed both diets. No alterations in the histomorphology of PC, AI, PI or DI were noticed in fish fed the VO diets, while in the liver a tendency towards increased hepatocyte vacuolization due to lipid accumulation was observed. Overall, and with the exception of a higher intestine alkaline phosphatase activity, 70% FO replacement by a VO blend in diets for European sea bass resulted in no distinctive alterations on the postprandial pattern of digestive enzyme activities and intestine histomorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Couto
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Amalia Pérez-Jiménez
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R Serra
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Fernandes
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Geneviève Corraze
- INRA, UR1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, 64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRA, UR1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, 64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Martínez-Lagos R, Tovar-Ramírez D, Gracia-López V, Lazo JP. Changes in digestive enzyme activities during larval development of leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:773-785. [PMID: 24189829 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The leopard grouper is an endemic species of the Mexican Pacific with an important commercial fishery and good aquaculture potential. In order to assess the digestive capacity of this species during the larval period and aid in the formulation of adequate weaning diets, this study aimed to characterize the ontogeny of digestive enzymes during development of the digestive system. Digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid protease, leucine-alanine peptidase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, lipase, amylase and maltase were quantified in larvae fed live prey and weaned onto a formulated microdiet at 31 days after hatching (DAH) and compared with fasting larvae. Enzyme activity for trypsin, lipase and amylase were detected before the opening of the mouth and the onset of exogenous feeding, indicating a precocious development of the digestive system that has been described in many fish species. The intracellular enzyme activity of leucine-alanine peptidase was high during the first days of development, with a tendency to decrease as larvae developed, reaching undetectable levels at the end of the experimental period. In contrast, activities of enzymes located in the intestinal brush border (i.e., aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) were low at the start of exogenous feeding but progressively increased with larval development, indicating the gradual maturation of the digestive system. Based on our results, we conclude that leopard grouper larvae possess a functional digestive system at hatching and before the onset of exogenous feeding. The significant increase in the activity of trypsin, lipase, amylase and acid protease between 30 and 40 DAH suggests that larvae of this species can be successfully weaned onto microdiets during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martínez-Lagos
- Centro Universitario Regional del Centro (CURC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Km. 1.5 carretera a Tegucigalpa, aldea de Tenguaje, Comayagua, Honduras
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14
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Borges P, Medale F, Veron V, Pires MDA, Dias J, Valente LM. Lipid digestion, absorption and uptake in Solea senegalensis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Abstract
We have previously described that fish larvae absorb a larger fraction of dietary monoacylglycerol than TAG. To investigate how dietary hydrolysed lipids affect a vertebrate at early life stages over time, we fed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae six diets with different degrees of hydrolysed lipids for 30 d. The different diets had no effect on growth, but there was a positive correlation between the level of hydrolysed lipids in the diets and mortality. Important genes in lipid metabolism, such as PPAR, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), were regulated by the different diets. Genes involved in the oxidative stress response did not respond to the increased lipid hydrolysation in the diets. However, enterocyte damage was observed in animals fed diets with 2·7 % NEFA (diet 3) or more. It is thus possible that mortality was due to infections and/or osmotic stress due to the exposure of the subepithelial tissue. In contrast to earlier experiments showing a positive effect of dietary hydrolysed lipids, we have demonstrated a toxic effect of dietary NEFA on Atlantic cod larvae. Toxicity is not acute but needs time to accumulate.
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16
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Shan XJ, Huang W, Cao L, Xiao ZZ, Dou SZ. Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2009; 35:385-398. [PMID: 18821026 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Shan
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nan-Hai Lu Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
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17
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Morais S, Caballero MJ, Conceição LEC, Izquierdo MS, Dinis MT. Dietary neutral lipid level and source in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae: effect on growth, lipid metabolism and digestive capacity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 144:57-69. [PMID: 16517195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to larval essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements, the effect of dietary neutral lipid supply has been little investigated in marine fish larvae. The present work investigates the effect of feeding Senegalese sole larvae on Artemia enriched with higher or lower doses of lipid emulsion. Two lipid sources - soybean oil and fish oil - were compared. From 16 days after hatching (DAH) onwards, larvae were fed one of four experimental treatments: Artemia enriched on a high or low dose of soybean oil emulsion (HS and LS) or Artemia enriched on a high or low dose of fish oil emulsion (HF and LF). In terms of growth, the dietary lipid level did not have a significant effect while the soybean oil treatments induced a lower growth than the fish oil-enriched Artemia. The fatty acid (FA) composition of the larvae closely reflected the dietary quantitative and qualitative FA profile. Only slight dietary effects were noted in the activity of trypsin, lipase and alkaline phosphatase. A higher amount of lipid droplets was noticeable in the posterior intestine epithelia and in the hepatocytes of larvae fed Artemia enriched with higher lipid doses, while LS-Artemia induced the lower lipid accumulation on the basal zone of the enterocytes, in accordance with the lowest total lipid level measured in this treatment. These results suggest an important effect of dietary total lipid level on lipid accumulation in the enterocytes and on FA absorption. At 33 DAH a tube feeding trial was conducted with 14C-labelled oleic acid (OA) or triolein (TRI), showing that the lower accumulation of lipid droplets in the larvae fed LS was associated with a significantly higher absorption and retention in the gut and body tissues of the TRI label. For OA no significant differences between treatments were found. TRI label was considerably more evacuated than OA, indicating that sole larvae may have a lower capacity to incorporate a triacylglycerol, which needs to be digested. Finally, OA appears to be preferentially utilized for energy production, accumulating more in larval tissues when absorbed in higher amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morais
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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