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Wu C, Chen H, Mei Y, Yang B, Zhao J, Stanton C, Chen W. Advances in research on microbial conjugated linoleic acid bioconversion. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101257. [PMID: 37898352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a functional food ingredient with prebiotic properties that provides health benefits for various human pathologies and disorders. However, limited natural CLA sources in animals and plants have led microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium to emerge as new CLA sources. Microbial conversion of linoleic acid to CLA is mediated by linoleic acid isomerase and multicomponent enzymatic systems, with CLA production efficiency dependent on microbial species and strains. Additionally, complex factors like LA concentration, growth status, culture substrates, precursor type, prebiotic additives, and co-cultured microbe identity strongly influence CLA production and isomer composition. This review summarizes advances in the past decade regarding microbial CLA production, including bacteria and fungi. We highlight CLA production and potential regulatory mechanisms and discuss using microorganisms to enhance CLA content and nutritional value of fermented products. We also identify primary microbial CLA production bottlenecks and provide strategies to address these challenges and enhance production through functional gene and enzyme mining and downstream processing. This review aims to provide a reference for microbial CLA production and broaden the understanding of the potential probiotic role of microbial CLA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Yongchao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Catherine Stanton
- International Joint Research Centre for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Centre for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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Nasrollahzadeh A, Mollaei Tavani S, Arjeh E, Jafari SM. Production of conjugated linoleic acid by lactic acid bacteria; important factors and optimum conditions. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100942. [PMID: 38144824 PMCID: PMC10740029 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has recently attracted significant attention as a health-promoting compound. CLA is a group of positional isomers of linoleic acid (LA) with a conjugated double bond naturally occurring in dairy and ruminant meat products. Microbial biosynthesis of CLA is a practical approach for commercial production due to its high safety and purity. There are some factors for the microbial CLA production such as strain type, microbial growth phase, pH, temperature and incubation time, based on which the amount and type of CLA can be controlled. Understanding the interplay of these factors is essential in optimizing the quantity and composition of microbial CLA, as discussed in the current study. Further exploration of CLA and its influences on human health remains a dynamic and evolving area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Nobonyad Nasr Food Industry Specialists Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mollaei Tavani
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Edris Arjeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Arain SW, Talpur FN, Unar A, Afridi HI, Balouch A, Ali Z, Khaskheli AA, Chanihoon GQ. Bioproduction of Conjugated Linolenic Acid by L. plantarum Using Linolenic Acid as a Substrate. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Shokryzadan P, Rajion MA, Meng GY, Boo LJ, Ebrahimi M, Royan M, Sahebi M, Azizi P, Abiri R, Jahromi MF. Conjugated linoleic acid: A potent fatty acid linked to animal and human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:2737-2748. [PMID: 26252346 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1060190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of isomers of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), which is mostly found in the ruminant meat and dairy products. The CLA is known to have many potential health benefits, and considered a potent powerful fatty acid, which is linked to animal and human health. The present work aims to discuss the source and production, mechanism of action, and effects of CLA on humans, poultry, and ruminants by reviewing the recent studies carried out on CLA. Despite most of the recent studies indicating beneficial effects of CLA on improving body weight control parameters, its effects on reducing risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), inflammation, blood glucose, and insulin are still controversial, and need to be further studied in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shokryzadan
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) , East and North-East Branch , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mohamed Ali Rajion
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.,c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Liang Juan Boo
- c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Maryam Royan
- d Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) , North Branch , Rasht , Iran
| | - Mahbod Sahebi
- c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Parisa Azizi
- c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Rambod Abiri
- e Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Faseleh Jahromi
- b Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) , East and North-East Branch , Mashhad , Iran.,c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
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Gorissen L, Leroy F, De Vuyst L, De Smet S, Raes K. Bacterial production of conjugated linoleic and linolenic Acid in foods: a technological challenge. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1561-74. [PMID: 24915316 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.706243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) isomers are present in foods derived from ruminants as a result of the respective linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (LNA) metabolism by ruminal microorganisms and in animals' tissues. CLA and CLNA have isomer-specific, health-promoting properties, including anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activity, as well as the ability to reduce body fat. Besides ruminal microorganisms, such as Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, many food-grade bacteria, such as bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and propionibacteria, are able to convert LA and LNA to CLA and CLNA, respectively. Linoleate isomerase activity, responsible for this conversion, is strain-dependent and probably related to the ability of the producer strain to tolerate the toxic effects of LA and LNA. Since natural concentrations of CLA and CLNA in ruminal food products are relatively low to exert their health benefits, food-grade bacteria with linoleate isomerase activity could be used as starter or adjunct cultures to develop functional fermented dairy and meat products with increased levels of CLA and CLNA or included in fermented products as probiotic cultures. However, results obtained so far are below expectations due to technological bottlenecks. More research is needed to assess if bacterial production kinetics can be increased and can match food processing requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gorissen
- a Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University , B-9090 Melle, Belgium
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Sources and Bioactive Properties of Conjugated Dietary Fatty Acids. Lipids 2016; 51:377-97. [PMID: 26968402 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The group of conjugated fatty acids known as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been extensively studied with regard to their bioactive potential in treating some of the most prominent human health malignancies. However, CLA isomers are not the only group of potentially bioactive conjugated fatty acids currently undergoing study. In this regard, isomers of conjugated α-linolenic acid, conjugated nonadecadienoic acid and conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid, to name but a few, have undergone experimental assessment. These studies have indicated many of these conjugated fatty acid isomers commonly possess anti-carcinogenic, anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory and immune modulating properties, a number of which will be discussed in this review. The mechanisms through which these bioactivities are mediated have not yet been fully elucidated. However, existing evidence indicates that these fatty acids may play a role in modulating the expression of several oncogenes, cell cycle regulators, and genes associated with energy metabolism. Despite such bioactive potential, interest in these conjugated fatty acids has remained low relative to the CLA isomers. This may be partly attributed to the relatively recent emergence of these fatty acids as bioactives, but also due to a lack of awareness regarding sources from which they can be produced. In this review, we will also highlight the common sources of these conjugated fatty acids, including plants, algae, microbes and chemosynthesis.
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Wang T, Lee HG. Advances in research on cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid: a major functional conjugated linoleic acid isomer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:720-31. [PMID: 24915361 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.674071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) consists of a group of positional and geometric conjugated isomers of linoleic acid. Since the identification of CLA as a factor that can inhibit mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, thousands of studies have been conducted in the last several decades. Among the many isomers discovered, cis-9, trans-11 CLA is the most intensively studied because of its multiple, isomer-specific effects in humans and animals. This paper provides an overview of the available data on cis-9, trans-11 CLA, including its isomer-specific effects, biosynthesis, in vivo/in vitro research models, quantification, and the factors influencing its content in ruminant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- a Department of Animal Science, and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology , Konkuk University , 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
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ANDRADE JOSÉC, ASCENÇÃO KELLY, GULLÓN PATRICIA, HENRIQUES SILVINOMS, PINTO JORGEMS, ROCHA-SANTOS TERESAAP, FREITAS ANACRISTINA, GOMES ANAMARIA. Production of conjugated linoleic acid by food-grade bacteria: A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2012.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Novel multi-component enzyme machinery in lactic acid bacteria catalyzing C=C double bond migration useful for conjugated fatty acid synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:188-93. [PMID: 22093837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Linoleic acid isomerase was identified as a multi-component enzyme system that consists of three enzymes that exist in both the membrane and soluble fractions of Lactobacillus plantarum. One enzyme (CLA-HY) is present in the membrane fraction, while two enzymes (CLA-DH and CLA-DC) exist in the soluble fraction. Three Escherichia coli transformants expressing CLA-HY, CLA-DH, and CLA-DC were constructed. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and 10-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were generated from linoleic acid only when all these three E. coli transformants were used as catalysts simultaneously. CLA-HY catalyzed the hydration reaction, a part of linoleic acid isomerization, to produce 10-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid. This multi-component enzyme system required oxidoreduction cofactors such as NADH and FAD. This is the first report to reveal enzymes genes and the elaborate machinery that synthesizes CLA, especially an important isomer of cis-9, trans-11-CLA, in lactic acid bacteria.
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Gorissen L, Weckx S, Vlaeminck B, Raes K, De Vuyst L, De Smet S, Leroy F. Linoleate isomerase activity occurs in lactic acid bacteria strains and is affected by pH and temperature. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:593-606. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Farmani J, Safari M, Roohvand F, Razavi SH, Aghasadeghi MR, Noorbazargan H. Conjugated linoleic acid-producing enzymes: A bioinformatics study. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Macouzet M, Lee B, Robert N. Genetic and structural comparison of linoleate isomerases from selected food-grade bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:2128-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Demir AS, Talpur FN. Chemoenzymatic conversion of linoleic acid into conjugated linoleic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1646-1652. [PMID: 20058923 DOI: 10.1021/jf903521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An efficient chemoenzymatic method for preparing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) using free linoleic acid (LA) as a substrate is described. In the first step, LA was transformed into 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (HA) by the whole cells of Lactobacillus plantarum after 48 h of incubation. The preincubation of whole cells with 0.03% LA resulted in a better yield of HA (480 mg/g) compared to cells grown without LA. In a second fast microwave step, HA was converted to cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid in the presence of iodine as a catalyst over a silica gel surface. The advantage of this method in preparing cis-9,trans-11 CLA is simple via the whole cell bioconversion of LA into HA via L. plantarum followed by the fast microwave-assisted synthesis of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in higher yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan S Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531Ankara, Turkey.
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Xu H, Lee H, Hwang B, Nam J, Kang H, Ahn J. Kinetics of microbial hydrogenation of free linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acids. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:2239-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liavonchanka A, Feussner I. Biochemistry of PUFA double bond isomerases producing conjugated linoleic acid. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1867-72. [PMID: 18655062 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation of linoleic acid (LA) into conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by microorganisms is a potentially useful industrial process. In most cases, however, the identities of proteins involved and the details of enzymatic activity regulation are far from clear. Here we summarize available data on the reaction mechanisms of CLA-producing enzymes characterized until now, from Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Ptilota filicina, and Propionibacterium acnes. A general feature of enzymatic LA isomerization is the protein-assisted abstraction of an aliphatic hydrogen atom from position C-11, while the role of flavin as cofactor for the double bond activation in CLA-producing enzymes is also discussed with regard to the recently published three-dimensional structure of an isomerase from P. acnes. Combined data from structural studies, isotopic labeling experiments, and sequence comparison suggest that at least two different prototypical active site geometries occur among polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) double bond isomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Liavonchanka
- Georg August University, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Wallace RJ, McKain N, Shingfield KJ, Devillard E. Isomers of conjugated linoleic acids are synthesized via different mechanisms in ruminal digesta and bacteria. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2247-54. [PMID: 17644775 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700271-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Digesta samples from the ovine rumen and pure ruminal bacteria were incubated with linoleic acid (LA) in deuterium oxide-containing buffer to investigate the mechanisms of the formation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). Rumenic acid (RA; cis-9,trans-11-18:2), trans-9,trans-11-18:2, and trans-10,cis-12-18:2 were the major CLA intermediates formed from LA in ruminal digesta, with traces of trans-9,cis-11-18:2, cis-9,cis-11-18:2, and cis-10,cis-12-18:2. Mass spectrometry indicated an increase in the n+1 isotopomers of RA and other 9,11-CLA isomers, as a result of labeling at C-13, whereas 10,12 isomers contained minimal enrichment. In pure culture, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Clostridium proteoclasticum produced mostly RA with minor amounts of other 9,11 isomers, all labeled at C-13. Increasing the deuterium enrichment in water led to an isotope effect, whereby (1)H was incorporated in preference to (2)H. In contrast, the type strain and a ruminal isolate of Propionibacterium acnes produced trans-10,cis-12-18:2 and other 10,12 isomers that were minimally labeled. Incubations with ruminal digesta provided no support for ricinoleic acid (12-OH,cis-9-18:1) as an intermediate of RA synthesis. We conclude that geometric isomers of 10,12-CLA are synthesized by a mechanism that differs from the synthesis of 9,11 isomers, the latter possibly initiated by hydrogen abstraction on C-11 catalyzed by a radical intermediate enzyme.
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