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The Potential of Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as Antifungal Agents: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030188. [PMID: 35324685 PMCID: PMC8954725 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal contamination presents several problems: in humans, health issues arise from infections with opportunistic filamentous fungi and yeast, while in food, fungi cause spoilage and, in particular, in the case of mycotoxigenic fungi, can cause serious health issues. Several types of fatty acids and their derivatives, oxylipins, have been found to have inhibitory effect towards fungal growth and the production of mycotoxins. The use of fatty acids as antifungals could fulfil consumer’s requests of more natural and environmentally friendly compounds, while being less likely to promote fungal resistance. In addition, due to their nature, fatty acids are easily used as food additives. In this work, we review the most relevant and recent studies on the antifungal ability of fatty acids. We focused on saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and oxylipins, their different impact on fungal inhibition, their proposed modes of action, and their ability to impair mycotoxin production. Applications of fatty acids as antifungals and their limitations are also addressed.
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Horká P, Vrkoslav V, Kindl J, Schwarzová-Pecková K, Cvačka J. Structural Characterization of Unusual Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Double and Triple Bonds Using HPLC/APCI-MS 2 with Acetonitrile In-Source Derivatization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216468. [PMID: 34770878 PMCID: PMC8588306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Double and triple bonds have significant effects on the biological activities of lipids. Determining multiple bond positions in their molecules by mass spectrometry usually requires chemical derivatization. This work presents an HPLC/MS method for pinpointing the double and triple bonds in fatty acids. Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by reversed-phase HPLC with an acetonitrile mobile phase. In the APCI source, acetonitrile formed reactive species, which added to double and triple bonds to form [M + C3H5N]+• ions. Their collisional activation in an ion trap provided fragments helpful in localizing the multiple bond positions. This approach was applied to fatty acids with isolated, cumulated, and conjugated double bonds and triple bonds. The fatty acids were isolated from the fat body of early-nesting bumblebee Bombus pratorum and seeds or seed oils of Punicum granatum, Marrubium vulgare, and Santalum album. Using the method, the presence of the known fatty acids was confirmed, and new ones were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Horká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Jiří Kindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-183-303
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Sanabria-Ríos DJ, Morales-Guzmán C, Mooney J, Medina S, Pereles-De-León T, Rivera-Román A, Ocasio-Malavé C, Díaz D, Chorna N, Carballeira NM. Antibacterial Activity of Hexadecynoic Acid Isomers toward Clinical Isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lipids 2020; 55:101-116. [PMID: 31975430 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the structural characteristics that impart antibacterial activity to C16 alkynoic fatty acids (aFA) were further investigated. The syntheses of hexadecynoic acids (HDA) containing triple bonds at C-3, C-6, C-8, C-9, C-10, and C-12 were carried out in four steps and with an overall yield of 34-78%. In addition, HDA analogs containing a sulfur atom at either C-4 or C-5 were also prepared in 69-77% overall yields, respectively. Results from this study revealed that the triple bond at C-2 is pivotal for the antibacterial activity displayed by 2-HDA, while the farther the position of the triple bond from the carbonyl group, the lower its bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria, including clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CIMRSA) strains. The potential of 2-HDA as an antibacterial agent was also assessed in five CIMRSA strains that were resistant to Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) demonstrating that 2-HDA was the most effective treatment in inhibiting their growth when compared with either Cipro alone or equimolar combinations of Cipro and 2-HDA. Moreover, it was proved that the inhibition of S. aureus DNA gyrase can be linked to the antibacterial activity displayed by 2-HDA. Finally, it was determined that the ability of HDA analogs to form micelles can be linked to their decreased activity against gram-positive bacteria, since critical micellar concentrations (CMC) between 50 and 300 μg/mL were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sanabria-Ríos
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Christian Morales-Guzmán
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Ave Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA
| | - Joseph Mooney
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Solymar Medina
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Tomás Pereles-De-León
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Ashley Rivera-Román
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Carlimar Ocasio-Malavé
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Damarith Díaz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Nataliya Chorna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR, 00936, USA
| | - Néstor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Ave Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA
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Elyasi H, Sepahvand A, Rahimi H, Nafari A, Azizi S, Khadem E, Zamani A, Behnaminia N, Bahmani M. Fatty Acids and Herbal Medicine. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190514082338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Fatty acid is a type of carboxylic acid with carbon chain that can be short (4 carbons, such as butyric acid) or long (14 carbons and more, like DHA). Generally, fatty acids are divided into two groups of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. They have important and valuable medicinal properties especially against microbial pathogens.Objective:Studies have shown that the epidemic of the twentieth century's heart disease is due to the abuse of trans fatty acids. The consumption of various fatty acids has various therapeutic effects on various diseases.Method:Relevant articles were searched from Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, Science direct, and Cochrane library.Results:Getting omega-3 fatty acids through diet and supplements affects both acute and chronic inflammation. Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can slow down the growth of cancer, increase the effect of chemotherapy and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy or cancer. This can be done by reducing angiogenesis in the tumor, creating the differentiation of cancer cells, reducing the risk of heart attack from cancer, etc.Conclusion:In general, fatty acids are valuable and affordable, and available with numerous medicinal properties, including anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties that can be extracted from and used by many sources, especially many medicinal plants. Since antimicrobial chemicals generally have many side effects and have resistance to many microbial species, various studies and experiments to identify and extract fatty acids and their application to the title of the pharmaceutical formulation are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Elyasi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Asghar Sepahvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hadis Rahimi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Nafari
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Soleiman Azizi
- Student Research Committee, Azad University of Tehran East, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Khadem
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Amir Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nima Behnaminia
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Bahmani
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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García-Cazorla Y, Getino M, Sanabria-Ríos DJ, Carballeira NM, de la Cruz F, Arechaga I, Cabezón E. Conjugation inhibitors compete with palmitic acid for binding to the conjugative traffic ATPase TrwD, providing a mechanism to inhibit bacterial conjugation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16923-16930. [PMID: 30201608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial conjugation is a key mechanism by which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance. Therefore, conjugation inhibitors (COINs) are promising compounds in the fight against the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. Unsaturated fatty acids (uFAs) and alkynoic fatty acid derivatives, such as 2-hexadecanoic acid (2-HDA), have been reported previously as being effective COINs. The traffic ATPase TrwD, a VirB11 homolog in plasmid R388, is the molecular target of these compounds, which likely affect binding of TrwD to bacterial membranes. In this work, we demonstrate that COINs are abundantly incorporated into Escherichia coli membranes, replacing palmitic acid as the major component of the membrane. We also show that TrwD binds palmitic acid, thus facilitating its interaction with the membrane. Our findings also suggest that COINs bind TrwD at a site that is otherwise occupied by palmitic acid. Accordingly, molecular docking predictions with palmitic acid indicated that it shares the same binding site as uFAs and 2-HDA, although it differs in the contacts involved in this interaction. We also identified 2-bromopalmitic acid, a palmitate analog that inhibits many membrane-associated enzymes, as a compound that effectively reduces TrwD ATPase activity and bacterial conjugation. Moreover, we demonstrate that 2-bromopalmitic and palmitic acids both compete for the same binding site in TrwD. Altogether, these detailed findings open up a new avenue in the search for effective synthetic inhibitors of bacterial conjugation, which may be pivotal for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda García-Cazorla
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - María Getino
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - David J Sanabria-Ríos
- the Inter-American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, Faculty of Science and Technology, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, and
| | - Néstor M Carballeira
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925
| | - Fernando de la Cruz
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Arechaga
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 39011 Santander, Spain,
| | - Elena Cabezón
- From the Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 39011 Santander, Spain,
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Húmpola MV, Rey MC, Carballeira NM, Simonetta AC, Tonarelli GG. Biological and structural effects of the conjugation of an antimicrobial decapeptide with saturated, unsaturated, methoxylated and branched fatty acids. J Pept Sci 2016; 23:45-55. [PMID: 28025839 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The increasing bacterial resistance against conventional antibiotics has led to the search for new antimicrobial drugs with different modes of action. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lipopeptides are promising candidates to treat infections because they act on bacterial membranes causing rapid destruction of sensitive bacteria. In this study, a decapeptide named A2 (IKQVKKLFKK) was conjugated at the N-terminus with saturated, unsaturated, methoxylated and methyl -branched fatty acids of different chain lengths (C8 - C20), the antimicrobial and structural properties of the lipopeptides being then investigated. The attachment of the fatty acid chain significantly improved the antimicrobial activity of A2 against bacteria, and so, endowed it with moderated antifungal activity against yeast strains belonging to genus Candida. Lipopeptides containing hydrocarbon chain lengths between C8 and C14 were the best antibacterial compounds (MIC = 0.7 to 5.8 μM), while the most active compounds against yeast were A2 conjugated with methoxylated and enoic fatty acids (11.1 to 83.3 μM). The improvement in antimicrobial activity was mainly related to the amphipathic secondary structure adopted by A2 lipopeptides in the presence of vesicles that mimic bacterial membranes. Peptide conjugation with long hydrocarbon chains (C12 or more), regardless of their structure, significantly increased toxicity towards eukaryotic cells, resulting in a loss of selectivity. These findings suggest that A2-derived lipopeptides are potential good candidates for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria and opportunistic pathogenic yeast belonging to genus Candida. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Húmpola
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Cs. Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, UNL. Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Rey
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Cs. Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, UNL. Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nestor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, San Juan, 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Arturo Carlos Simonetta
- Cátedras de Microbiología y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, UNL. Santiago del Estero, 2829, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Georgina Guadalupe Tonarelli
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Cs. Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, UNL. Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Segretti ND, Serafim RA, Segretti MC, Miyata M, Coelho FR, Augusto O, Ferreira EI. New antibacterial agents: Hybrid bioisoster derivatives as potential E. coli FabH inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3988-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Ripoll-Rozada J, García-Cazorla Y, Getino M, Machón C, Sanabria-Ríos D, de la Cruz F, Cabezón E, Arechaga I. Type IV traffic ATPase TrwD as molecular target to inhibit bacterial conjugation. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:912-21. [PMID: 26915347 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial conjugation is the main mechanism responsible for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Hence, the search for specific conjugation inhibitors is paramount in the fight against the spread of these genes. In this pursuit, unsaturated fatty acids have been found to specifically inhibit bacterial conjugation. Despite the growing interest on these compounds, their mode of action and their specific target remain unknown. Here, we identified TrwD, a Type IV secretion traffic ATPase, as the molecular target for fatty acid-mediated inhibition of conjugation. Moreover, 2-alkynoic fatty acids, which are also potent inhibitors of bacterial conjugation, are also powerful inhibitors of the ATPase activity of TrwD. Characterization of the kinetic parameters of ATPase inhibition has led us to identify the catalytic mechanism by which fatty acids exert their activity. These results open a new avenue for the rational design of inhibitors of bacterial conjugation in the fight against the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Yolanda García-Cazorla
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - María Getino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Cristina Machón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - David Sanabria-Ríos
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico-Metropolitan Campus, Faculty of Science and Technology, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Fernando de la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Elena Cabezón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Arechaga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
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Getino M, Fernández-López R, Palencia-Gándara C, Campos-Gómez J, Sánchez-López JM, Martínez M, Fernández A, de la Cruz F. Tanzawaic Acids, a Chemically Novel Set of Bacterial Conjugation Inhibitors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148098. [PMID: 26812051 PMCID: PMC4727781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial conjugation is the main mechanism for the dissemination of multiple antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. This dissemination could be controlled by molecules that interfere with the conjugation process. A search for conjugation inhibitors among a collection of 1,632 natural compounds, identified tanzawaic acids A and B as best hits. They specially inhibited IncW and IncFII conjugative systems, including plasmids mobilized by them. Plasmids belonging to IncFI, IncI, IncL/M, IncX and IncH incompatibility groups were targeted to a lesser extent, whereas IncN and IncP plasmids were unaffected. Tanzawaic acids showed reduced toxicity in bacterial, fungal or human cells, when compared to synthetic conjugation inhibitors, opening the possibility of their deployment in complex environments, including natural settings relevant for antibiotic resistance dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Getino
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández-López
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Carolina Palencia-Gándara
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Javier Campos-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Fernando de la Cruz
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Bacterial conjugation constitutes a major horizontal gene transfer mechanism for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among human pathogens. Antibiotic resistance spread could be halted or diminished by molecules that interfere with the conjugation process. In this work, synthetic 2-alkynoic fatty acids were identified as a novel class of conjugation inhibitors. Their chemical properties were investigated by using the prototype 2-hexadecynoic acid and its derivatives. Essential features of effective inhibitors were the carboxylic group, an optimal long aliphatic chain of 16 carbon atoms, and one unsaturation. Chemical modification of these groups led to inactive or less-active derivatives. Conjugation inhibitors were found to act on the donor cell, affecting a wide number of pathogenic bacterial hosts, including Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter spp. Conjugation inhibitors were active in inhibiting transfer of IncF, IncW, and IncH plasmids, moderately active against IncI, IncL/M, and IncX plasmids, and inactive against IncP and IncN plasmids. Importantly, the use of 2-hexadecynoic acid avoided the spread of a derepressed IncF plasmid into a recipient population, demonstrating the feasibility of abolishing the dissemination of antimicrobial resistances by blocking bacterial conjugation. Diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are taking an important toll with respect to human morbidity and mortality. The most relevant antibiotic resistance genes come to human pathogens carried by plasmids, mainly using conjugation as a transmission mechanism. Here, we identified and characterized a series of compounds that were active against several plasmid groups of clinical relevance, in a wide variety of bacterial hosts. These inhibitors might be used for fighting antibiotic-resistance dissemination by inhibiting conjugation. Potential inhibitors could be used in specific settings (e.g., farm, fish factory, or even clinical settings) to investigate their effect in the eradication of undesired resistances.
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Roman M, Baranska M. Vibrational and theoretical study of diacetylenic acids. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:652-660. [PMID: 25244298 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three selected diacetylenic acids (DAs) with side-chains of various length (CH3-(CH2)m-C≡C-C≡C(CH2)n-COOH, where m=7, 9, 11, and n=3, 8) were analyzed using vibrational spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. The conformational analysis was followed by potential energy distribution (PED) calculations to gain deeper insight into their FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra. The analysis was focused on spectral features of the diacetylene system sensitive to the substitution. In particular, the electron donor-acceptor properties of the substituent and the influence of side-chain length were studied. FT-IR spectra were measured by using two techniques, i.e. transmission (with KBr substrate) and Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR), and the latter seems to be less adequate for DAs measurements because the bands in the fingerprint region as well as the ν(C≡C)as mode are relatively of low intensity. Additionally, polymerization process of DAs was recognized using FT-Raman spectroscopy and strong and well-separated bands of diacetylenic polymers. Temperature and exposure to the sunlight are the factors of an important influence on the polymerization process of DAs. Since the investigated DAs are carboxylic acids, the interpretation of experimental spectra was performed on the basis of monomer and dimer calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Roman
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Karthikeyan SC, Velmurugan S, Donio MBS, Michaelbabu M, Citarasu T. Studies on the antimicrobial potential and structural characterization of fatty acids extracted from Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:332. [PMID: 25599648 PMCID: PMC4298963 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-014-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The marine environment having vast resources of natural products with potential bioactivities. Among the marine natural products, fatty acids obtained from marine mollusks have broad range of biological activities including antimicrobial and antitumor activities. The present study aims to characterize the fatty acid derivatives from the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata and its pharmacological activities. METHODS S. glomerata fleshes were serially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol and studied the antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and virus. Based on the better result, the ethyl acetate extract was selected and purified through silica column chromatography and screened the fractions for antimicrobial and antitumor activities. Also the best active fraction (FV) was functionally and structurally characterized. RESULTS The ethyl acetate extract of S. glomerata effectively controlled the bacterial pathogens and formed of more than 15 mm of zone of inhibition and also effectively suppressed the fungal growth and inhibit the shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The secondary screening results revealed that, the fraction (FV) had potential antimicrobial and antitumor activities. The FV concentration (100 μg/ml) effectively suppressed the tumor mammary epithelial carcinoma cell of 14.45%. The GC-MS analysis revealed that, eleven compounds including N-hexadecanoic acid, L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate and 6-Octadecenoic acid were characterized. CONCLUSIONS The fatty acid derivatives isolated and characterized from S. glomerata extracts had the potent antimicrobial and antitumor activities. This basic research can help to develop the antimicrobial and anticancer drugs from the nutraceuticals in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subramanian Velmurugan
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu India
| | - Mariathason Birdilla Selva Donio
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu India
| | - Mariavincent Michaelbabu
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu India
| | - Thavasimuthu Citarasu
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629502 Tamilnadu India
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13
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Sanabria-Ríos DJ, Rivera-Torres Y, Maldonado-Domínguez G, Domínguez I, Ríos C, Díaz D, Rodríguez JW, Altieri-Rivera JS, Ríos-Olivares E, Cintrón G, Montano N, Carballeira NM. Antibacterial activity of 2-alkynoic fatty acids against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 178:84-91. [PMID: 24365283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first study aimed at determining the structural characteristics needed to prepare antibacterial 2-alkynoic fatty acids (2-AFAs) was accomplished by synthesizing several 2-AFAs and other analogs in 18-76% overall yields. Among all the compounds tested, the 2-hexadecynoic acid (2-HDA) displayed the best overall antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (MIC=15.6 μg/mL), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (MIC=15.5 μg/mL), and Bacillus cereus (MIC=31.3 μg/mL), as well as against the Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.8 μg/mL) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC=125 μg/mL). In addition, 2-HDA displayed significant antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300 (MIC=15.6 μg/mL) and clinical isolates of MRSA (MIC=3.9 μg/mL). No direct relationship was found between the antibacterial activity of 2-AFAs and their critical micelle concentration (CMC) suggesting that the antibacterial properties of these fatty acids are not mediated by micelle formation. It was demonstrated that the presence of a triple bond at C-2 and the carboxylic acid moiety in 2-AFAs are important for their antibacterial activity. 2-HDA has the potential to be further evaluated for use in antibacterial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sanabria-Ríos
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States.
| | - Yaritza Rivera-Torres
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - Gamalier Maldonado-Domínguez
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - Idializ Domínguez
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - Camille Ríos
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - Damarith Díaz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - José W Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
| | - Joanne S Altieri-Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
| | - Eddy Ríos-Olivares
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
| | - Gabriel Cintrón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, PR 00931-3346, United States
| | - Nashbly Montano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, PR 00931-3346, United States
| | - Néstor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, PR 00931-3346, United States
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14
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Haritos VS, Horne I, Damcevski K, Glover K, Gibb N, Okada S, Hamberg M. The convergent evolution of defensive polyacetylenic fatty acid biosynthesis genes in soldier beetles. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1150. [PMID: 23093187 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The defensive and bioactive polyacetylenic fatty acid, 8Z-dihydromatricaria acid, is sequestered within a wide range of organisms, including plants, fungi and soldier beetles. The 8Z-dihydromatricaria acid is concentrated in the defence and accessory glands of soldier beetles to repel avian predators and protect eggs. In eukaryotes, acetylenic modifications of fatty acids are catalysed by acetylenases, which are desaturase-like enzymes that act on existing double bonds. Here we obtained acyl Coenzyme A-linked desaturases from soldier beetle RNA and functionally expressed them in yeast. We show that three genes were sufficient for the conversion of a common monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, to the 18 carbon precursor of 8Z-dihydromatricaria acid, that is, 9Z,16Z-octadecadiene-12,14-diynoic acid. These are the first eukaryotic genes reported to produce conjugated polyacetylenic fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the genes responsible for 8Z-dihydromatricaria acid synthesis in soldier beetles evolved de novo and independently of the acetylenases of plants and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Haritos
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
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15
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Wang CY, Zhao J, Liu HY, Shao CL, Liu QA, Liu Y, Gu YC. Two New Eicosanoids with a Unique Isovalerianic Acid Ester Moiety from the South China Sea Gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea. Lipids 2010; 46:81-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Manetti F, Castagnolo D, Raffi F, Zizzari AT, Rajamäki S, D’Arezzo S, Visca P, Cona A, Fracasso ME, Doria D, Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M, Fadda G, Botta M. Synthesis of New Linear Guanidines and Macrocyclic Amidinourea Derivatives Endowed with High Antifungal Activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7376-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900760k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Raffi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra T. Zizzari
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Suvi Rajamäki
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia D’Arezzo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Visca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University “Roma Tre”, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cona
- Department of Biology, University “Roma Tre”, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Enrica Fracasso
- Department of Medicine and Public Health Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Denise Doria
- Department of Medicine and Public Health Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Brunella Posteraro
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1 I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1 I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fadda
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1 I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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17
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Li XC, Jacob MR, Khan SI, Ashfaq MK, Babu KS, Agarwal AK, Elsohly HN, Manly SP, Clark AM. Potent in vitro antifungal activities of naturally occurring acetylenic acids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2442-8. [PMID: 18458131 PMCID: PMC2443879 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01297-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our continuing effort in antifungal natural product discovery has led to the identification of five 6-acetylenic acids with chain lengths from C(16) to C(20): 6-hexadecynoic acid (compound 1), 6-heptadecynoic acid (compound 2), 6-octadecynoic acid (compound 3), 6-nonadecynoic acid (compound 4), and 6-icosynoic acid (compound 5) from the plant Sommera sabiceoides. Compounds 2 and 5 represent newly isolated fatty acids. The five acetylenic acids were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activities against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum by comparison with the positive control drugs amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, caspofungin, terbinafine, and undecylenic acid. The compounds showed various degrees of antifungal activity against the 21 tested strains. Compound 4 was the most active, in particular against the dermatophytes T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum and the opportunistic pathogens C. albicans and A. fumigatus, with MICs comparable to several control drugs. Inclusion of two commercially available acetylenic acids, 9-octadecynoic acid (compound 6) and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (compound 7), in the in vitro antifungal testing further demonstrated that the antifungal activities of the acetylenic acids were associated with their chain lengths and positional triple bonds. In vitro toxicity testing against mammalian cell lines indicated that compounds 1 to 5 were not toxic at concentrations up to 32 muM. Furthermore, compounds 3 and 4 did not produce obvious toxic effects in mice at a dose of 34 mumol/kg of body weight when administered intraperitoneally. Taking into account the low in vitro and in vivo toxicities and significant antifungal potencies, these 6-acetylenic acids may be excellent leads for further preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Cong Li
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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18
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Brito-Madurro AG, Prade RA, Madurro JM, Santos MA, Peres NTA, Cursino-Santos JR, Martinez-Rossi NM, Rossi A. A single amino acid substitution in one of the lipases of Aspergillus nidulans confers resistance to the antimycotic drug undecanoic acid. Biochem Genet 2008; 46:557-65. [PMID: 18516670 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-008-9170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A plausible approach to evaluate the inhibitory action of antifungals is through the investigation of the fungal resistance to these drugs. We describe here the molecular cloning and initial characterization of the A. nidulans lipA gene, where mutation (lipA1) conferred resistance to undecanoic acid, the most fungitoxic fatty acid in the C(7:0)-C(18:0) series. The lipA gene codes for a putative lipase with the sequence consensus GVSIS and WIFGGG as the catalytic signature. Comparison of the wild-type and LIP1 mutant strain nucleotide sequences showed a G --> A change in lipA1 allele, which results in a Glu(214) --> Lys substitution in LipA protein. This ionic charge change in a conserved LipA region, next to its catalytic site, may have altered the catalytic properties of this enzyme resulting in resistance to undecanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Brito-Madurro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, Brazil
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19
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Carballeira NM. New advances in fatty acids as antimalarial, antimycobacterial and antifungal agents. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 47:50-61. [PMID: 18023422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the most recent findings on the antimalarial, antimycobacterial, and antifungal properties of fatty acids, with particular emphasis on novel marine fatty acids. The first section deals with the most recent and some background literature on what has been the latest developments with respect to fatty acids as antimalarial agents and the importance of enzyme inhibition, in particular the inhibition of the enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) of Plasmodium falciparum, the principal agent responsible for malaria. This section of the review also emphasizes the latest antimalarial research with the very long-chain Delta5,9 fatty acids from sponges. The second section of the review deals with the recent literature on the antimycobacterial activity of fatty acids and the importance of enzyme inhibition, in particular the inhibition of the enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for antimycobacterial activity. The inhibitory activities of the Delta5,9 fatty acids against InhA as well as that of the alpha-methoxylated fatty acids are also discussed. The importance of Delta5,9 fatty acids as topoisomerase I inhibitors and its connection to cancer is also reviewed. The last part of the review, the antifungal section, also emphasizes the most recent research with antifungal fatty acids and the importance of enzyme inhibition, in particular N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) inhibition, for antifungal activity. This last section of the review emphasizes the latest research with the alpha-methoxylated fatty acids but the importance of acetylenic fatty acids is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico.
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