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Kranrod J, Konkel A, Valencia R, Darwesh AM, Fischer R, Schunck WH, Seubert JM. Cardioprotective properties of OMT-28, a synthetic analog of omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107372. [PMID: 38754781 PMCID: PMC11214398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OMT-28 is a metabolically robust small molecule developed to mimic the structure and function of omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids. However, it remained unknown to what extent OMT-28 also shares the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of its natural counterparts. To address this question, we analyzed the ability of OMT-28 to ameliorate hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR)-injury and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia in cultured cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we investigated the potential of OMT-28 to limit functional damage and inflammasome activation in isolated perfused mouse hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. In the HR model, OMT-28 (1 μM) treatment largely preserved cell viability (about 75 versus 40% with the vehicle) and mitochondrial function as indicated by the maintenance of NAD+/NADH-, ADP/ATP-, and respiratory control ratios. Moreover, OMT-28 blocked the HR-induced production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Pharmacological inhibition experiments suggested that Gαi, PI3K, PPARα, and Sirt1 are essential components of the OMT-28-mediated pro-survival pathway. Counteracting inflammatory injury of cardiomyocytes, OMT-28 (1 μM) reduced LPS-induced increases in TNFα protein (by about 85% versus vehicle) and NF-κB DNA binding (by about 70% versus vehicle). In the ex vivo model, OMT-28 improved post-IR myocardial function recovery to reach about 40% of the baseline value compared to less than 20% with the vehicle. Furthermore, OMT-28 (1 μM) limited IR-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation similarly to a direct NLRP3 inhibitor (MCC950). Overall, this study demonstrates that OMT-28 possesses potent cardio-protective and anti-inflammatory properties supporting the hypothesis that extending the bioavailability of omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids may improve their prospects as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kranrod
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Robert Valencia
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ahmed M Darwesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - John M Seubert
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Borgonovi SM, Iametti S, Speranza AR, Di Nunzio M. Cell culture models for assessing the effects of bioactive compounds in common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum): a systematic review. Food Funct 2024; 15:2799-2813. [PMID: 38390666 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Common buckwheat (CBW) is grown and consumed worldwide. In addition to its already established reputation as an excellent source of nutrients, CBW is gaining popularity as a possible component of functional foods. Whereas human studies remain the gold standard for evaluating the relationship between nutrition and health, the development of reliable in vitro or ex vivo models has made it possible to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CBW effects on human health. Herein is a systematic review of studies on the biological effect of CBW supplementation, as assessed on various types of cellular models. Although the studies reported here have been conducted in very different experimental conditions, the overall effects of CBW supplementation were found to involve a decrease in cytokine secretion and oxidation products, related mainly to CBW polyphenols and protein or peptide fractions. These chemical species also appeared to be involved in the modulation of cell signaling and hormone secretion. Although further studies are undoubtedly necessary, as is their extension to in vivo systems, these reports suggest that CBW-based foods could be relevant to maintaining and/or improving human health and the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Margherita Borgonovi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Iametti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Ramona Speranza
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Mattia Di Nunzio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Borgonovi SM, Iametti S, Di Nunzio M. Docosahexaenoic Acid as Master Regulator of Cellular Antioxidant Defenses: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1283. [PMID: 37372014 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that benefits the prevention of chronic diseases. Due to its high unsaturation, DHA is vulnerable to free radical oxidation, resulting in several unfavorable effects, including producing hazardous metabolites. However, in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest that the relationship between the chemical structure of DHA and its susceptibility to oxidation may not be as clear-cut as previously thought. Organisms have developed a balanced system of antioxidants to counteract the overproduction of oxidants, and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the key transcription factor identified for transmitting the inducer signal to the antioxidant response element. Thus, DHA might preserve the cellular redox status promoting the transcriptional regulation of cellular antioxidants through Nrf2 activation. Here, we systematically summarize the research on the possible role of DHA in controlling cellular antioxidant enzymes. After the screening process, 43 records were selected and included in this review. Specifically, 29 studies related to the effects of DHA in cell cultures and 15 studies concerned the effects of consumption or treatment with DHA in animal. Despite DHA's promising and encouraging effects at modulating the cellular antioxidant response in vitro/in vivo, some differences observed among the reviewed studies may be accounted for by the different experimental conditions adopted, including the time of supplementation/treatment, DHA concentration, and cell culture/tissue model. Moreover, this review offers potential molecular explanations for how DHA controls cellular antioxidant defenses, including involvement of transcription factors and the redox signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Margherita Borgonovi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Iametti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Nunzio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Zhong W, Luo G, Luo J, Guo L. Effect of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio on body fat deposition, tissues fatty acid composition and key genes expression of liver lipid metabolism in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes fulva) during the winter fur-growth period. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:986388. [PMID: 36337193 PMCID: PMC9627627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.986388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The proportion of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios on body fat deposition, tissues fatty acid composition, and gene expression of liver lipid metabolism of silver foxes during the winter fur growth period. Methods Forty-eight age-matched male silver foxes with similar body weights were randomly divided into four dietary groups for 47 days, which were fed n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio with 3, 18, 41, and 136 experimental diets, respectively. Results Dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio did not significantly influence fat deposition parameters except for hepatic fat content. The variation trend of the fatty acid composition of liver, intramuscular fat, and subcutaneous fat in silver fox was directly related to dietary fatty acid content (p < 0.05). With the dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio increasing, the expression of liver fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) mRNA exhibited the trend of first decreasing and then increasing (p < 0.05), whereas L-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) mRNA expression showed a gradual increasing trend (p < 0.05). Conclusion In summary, silver foxes fed an n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio 18:1 diet (supplementing with 9.38% corn oil and 4.62% soybean oil) was more conducive to lipid decomposition, PUFA transport, and utilization of tissues, thereby meeting it for supplying energy and withstanding the cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhong
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Guoliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Guo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Li Guo
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Russell JS, Griffith TA, Naghipour S, Vider J, Du Toit EF, Patel HH, Peart JN, Headrick JP. Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Counters Cardioprotective Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice: Unconventional PUFA Protection. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092679. [PMID: 32887376 PMCID: PMC7551050 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether dietary omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) confers cardiac benefit in cardiometabolic disorders is unclear. We test whether dietary -linolenic acid (ALA) enhances myocardial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) and responses to ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in type 2 diabetes (T2D); and involvement of conventional PUFA-dependent mechanisms (caveolins/cavins, kinase signaling, mitochondrial function, and inflammation). Eight-week male C57Bl/6 mice received streptozotocin (75 mg/kg) and 21 weeks high-fat/high-carbohydrate feeding. Half received ALA over six weeks. Responses to I-R/IPC were assessed in perfused hearts. Localization and expression of caveolins/cavins, protein kinase B (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3β); mitochondrial function; and inflammatory mediators were assessed. ALA reduced circulating leptin, without affecting body weight, glycemic dysfunction, or cholesterol. While I-R tolerance was unaltered, paradoxical injury with IPC was reversed to cardioprotection with ALA. However, post-ischemic apoptosis (nucleosome content) appeared unchanged. Benefit was not associated with shifts in localization or expression of caveolins/cavins, p-AKT, p-GSK3β, or mitochondrial function. Despite mixed inflammatory mediator changes, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) was markedly reduced. Data collectively reveal a novel impact of ALA on cardioprotective dysfunction in T2D mice, unrelated to caveolins/cavins, mitochondrial, or stress kinase modulation. Although evidence suggests inflammatory involvement, the basis of this "un-conventional" protection remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S. Russell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Tia A. Griffith
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Saba Naghipour
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Jelena Vider
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Eugene F. Du Toit
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - Hemal H. Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Jason N. Peart
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
| | - John P. Headrick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport QLD 4217, Australia; (J.S.R.); (T.A.G.); (S.N.); (J.V.); (E.F.D.T.); (J.N.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-5552-8292
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Campos-Staffico AM, Costa APR, Carvalho LSF, Moura FA, Santos SN, Coelho-Filho OR, Nadruz W, Quinaglia E Silva JC, Sposito AC. Omega-3 intake is associated with attenuated inflammatory response and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Nutr J 2019; 18:29. [PMID: 31060562 PMCID: PMC6503367 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-019-0455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) elicits an intense acute inflammatory response that is essential for cardiac repair. However, an excessive inflammatory response also favors myocardial apoptosis, cardiac remodeling, and cardiovascular mortality. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) bear anti-inflammatory effects, which may mitigate the inflammatory response during MI. This study investigated whether ω-3 intake is associated with attenuation of the MI-related inflammatory response and cardiac remodeling. METHODS ST-elevation MI (STEMI) patients (n = 421) underwent clinical, biochemical, nutritional, 3D echocardiogram, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging (CMRi) at 30 days and 3D echocardiogram imaging at six months after the MI. Blood tests were performed at day one (D1) and day five (D5) of hospitalization. Changes in inflammatory markers (ΔD5-D1) were calculated. A validated food frequency questionnaire estimated the nutritional consumption and ω-3 intake in the last 3 months before admission. RESULTS The intake of ω-3 below the median (< 1.7 g/day) was associated with a short-term increase in hs-C-reactive protein [OR:1.96(1.24-3.10); p = 0.004], Interleukin-2 [OR:2.46(1.20-5.04); p = 0.014], brain-type natriuretic peptide [OR:2.66(1.30-5.44); p = 0.007], left-ventricle end-diastolic volume [OR:5.12(1.11-23.52)]; p = 0.036] and decreases in left-ventricle ejection fraction [OR:2.86(1.47-6.88); p = 0.017] after adjustment for covariates. No differences were observed in the extension of infarcted mass obtained by CMRi. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a reduced daily intake of ω-3 may intensify outcome-determining mechanisms after STEMI, such as acute inflammatory response and late left ventricular remodeling. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registry number and website: NCT02062554 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Filipe A Moura
- Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Simone N Santos
- Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Nadruz
- Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrei C Sposito
- Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Shaikh SR, Shaver PR, Shewchuk BM. High Fat Diet Dysregulates Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Gene Expression Levels which are Differentially Rescued by EPA and DHA Ethyl Esters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800219. [PMID: 29738112 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary fat composition can modulate gene expression in peripheral tissues in obesity. Observations of the dysregulation of growth hormone (GH) in obesity indicate that these effects extend to the hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis. The authors thus determine whether specific high fat (HF) diets influence the levels of Gh and other key gene transcripts in the H-P axis. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice are fed a lean control diet or a HF diet in the absence or presence of OA, EPA, or DHA ethyl esters. Comparative studies are conducted with menhaden fish oil. The HF diet lowered pituitary Gh mRNA and protein levels, and cell culture studies reveal that elevated insulin and glucose can reduce Gh transcripts. Supplementation of the HF diet with OA, EPA, DHA, or menhaden fish oil do not improve pituitary Gh levels. The HF diet also impaired the levels of additional genes in the pituitary and hypothalamus, which are selectively rescued with EPA or DHA ethyl esters. The effects of EPA and DHA are more robust relative to fish oil. CONCLUSION A HF diet can affect H-P axis transcription, which can be mitigated in some genes by EPA and DHA, but not fish oil in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the East Carolina University Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Patti R Shaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the East Carolina University Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834
| | - Brian M Shewchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the East Carolina University Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834
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Di Nunzio M, Valli V, Bordoni A. PUFA and oxidative stress. Differential modulation of the cell response by DHA. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:834-43. [PMID: 27353954 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1201790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although an increased dietary intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA is considered an effective preventive strategy, a theoretical concern related to the possible increase of lipid peroxidation induced by a PUFA-rich diet still remains a problem. In this study, the effects of different PUFA (linoleic, α-linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid) on cytotoxicity, lipid oxidation, and modulation of antioxidant defenses were evaluated in HepG2 cells submitted to an oxidative stress (H2O2). Results clearly evidenced that all supplemented PUFA, but DHA, enhanced cell susceptibility to H2O2. Overall, our results underline that PUFA cannot be considered as a single category but as individual compounds, and research on mechanisms of action and preventive effects should deal with the individual fatty acids, particularly in the case of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Di Nunzio
- a Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research , University of Bologna , Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - Veronica Valli
- b Department of Agri-Food Science and Technology , University of Bologna , Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- a Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research , University of Bologna , Cesena (FC), Italy ;,b Department of Agri-Food Science and Technology , University of Bologna , Cesena (FC), Italy
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Abstract
Spaceflight affects numerous organ systems in the body, leading to metabolic dysfunction that may have long-term consequences. Microgravity-induced alterations in liver metabolism, particularly with respect to lipids, remain largely unexplored. Here we utilize a novel systems biology approach, combining metabolomics and transcriptomics with advanced Raman microscopy, to investigate altered hepatic lipid metabolism in mice following short duration spaceflight. Mice flown aboard Space Transportation System -135, the last Shuttle mission, lose weight but redistribute lipids, particularly to the liver. Intriguingly, spaceflight mice lose retinol from lipid droplets. Both mRNA and metabolite changes suggest the retinol loss is linked to activation of PPARα-mediated pathways and potentially to hepatic stellate cell activation, both of which may be coincident with increased bile acids and early signs of liver injury. Although the 13-day flight duration is too short for frank fibrosis to develop, the retinol loss plus changes in markers of extracellular matrix remodeling raise the concern that longer duration exposure to the space environment may result in progressive liver damage, increasing the risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Shewchuk BM. Prostaglandins and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:277-87. [PMID: 25287609 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis integrates complex physiological and environmental signals and responds to these cues by modulating the synthesis and secretion of multiple pituitary hormones to regulate peripheral tissues. Prostaglandins are a component of this regulatory system, affecting multiple hormone synthesis and secretion pathways in the H-P axis. The implications of these actions are that physiological processes or disease states that alter prostaglandin levels in the hypothalamus or pituitary can impinge on H-P axis function. Considering the role of prostaglandins in mediating inflammation, the potential for neuroinflammation to affect H-P axis function in this manner may be significant. In addition, the mitigating effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on the inflammation-associated synthesis of prostaglandins and their role as substrates for pro-resolving lipid mediators may also include effects in the H-P axis. One context in which neuroinflammation may play a role is in the etiology of diet-induced obesity, which also correlates with altered pituitary hormone levels. This review will survey evidence for the actions of prostaglandins and other lipid mediators in the H-P axis, and will address the potential for obesity-associated inflammation and n-3 PUFA to impinge on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Shewchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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11
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Dong X, Xu H, Mai K, Xu W, Zhang Y, Ai Q. Cloning and characterization of SREBP-1 and PPAR-α in Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus, and their gene expressions in response to different dietary fatty acid profiles. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 180:48-56. [PMID: 25448051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, putative cDNA of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α), key regulators of lipid homoeostasis, were cloned and characterized from liver of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus), and their expression in response to diets enriched with fish oil (FO) or fatty acids such as palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA), was investigated following feeding. The SREBP-1 of Japanese seabass appeared to be equivalent to SREBP-1a of mammals in terms of sequence feature and tissue expression pattern. The stimulation of the mRNA expression level of SREBP-1 in liver of Japanese seabass by dietary fatty acids significantly ranked as follows: PA, OA>SA, ALA, and n-3 LC-PUFA>FO. A new PPAR-α subtype in Japanese seabass, PPAR-α2, was cloned in this study, which is not on the same branch with Japanese seabass PPAR-α1 and mammalian PPAR-α in the phylogenetic tree. Liver gene expression of PPAR-α1 of Japanese seabass was inhibited by diets enriched with ALA or FO compared to diets enriched with PA or OA, while the gene expression of PPAR-α2 of Japanese seabass was up-regulated by diets enriched with ALA or n-3 LC-PUFA compared to diets enriched with OA or FO. This was the first evidence for the great divergence in response to dietary fatty acids between PPAR-α1 and PPAR-α2 of fish, which indicated probable functional distribution between PPAR-α isotypes of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Houguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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Jeckel KM, Bouma GJ, Hess AM, Petrilli EB, Frye MA. Dietary fatty acids alter left ventricular myocardial gene expression in Wistar rats. Nutr Res 2014; 34:694-706. [PMID: 25172377 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk for cardiomyopathy in the absence of comorbidities. Myocardial structure is modified by dietary fatty acids. Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with Western (WES) diet consumption, whereas intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with antihypertrophic effects. We previously observed no attenuation of left ventricular thickening after 3 months of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation of a WES diet, compared with WES diet intake alone, in rats that had similar weight, adiposity, and insulin sensitivity to control animals. The objective of this study was to define left ventricular gene expression in these animals to determine whether diet alone was associated with a physiologic or pathologic hypertrophic response. We hypothesized that WES diet consumption would favor a pathologic or maladaptive myocardial gene expression pattern and that DHA supplementation would favor a physiologic or adaptive response. Microarray analysis identified 64 transcripts that were differentially expressed (P ≤ .001) within one or more treatment comparisons. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, 29 genes with fold change at least 1.74 were successfully validated; all but 3 had similar directionality to that observed using microarray, and 2 genes, connective tissue growth factor and cathepsin M, were differentially expressed according to diet. WES blot analysis was performed on 4 proteins relevant to myocardial hypertrophy and metabolism. Acyl-CoA thioesterase 1, B-cell translocation gene 2, and carbonic anhydrase III showed directional change consistent with gene expression. Retinol saturase (all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase), although not consistent with gene expression, was different according to diet, with increased concentrations in WES-fed rats compared with control and DHA-supplemented animals. Diet did not distinguish a transcriptome reflecting physiologic or pathologic myocardial hypertrophy; furthermore, the modest changes observed suggest that obesity and associated comorbidities may play a larger role than mere dietary fatty acid composition in development of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Jeckel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
| | - Gerrit J Bouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Ann M Hess
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Erin B Petrilli
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Melinda A Frye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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Coordination of gene expression of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid cascade enzymes during human brain development and aging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100858. [PMID: 24963629 PMCID: PMC4070994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The polyunsaturated arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (AA and DHA) participate in cell membrane synthesis during neurodevelopment, neuroplasticity, and neurotransmission throughout life. Each is metabolized via coupled enzymatic reactions within separate but interacting metabolic cascades. Hypothesis AA and DHA pathway genes are coordinately expressed and underlie cascade interactions during human brain development and aging. Methods The BrainCloud database for human non-pathological prefrontal cortex gene expression was used to quantify postnatal age changes in mRNA expression of 34 genes involved in AA and DHA metabolism. Results Expression patterns were split into Development (0 to 20 years) and Aging (21 to 78 years) intervals. Expression of genes for cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and -2, and other AA cascade enzymes, correlated closely with age during Development, less so during Aging. Expression of DHA cascade enzymes was less inter-correlated in each period, but often changed in the opposite direction to expression of AA cascade genes. Except for the PLA2G4A (cPLA2 IVA) and PTGS2 (COX-2) genes at 1q25, highly inter-correlated genes were at distant chromosomal loci. Conclusions Coordinated age-related gene expression during the brain Development and Aging intervals likely underlies coupled changes in enzymes of the AA and DHA cascades and largely occur through distant transcriptional regulation. Healthy brain aging does not show upregulation of PLA2G4 or PTGS2 expression, which was found in Alzheimer's disease.
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Protective efficacy of orally administered, heat-killed Lactobacillus pentosus b240 against influenza A virus. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1563. [PMID: 23535544 PMCID: PMC3610098 DOI: 10.1038/srep01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm virus caused the first human pandemic of the 21st century. Although various probiotic Lactobacillus species have been shown to have anti-microbial effects against pneumonia-inducing pathogens, the prophylactic efficacy and mechanisms behind their protection remain largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the prophylactic efficacy of heat-killed Lactobacillus pentosus b240 against lethal influenza A(H1N1)pdm virus infection in a mouse model. To further define the protective responses induced by b240, we performed virologic, histopathologic, and transcriptomic analyses on the mouse lungs. Although we did not observe an appreciable effect of b240 on virus growth, cytokine production, or histopathology, gene expressional analysis revealed that oral administration of b240 differentially regulates antiviral gene expression in mouse lungs. Our results unveil the possible mechanisms behind the protection mediated by b240 against influenza virus infection and provide new insights into probiotic therapy.
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Fatty acid composition in fetal, neonatal, and cultured cardiomyocytes in rats. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:798-804. [PMID: 23949778 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructed myocardial tissue still does not have enough pulsatile contraction. It is well known that fetal and mature neonatal cardiomyocytes utilize glucose and lipid, respectively, as their energy substrates, and that cultured ones mainly use glucose in spite of their age comparable to neonate ones, probably due to insufficient supply of lipids from culture medium. In the present study, we compared 7 saturated, 6 monounsaturated, and 11 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in cultured cardiomyocytes (Cul group) with those in fetal (Fet group, approximately 17 d after impregnation) and neonatal (Neo group, 9 d old) rats, where the age of the Cul cells were set nearly equal to the Neo ones. Saturated fatty acid contents in the Cul group were generally lower than those in the Fet group and were close to those in the Neo group, except for C12:0 of which content was highest in the Neo group. Monounsaturated fatty acid contents in the Cul group were generally lower than those in the Fet group but similar to or higher than those in the Neo group, except for C24:1n-9 of which content was again highest in the Neo group. In contrast, most of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents in the Cul group appeared lower than those in both the Fet and Neo groups, and differences in 5 of 10 detected PUFAs were significant between the Cul and Neo groups. The results suggest that PUFA contents in cultured cardiomyocytes might be insufficient to exert enough contractile ability. In conclusion, it could be necessary for cultured cardiomyocytes to uptake more lipid; PUFAs in particular.
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Relationship between acute phase proteins and serum fatty acid composition in morbidly obese patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:105-12. [PMID: 24167354 PMCID: PMC3774976 DOI: 10.1155/2013/913715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background. Obesity is considered a low-grade inflammatory state and has been associated with increased acute phase proteins as well as changes in serum fatty acids. Few studies have assessed associations between acute phase proteins and serum fatty acids in morbidly obese patients. Objective. To investigate the relationship between acute phase proteins (C-Reactive Protein, Orosomucoid, and Albumin) and serum fatty acids in morbidly obese patients. Methods. Twenty-two morbidly obese patients were enrolled in this study. Biochemical and clinical data were obtained before bariatric surgery, and fatty acids measured in preoperative serum. Results. Orosomucoid was negatively correlated with lauric acid (P = 0.027) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P = 0.037) and positively with arachidonic acid (AA) (P = 0.035), AA/EPA ratio (P = 0.005), and n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (P = 0.035). C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was negatively correlated with lauric acid (P = 0.048), and both CRP and CRP/Albumin ratio were negatively correlated with margaric acid (P = 0.010, P = 0.008, resp.). Albumin was positively correlated with EPA (P = 0.027) and margaric acid (P = 0.008). Other correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that serum fatty acids are linked to acute phase proteins in morbidly obese patients.
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Comparative study of the fatty acid binding process of a new FABP from Cherax quadricarinatus by fluorescence intensity, lifetime and anisotropy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51079. [PMID: 23284658 PMCID: PMC3528769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are small cytosolic proteins, largely distributed in invertebrates and vertebrates, which accomplish uptake and intracellular transport of hydrophobic ligands such as fatty acids. Although long chain fatty acids play multiple crucial roles in cellular functions (structural, energy metabolism, regulation of gene expression), the precise functions of FABPs, especially those of invertebrate species, remain elusive. Here, we have identified and characterized a novel FABP family member, Cq-FABP, from the hepatopancreas of red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. We report the characterization of fatty acid-binding affinity of Cq-FABP by four different competitive fluorescence-based assays. In the two first approaches, the fluorescent probe 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS), a binder of internal cavities of protein, was used either by directly monitoring its fluorescence emission or by monitoring the fluorescence resonance energy transfer occurring between the single tryptophan residue of Cq-FABP and ANS. The third and the fourth approaches were based on the measurement of the fluorescence emission intensity of the naturally fluorescent cis-parinaric acid probe or the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements of a fluorescently labeled fatty acid (BODIPY-C16), respectively. The four methodologies displayed consistent equilibrium constants for a given fatty acid but were not equivalent in terms of analysis. Indeed, the two first methods were complicated by the existence of non specific binding modes of ANS while BODIPY-C16 and cis-parinaric acid specifically targeted the fatty acid binding site. We found a relationship between the affinity and the length of the carbon chain, with the highest affinity obtained for the shortest fatty acid, suggesting that steric effects primarily influence the interaction of fatty acids in the binding cavity of Cq-FABP. Moreover, our results show that the binding affinities of several fatty acids closely parallel their prevalences in the hepatopancreas of C. quadricarinatus as measured under specific diet conditions.
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Baum JR, Dolmatova E, Tan A, Duffy HS. Omega 3 fatty acid inhibition of inflammatory cytokine-mediated Connexin43 regulation in the heart. Front Physiol 2012; 3:272. [PMID: 22934026 PMCID: PMC3429046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which increases in the heart post myocardial infarction (MI), has been shown to cause loss of Connexin43 (Cx43) function, an event known to underlie formation of the arrhythmogenic substrate. Omega 3 Fatty acids exhibit antiarrhythmic properties and impact IL-1β signaling. We hypothesize that Omega-3 fatty acids prevent arrhythmias in part, by inhibiting IL-1β signaling thus maintaining functional Cx43 channels. Methods: Rat neonatal myocytes or Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Epithelial (MDCK) cells grown in media in the absence (Ctr) or presence of 30 μM docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, an Omega-3 Fatty acid) were treated with 0.1 μM activated IL-1β. We determined Cx43 channel function using a dye spread assay. Western blot and immunostaining were used to examine Cx43 levels/localization and downstream effectors of IL-1β. In addition we used a murine model of MI for 24 h to determine the impact of an Omega-3 fatty acid enriched diet on Cx43 levels/localization post MI. Results: IL-1β significantly inhibited Cx43 function in Ctr cells (200.9 ± 17.7 μm [Ctr] vs. 112.8 ± 14.9 μm [0.1 uM IL-1β], p<0.05). However, DHA-treated cells remained highly coupled in the presence of IL-1β [167.9 ± 21.9 μm [DHA] vs. 164.4 ± 22.3 μm [DHA + 0.1 uM IL-1β], p<0.05, n = 4]. Additionally, western blot showed that IL-1β treatment caused a 38.5% downregulation of Cx43 [1.00 au [Ctr] vs. 0.615 au (0.1 μM IL-1β) which was completely abolished in DHA-treated cells (0.935 au [DHA] vs. 1.02 au [DHA + 0.1 μM IL-1β), p < 0.05, n = 3]. Examination of the downstream modulator of IL-1β, NFκβ showed that while hypoxia caused translocation of NFκβ to the nucleus, this was inhibited by DHA. Additionally we found that a diet enriched in Omega-3 Fatty acids inhibited lateralization of Cx43 in the post-MI murine heart as well as limited activation of fibroblasts which would lead to decreased fibrosis overall. Conclusions: Omega 3 Fatty acid treatment inhibited IL-1β-stimulated loss of Cx43 protein, and more importantly, inhibited loss of Cx43 function by inhibiting translocation of NFκβ. In the intact heart a diet enriched in Omega 3 Fatty Acids limited loss of Cx43 at the intercalated disk in the heart following MI. These data suggest that one of cardio-protective mechanisms by which Omega 3 Fatty acids work includes prevention of the pro-arrhythmic loss of Cx43 post MI and the attenuation of cardiac fibrosis after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Baum
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Enke U, Jaudszus A, Schleussner E, Seyfarth L, Jahreis G, Kuhnt K. Fatty acid distribution of cord and maternal blood in human pregnancy: special focus on individual trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:247. [PMID: 22208621 PMCID: PMC3295739 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal nutrition in pregnancy has a crucial impact on the development of the fetus. Dietary trans fatty acids (tFA) are known to have adverse health effects, especially during pregnancy. However, the distribution of tFA produced via partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (mainly elaidic acid; t9) differs compared to ruminant-derived tFA (mainly vaccenic acid; t11). Recent findings indicate that they may have different impact on human health. Therefore, in this study, plasma and erythrocytes of mother-child pairs (n = 55) were sampled to investigate the distribution of tFA, including individual trans C18:1 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in fetal related to maternal lipids; with additional consideration of maternal dairy fat intake. Results Portion of t9 and t11, but also of c9,t11 CLA was higher in maternal than in fetal blood lipids. The portion of t9 in maternal and fetal lipids differed only slightly. In contrast, the portion of fetal t11 was only half of that in maternal blood. This led to a fetal t9/t11-index in plasma and erythrocytes being twice as high compared to the maternal values. A high dairy fat intake resulted in elevated portions of t11 and its Δ9-desaturation product c9,t11 CLA in maternal blood. In contrast, in the respective fetal blood lipids only c9,t11 CLA, but not t11 was increased. Nevertheless, a positive association between maternal and fetal plasma exists for both t11 and c9,t11 CLA. Furthermore, in contrast to t9, t11 was not negatively associated with n-3 LC-PUFA in fetal blood lipids. Conclusions Fetal blood fatty acid composition essentially depends on and is altered by the maternal fatty acid supply. However, in addition to dietary factors, other aspects also contribute to the individual fatty acid distribution (oxidation, conversion, incorporation). The lower portion of fetal t11 compared to maternal t11, possibly results from Δ9-desaturation to c9,t11 CLA and/or oxidation. Based on the fatty acid distribution, it can be concluded that t11 differs from t9 regarding its metabolism and their impact on fetal LC-PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Enke
- Placenta Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Bachstrasse 18, Jena, Germany
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Obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and markers of inflammation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 36:797-804. [PMID: 21829163 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Systemic inflammation is a well-known risk factor for diseases such as atherosclerosis and is augmented by the presence of obesity. In addition, it has been shown that inflammation may be negatively influenced by certain macronutrients, specifically the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The primary aim of this study is to determine whether obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants. SUBJECTS A sample of 2848 adults (25% African American, Chinese, Hispanic, and White) randomly selected from the MESA cohort. MEASUREMENTS Relative plasma PUFA concentrations were determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Levels of three inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-receptor 1) and two endothelial activation markers (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and E-selectin) were determined with enzyme immunoassays. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between these markers and plasma PUFAs. RESULTS Obesity modified the associations of linoleic acid (P(int)=0.01), dihomo-γ-linolenic (P(int)=0.07) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P(int)=0.04) with sICAM-1 concentrations; in addition, obesity modified the association of IL-6 with dihomo-γ-linolenic (P(int)=0.01). In obese individuals, sICAM-1 was inversely related to EPA levels (P=0.02), but directly related to linoleic acid levels (P<0.001). Conversely, sICAM-1 was inversely related to linoleic acid levels in normal weight individuals (P=0.04). IL-6 concentrations were significantly and directly related to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) in normal weight (P=0.01) and obese participants (P<0.001), but the scale of increase across tertiles was greater in obese adults. Main effects of fatty acid and inflammatory marker associations are also reported. CONCLUSION The modifying effect of obesity on the association of plasma PUFAs with IL-6 and sICAM-1 suggests differences in fatty acid metabolism and may also have implications in dietary fatty acid intake for obese individuals, particularly for linoleic and EPAs. Further study is warranted to confirm and explain the strong associations of DGLA with inflammatory and endothelial activation markers.
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