1
|
Lee AH, Snider JM, Moorthi S, Coant N, Trayssac M, Canals D, Clarke CJ, Luberto C, Hannun YA. A comprehensive measure of Golgi sphingolipid flux using NBD C 6-ceramide: evaluation of sphingolipid inhibitors. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100584. [PMID: 38925252 PMCID: PMC11326893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Measurements of sphingolipid metabolism are most accurately performed by LC-MS. However, this technique is expensive, not widely accessible, and without the use of specific probes, it does not provide insight into metabolic flux through the pathway. Employing the fluorescent ceramide analogue NBD-C6-ceramide as a tracer in intact cells, we developed a comprehensive HPLC-based method that simultaneously measures the main nodes of ceramide metabolism in the Golgi. Hence, by quantifying the conversion of NBD-C6-ceramide to NBD-C6-sphingomyelin, NBD-C6-hexosylceramides, and NBD-C6-ceramide-1-phosphate (NBD-C1P), the activities of Golgi resident enzymes sphingomyelin synthase 1, glucosylceramide synthase, and ceramide kinase (CERK) could be measured simultaneously. Importantly, the detection of NBD-C1P allowed us to quantify CERK activity in cells, a usually difficult task. By applying this method, we evaluated the specificity of commonly used sphingolipid inhibitors and discovered that 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol, which targets glucosylceramide synthase, and fenretinide (4HPR), an inhibitor for dihydroceramide desaturase, also suppress CERK activity. This study demonstrates the benefit of an expanded analysis of ceramide metabolism in the Golgi, and it provides a qualitative and easy-to-implement method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen H Lee
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Justin M Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sitapriya Moorthi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Coant
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Magali Trayssac
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Canals
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Chiara Luberto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, The Northport Veterans Affairs Hospital, Northport, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deng Y, Hu JC, He SH, Lou B, Ding TB, Yang JT, Mo MG, Ye DY, Zhou L, Jiang XC, Yu K, Dong JB. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 facilitates M2-like macrophage polarization and tumor progression in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:149-159. [PMID: 32451413 PMCID: PMC7921660 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High infiltration of M2-polarized macrophages in the primary tumor indicates unfavorable prognosis and poor overall survival in the patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, reversing M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages in the tumors has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) is the key enzyme for sphingomyelin production, which plays an important role in plasma membrane integrity and function. In this study we investigated whether SMS2 inhibitor or SMS2 gene knockout could reduce macrophages M2 polarization and tumor progression in a mouse model of TNBC. We showed that SMS2 mRNA expression was linked to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and poor prognosis in TNBC patients. The knockout of SMS2 or application of 15w (a specific SMS2 inhibitor) markedly decreased the generation of M2-type macrophages in vitro, and reduced the tumor weight and lung metastatic niche formation in a 4T1-TNBC mouse model. We further demonstrated that the in vivo antitumor efficacy of 15w was accompanied by a multifaceted remodeling of tumor immune environment reflecting not only the suppression of M2-type macrophages but also diminished levels of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells leading to a dramatically improved infiltration of antitumor CD8+ T lymphocytes. Collectively, our results reveal a novel and important role of SMS2 in the protumorigenic function and may offer a new strategy for macrophage-targeted anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia-Chun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shu-Hua He
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bin Lou
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ting-Bo Ding
- Experiment & Teaching Center, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jin-Tong Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ming-Guang Mo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - De-Yong Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ji-Bin Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Discovery, synthesis and anti-atherosclerotic activities of a novel selective sphingomyelin synthase 2 inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:864-882. [PMID: 30580239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) is a potential target for pharmacological intervention in atherosclerosis. However, so far, few selective SMS2 inhibitors and their pharmacological activities were reported. In this study, a class of 2-benzyloxybenzamides were discovered as novel SMS2 inhibitors through scaffold hopping and structural optimization. Among them, Ly93 as one of the most potent inhibitors exhibited IC50 values of 91 nM and 133.9 μM against purified SMS2 and SMS1 respectively. The selectivity ratio of Ly93 was more than 1400-fold for purified SMS2 over SMS1. The in vitro studies indicated that Ly93 not only dose-dependently diminished apoB secretion from Huh7 cells, but also significantly reduced the SMS activity and increased cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Meanwhile, Ly93 inhibited the secretion of LPS-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine in macrophages. The pharmacokinetic profiles of Ly93 performed on C57BL/6J mice demonstrated that Ly93 was orally efficacious. As a potent selective SMS2 inhibitor, Ly93 significantly decreased the plasma SM levels of C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, Ly93 was capable of dose-dependently attenuating the atherosclerotic lesions in the root and the entire aorta as well as macrophage content in lesions, in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice treated with Ly93. In conclusion, we discovered a novel selective SMS2 inhibitor Ly93 and demonstrated its anti-atherosclerotic activities in vivo. The preliminary molecular mechanism-of-action studies revealed its function in lipid homeostasis and inflammation process, which indicated that the selective inhibition of SMS2 would be a promising treatment for atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mo M, Yang J, Jiang XC, Cao Y, Fei J, Chen Y, Qi X, Chu Y, Zhou L, Ye D. Discovery of 4-Benzyloxybenzo[ d]isoxazole-3-amine Derivatives as Highly Selective and Orally Efficacious Human Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Inhibitors that Reduce Chronic Inflammation in db/ db Mice. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8241-8254. [PMID: 30074791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) is a promising therapeutic target for several chronic inflammation-associated diseases, including atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. Herein, we report the identification of 4-benzyloxybenzo[ d]isoxazole-3-amine derivatives as potent and highly selective SMS2 inhibitors through a conformational restriction strategy. After systematic structural modifications, several compounds with high selectivity and good potency in vitro were selected for further evaluation. Compound 15w demonstrated good pharmacokinetics (oral bioavailability, F = 56%) in vivo and has an inhibitory potency against sphingomyelin synthase activity when Institute of Cancer Research mice are provided with an oral dose of this compound. In addition, compound 15w attenuated chronic inflammation significantly in db/ db mice after oral dosing for 6 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Mo
- School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jintong Yang
- School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | | | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicine , Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200125 , China
| | - Jinyu Fei
- School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Yang Chen
- Institute of Precision Medicine , Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200125 , China
| | - Xiangyu Qi
- School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Yong Chu
- School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Lu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Deyong Ye
- School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| |
Collapse
|