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Oliw EH. Fatty acid dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion enzymes of filamentous fungal pathogens. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 157:103623. [PMID: 34520871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins designate oxygenated unsaturated C18 fatty acids. Many filamentous fungi pathogens contain dioxygenases (DOX) in oxylipin biosynthesis with homology to human cyclooxygenases. They contain a DOX domain, which is often fused to a functional cytochrome P450 at the C-terminal end. A Tyr radical in the DOX domain initiates dioxygenation of linoleic acid by hydrogen abstraction with formation of 8-, 9-, or 10-hydroperoxy metabolites. The P450 domains can catalyze heterolytic cleavage of 8- and 10-hydroperoxides with oxidation of the heme thiolate iron for hydroxylation at C-5, C-7, C-9, or C-11 and for epoxidation of the 12Z double bond; thus displaying linoleate diol synthase (LDS) and epoxy alcohol synthase (EAS) activities. LSD activities are present in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, Botrytis cinerea causing grey mold and the black scurf pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. 10R-DOX-EAS has been found in M. oryzae and Fusarium oxysporum. The P450 domains may also catalyze homolytic cleavage of 8- and 9-hydroperoxy fatty acids and dehydration to produce epoxides with an adjacent double bond, i.e., allene oxides, thus displaying 8- and 9-DOX-allene oxide synthases (AOS). F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, and R. solani express 9S-DOX-AOS and Zymoseptoria tritici 8S-and 9R-DOX-AOS. Homologues are present in endemic human-pathogenic fungi with extensive studies in Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus (also a plant pathogen) as well as the genetic model A. nidulans. 8R-and 10R-DOX appear to bind fatty acids "headfirst" in the active site, whereas 9S-DOX binds them "tail first" in analogy with cyclooxygenases. The biological relevance of 8R-DOX-5,8-LDS (also designated PpoA) was first discovered in relation to sporulation of A. nidulans and recently for development and programmed hyphal branching of A. fumigatus. Gene deletion DOX-AOS homologues in F. verticillioides, A. flavus, and A. nidulans alters, inter alia, mycotoxin production, sporulation, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Oliw EH. WITHDRAWN: Fatty acid dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion enzymes of the top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology and human-pathogenic fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2021:103603. [PMID: 34214670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Orban A, Weber A, Herzog R, Hennicke F, Rühl M. Transcriptome of different fruiting stages in the cultivated mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita suggests a complex regulation of fruiting and reveals enzymes putatively involved in fungal oxylipin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:324. [PMID: 33947322 PMCID: PMC8097960 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclocybe aegerita (syn. Agrocybe aegerita) is a commercially cultivated mushroom. Its archetypal agaric morphology and its ability to undergo its whole life cycle under laboratory conditions makes this fungus a well-suited model for studying fruiting body (basidiome, basidiocarp) development. To elucidate the so far barely understood biosynthesis of fungal volatiles, alterations in the transcriptome during different developmental stages of C. aegerita were analyzed and combined with changes in the volatile profile during its different fruiting stages. RESULTS A transcriptomic study at seven points in time during fruiting body development of C. aegerita with seven mycelial and five fruiting body stages was conducted. Differential gene expression was observed for genes involved in fungal fruiting body formation showing interesting transcriptional patterns and correlations of these fruiting-related genes with the developmental stages. Combining transcriptome and volatilome data, enzymes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of C8 oxylipins in C. aegerita including lipoxygenases (LOXs), dioxygenases (DOXs), hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs), alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and ene-reductases could be identified. Furthermore, we were able to localize the mycelium as the main source for sesquiterpenes predominant during sporulation in the headspace of C. aegerita cultures. In contrast, changes in the C8 profile detected in late stages of development are probably due to the activity of enzymes located in the fruiting bodies. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the combination of volatilome and transcriptome data of C. aegerita revealed interesting candidates both for functional genetics-based analysis of fruiting-related genes and for prospective enzyme characterization studies to further elucidate the so far barely understood biosynthesis of fungal C8 oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Orban
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Annsophie Weber
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Robert Herzog
- International Institute Zittau, Technical University Dresden, 02763, Zittau, Saxony, Germany
| | - Florian Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
| | - Martin Rühl
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany.
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Oliw EH. Linoleate diol synthase related enzymes of the human pathogens Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Oliw EH. Polyunsaturated C18 fatty acids derivatized with Gly and Ile as an additional tool for studies of the catalytic evolution of fungal 8- and 9-dioxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1378-1387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Seo MJ, Kang WR, Yang EJ, Shin KC, Ko YJ, Oh DK. Molecular characterization of Penicillium oxalicum 6R,8R-linoleate diol synthase with new regiospecificity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:577-586. [PMID: 30342100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diol synthase-derived metabolites are involved in the sexual and asexual life cycles of fungi. A putative diol synthase from Penicillium oxalicum was found to convert palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), oleic acid (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (18:2n-6), and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to 6S,8R-dihydroxy-9(Z)-hexadecenoic acid, 6R,8R-dihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid, 6R,8R-dihydroxy-9,12(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid, and 6S,8R-dihydroxy-9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, respectively, which were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses. The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of P. oxalicum 6,8-diol synthase were the highest for 18:2n-6, indicating that the enzyme is a 6R,8R-linoleate diol synthase (6R,8R-LDS) with new regiospecificity. This is the first report of a 6R,8R-LDS. LDS is a fusion protein consisting of a dioxygenase domain at the N-terminus and a cytochrome P450/hydroperoxide isomerase (P450/HPI) domain at the C-terminus. The putative active-site residues in the C-terminal domain of P. oxalicum 6R,8R-LDS were proposed based on a substrate-docking homology model. The results of the site-directed mutagenesis within C-terminal P450 domain suggested that Asn886, Arg707, and Arg934, are catalytic importance and belong to the catalytic groove. Phe794 and Gln889 were found to be involved in the regiospecific rearrangement of hydroperoxide, while the F794E and Q889A variants of P. oxalicum 6,8-LDS acted as 7,8- and 8,11-LDSs, respectively. All these mutations critically affected the HPI activity of P. oxalicum 6R,8R-LDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Seo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ri Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Yang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Oliw EH. Product specificity of fungal 8R- and 9S-dioxygenases of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily with amino acid derivatized polyenoic fatty acids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 640:93-101. [PMID: 29352967 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi express fatty acid dioxygenases (DOX) fused to cytochromes P450 with diol or allene oxide synthase activities. The orientation of the fatty acids in the active sites of DOX was investigated with amino acid conjugates of 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6. 9S-DOX-allene oxide synthase (AOS) oxidized the Gly, Ile, and Trp derivatives at C-9, which suggests that these conjugates enter the substrate recognition site with the omega end in analogy with fatty acids bound to cyclooxygenases and coral 8R-lipoxygenase (8R-LOX). In contrast, 7,8-diol synthases (7,8-LDS), 5,8-LDS, and 8R-DOX-AOS oxidized the Gly conjugates in most case only to small amounts of metabolites, but with retention of hydrogen abstraction at C-8 and relatively minor hydrogen abstraction at C-11. The Ile and Trp conjugates were not oxidized at C-8, and often insignificantly at C-9/C-13. The 8-DOX domains of these enzymes likely position the carboxyl group of substrates at the end of the active site in analogy with plant α-DOX and 9-LOX. Tyr radicals of the 9S-DOX and 8R-DOX domains catalyze antarafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygen insertion in 18:3n-3. This occurs by abstraction of the proR and proS hydrogens at C-11 and C-8, respectively, in agreement with different "head to tail" orientation in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Gessler NN, Filippovich SY, Bachurina GP, Kharchenko EA, Groza NV, Belozerskaya TA. Oxylipins and oxylipin synthesis pathways in fungi. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oliw EH, Hamberg M. An allene oxide and 12-oxophytodienoic acid are key intermediates in jasmonic acid biosynthesis by Fusarium oxysporum. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1670-1680. [PMID: 28572515 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi can produce jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine conjugate in large quantities, but little is known about the biosynthesis. Plants form JA from 18:3n-3 by 13S-lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase, and allene oxide cyclase. Shaking cultures of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae released over 200 mg of jasmonates per liter. Nitrogen powder of the mycelia expressed 10R-dioxygenase-epoxy alcohol synthase activities, which was confirmed by comparison with the recombinant enzyme. The 13S-LOX of F. oxysporum could not be detected in the cell-free preparations. Incubation of mycelia in phosphate buffer with [17,17,18,18,18-2H5]18:3n-3 led to biosynthesis of a [2H5]12-oxo-13-hydroxy-9Z,15Z-octadecadienoic acid (α-ketol), [2H5]12-oxo-10,15Z-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), and [2H5]13-keto- and [2H5]13S-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acids. The α-ketol consisted of 90% of the 13R stereoisomer, suggesting its formation by nonenzymatic hydrolysis of an allene oxide with 13S configuration. Labeled and unlabeled 12-OPDA were observed following incubation with 0.1 mM [2H5]18:3n-3 in a ratio from 0.4:1 up to 47:1 by mycelia of liquid cultures of different ages, whereas 10 times higher concentration of [2H5]13S-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid was required to detect biosynthesis of [2H5]12-OPDA. The allene oxide is likely formed by a cytochrome P450 or catalase-related hydroperoxidase. We conclude that F. oxysporum, like plants, forms jasmonates with an allene oxide and 12-OPDA as intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang YZ, Wei ZZ, Liu CH, Chen Q, Xu BJ, Guo ZR, Cao YL, Wang Y, Han YN, Chen C, Feng X, Qiao YY, Zong LJ, Zheng T, Deng M, Jiang QT, Li W, Zheng YL, Wei YM, Qi PF. Linoleic acid isomerase gene FgLAI12 affects sensitivity to salicylic acid, mycelial growth and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46129. [PMID: 28387243 PMCID: PMC5384231 DOI: 10.1038/srep46129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the major causal agent of fusarium head blight in wheat, a serious disease worldwide. Linoleic acid isomerase (LAI) catalyses the transformation of linoleic acid (LA) to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is beneficial for human health. We characterised a cis-12 LAI gene of F. graminearum (FGSG_02668; FgLAI12), which was downregulated by salicylic acid (SA), a plant defence hormone. Disruption of FgLAI12 in F. graminearum resulted in decreased accumulation of cis-9,trans-11 CLA, enhanced sensitivity to SA, and increased accumulation of LA and SA in wheat spikes during infection. In addition, mycelial growth, accumulation of deoxynivalenol, and pathogenicity in wheat spikes were reduced. Re-introduction of a functional FgLAI12 gene into ΔFgLAI12 recovered the wild-type phenotype. Fluorescent microscopic analysis showed that FgLAI12 protein was usually expressed in the septa zone of conidia and the vacuole of hyphae, but was expressed in the cell membrane of hyphae in response to exogenous LA, which may be an element of LA metabolism during infection by F. graminearum. The cis-12 LAI enzyme encoded by FgLAI12 is critical for fungal response to SA, mycelial growth and virulence in wheat. The gene FgLAI12 is potentially valuable for biotechnological synthesis of cis-9,trans-11 CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhou Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wei
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Cai-Hong Liu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Bin-Jie Xu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhen-Ru Guo
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yong-Li Cao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ya-Nan Han
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiang Feng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qiao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lu-Juan Zong
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mei Deng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qian-Tao Jiang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wei Li
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - You-Liang Zheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wei
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qi
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Oliw EH, Aragó M, Chen Y, Jernerén F. A new class of fatty acid allene oxide formed by the DOX-P450 fusion proteins of human and plant pathogenic fungi, C. immitis and Z. tritici. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1518-28. [PMID: 27282156 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Linoleate dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 (DOX-CYP) fusion enzymes are common in pathogenic fungi. The DOX domains form hydroperoxy metabolites of 18:2n-6, which can be transformed by the CYP domains to 1,2- or 1,4-diols, epoxy alcohols, or to allene oxides. We have characterized two novel allene oxide synthases (AOSs), namely, recombinant 8R-DOX-AOS of Coccidioides immitis (causing valley fever) and 8S-DOX-AOS of Zymoseptoria tritici (causing septoria tritici blotch of wheat). The 8R-DOX-AOS oxidized 18:2n-6 sequentially to 8R-hydroperoxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (8R-HPODE) and to an allene oxide, 8R(9)-epoxy-9,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, as judged from the accumulation of the α-ketol, 8S-hydroxy-9-oxo-12Z-octadecenoic acid. The 8S-DOX-AOS of Z. tritici transformed 18:2n-6 sequentially to 8S-HPODE and to an α-ketol, 8R-hydroxy-9-oxo-12Z-octadecenoic acid, likely formed by hydrolysis of 8S(9)-epoxy-9,12Z-octadecadienoic acid. The 8S-DOX-AOS oxidized [8R-(2)H]18:2n-6 to 8S-HPODE with retention of the (2)H-label, suggesting suprafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygenation in contrast to 8R-DOX-AOS. Both enzymes oxidized 18:1n-9 and 18:3n-3 to α-ketols, but the catalysis of the 8R- and 8S-AOS domains differed. 8R-DOX-AOS transformed 9R-HPODE to epoxy alcohols, but 8S-DOX-AOS converted 9S-HPODE to an α-ketol (9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12Z-octadecenoic acid) and epoxy alcohols in a ratio of ∼1:2. Whereas all fatty acid allene oxides described so far have a conjugated diene impinging on the epoxide, the allene oxides formed by 8-DOX-AOS are unconjugated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc Aragó
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yang Chen
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Jernerén
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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