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Lo Van A, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M. Esterification of Docosahexaenoic Acid Enhances Its Transport to the Brain and Its Potential Therapeutic Use in Brain Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:4550. [PMID: 36364810 PMCID: PMC9656701 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid-containing lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LysoPC) is presented as the main transporter of DHA from blood plasma to the brain. This is related to the major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2A (Mfsd2a) symporter expression in the blood-brain barrier that recognizes the various lyso-phospholipids that have choline in their polar head. In order to stabilize the DHA moiety at the sn-2 position of LysoPC, the sn-1 position was esterified by the shortest acetyl chain, creating the structural phospholipid 1-acetyl,2-docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine (AceDoPC). This small structure modification allows the maintaining of the preferential brain uptake of DHA over non-esterified DHA. Additional properties were found for AceDoPC, such as antioxidant properties, especially due to the aspirin-like acetyl moiety, as well as the capacity to generate acetylcholine in response to the phospholipase D cleavage of the polar head. Esterification of DHA within DHA-LysoPC or AceDoPC could elicit more potent neuroprotective effects against neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lo Van
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
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Estiasih T, Marianty R, Ahmadi K. Characteristics and emulsifying properties of structured phospholipids from palm pressed fiber and omega-3 fatty acid concentrates from by-products of fish processing by enzymatic acidolysis. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:3689-3700. [PMID: 34471293 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of structured phospholipids (SPLs) containing ω-3 fatty acids was carried out through enzymatic acidolysis reactions using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei between palm pressed fiber phospholipids (PPF PL) with four ω-3 fatty acid concentrates as different acyl sources. The purity of SPLs increased compared to original PPF PLs. The degree of ω-3 fatty acid incorporation to the SPLs was different that depended on the sources of acyl. The highest degree of incorporation was in PE (phosphatidylethanolamine). The phenomenon of acyl migration of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) was found from the sn-1 to the sn-2 position of the PE. This acyl migration occurred at all four SPLs. Modification of PLs made better emulsifying properties for oil in water emulsion system, compared to PPF PL. The increase in the HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value, EAI (emulsifying activity index), and ESI (emulsion stability index) of SPLs compared to PPF PL was supposed to relate to an increase in polarity. The composition of more polar PLs (PC/phosphatidylcholine, PE, PG/phosphatidylglycerol, and PA/phosphatidic acid) in the four SPLs is higher than that of PPF PL. The sources of acyl also affected the emulsifying properties of four SPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teti Estiasih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Renita Marianty
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Kgs Ahmadi
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tribhuwana Tunggadewi University, Jl. Tlogowarna, Tlogomas, Malang, Indonesia
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Guichardant M, Chen P, Liu M, Lo Van A, Jouvène C, Bernoud-Hubac N, Véricel E, Lagarde M. Double lipoxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of nutritional interest. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102185. [PMID: 33038835 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Double lipoxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least three methylene-interrupted double bonds can be made by two lipoxygenases, e.g. 5- and 12-LOX, or 15-LOX only, followed by reduction of the hydroperoxide products through the glutathione peroxidase action. Several biological activities have been reported for such a double 15-LOX product of docosahexaenoic acid, called protectin DX to differentiate it from protectin D1, a stereo and geometric isomer described for its potent anti-inflammatory potential. The geometric characteristic of the double lipoxygenase products is the conjugated triene E,Z,E (trans,cis,trans), which appears crucial in their biological activities. A focus is also done on single lipoxygenation of mono-hydroxylated products first made by aspirin-treated cyclooxygenase-2. The resulting (R,S)-diOH, E,Z,E conjugated trienes, instead of the (S,S)-diOH isomer in case of double lipoxygenation, seem to be even more active for some biological effects, making biologically relevant the single lipoxygenation in aspirin-treated situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guichardant
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - P Chen
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - M Liu
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - A Lo Van
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C Jouvène
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - N Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - E Véricel
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - M Lagarde
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Lagarde M, Guichardant M, Bernoud-Hubac N. Anti-inflammatory and anti-virus potential of poxytrins, especially protectin DX. Biochimie 2020; 179:281-284. [PMID: 32956736 PMCID: PMC7499149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poxytrins (Pufa Oxygenated Trienes) are dihydroxy derivatives from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with adjacent hydroxyl groups to a conjugated triene having the specific E,Z,E geometry. They are made by the double action of one lipoxygenase or the combined actions of two lipoxygenases, followed by reduction of the resulting hydroperoxides with glutathione peroxidase. Because of their E,Z,E conjugated triene, poxytrins may inhibit inflammation associated with cyclooxygenase (COX) activities, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. In addition of inhibiting COX activities, at least one poxytrin, namely protectin DX (PDX) from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has also been reported as able to inhibit influenza virus replication by targeting its RNA metabolism. Poxytrins are double lipoxygenase end-products from natural polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least three double bond. Their characteristic is to own a cis,trans,cis / E,Z,E conjugated triene. Protectin DX / PDX is a poxytrin from double oxygenation of docosahexaenoic acid by 15/n-6-lipoxygenase. As other poxytrins, PDX inhibits cyclooxygenase-dependent inflammation. Also, PDX inhibits the RNA influenza virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, UMR Inserm 1060, Inrae 1397 (CarMeN Laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Univ-Lyon, UMR Inserm 1060, Inrae 1397 (CarMeN Laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ-Lyon, UMR Inserm 1060, Inrae 1397 (CarMeN Laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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