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Ilnytska O, Lai K, Gorshkov K, Schultz ML, Tran BN, Jeziorek M, Kunkel TJ, Azaria RD, McLoughlin HS, Waghalter M, Xu Y, Schlame M, Altan-Bonnet N, Zheng W, Lieberman AP, Dobrowolski R, Storch J. Enrichment of NPC1-deficient cells with the lipid LBPA stimulates autophagy, improves lysosomal function, and reduces cholesterol storage. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100813. [PMID: 34023384 PMCID: PMC8294588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 genes encoding endolysosomal lipid transport proteins, leading to cholesterol accumulation and autophagy dysfunction. We have previously shown that enrichment of NPC1-deficient cells with the anionic lipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA; also called bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate) via treatment with its precursor phosphatidylglycerol (PG) results in a dramatic decrease in cholesterol storage. However, the mechanisms underlying this reduction are unknown. In the present study, we showed using biochemical and imaging approaches in both NPC1-deficient cellular models and an NPC1 mouse model that PG incubation/LBPA enrichment significantly improved the compromised autophagic flux associated with NPC1 disease, providing a route for NPC1-independent endolysosomal cholesterol mobilization. PG/LBPA enrichment specifically enhanced the late stages of autophagy, and effects were mediated by activation of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase. PG incubation also led to robust and specific increases in LBPA species with polyunsaturated acyl chains, potentially increasing the propensity for membrane fusion events, which are critical for late-stage autophagy progression. Finally, we demonstrated that PG/LBPA treatment efficiently cleared cholesterol and toxic protein aggregates in Purkinje neurons of the NPC1I1061T mouse model. Collectively, these findings provide a mechanistic basis supporting cellular LBPA as a potential new target for therapeutic intervention in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ilnytska
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Kimberly Lai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark L Schultz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maciej Jeziorek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thaddeus J Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth D Azaria
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hayley S McLoughlin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Miriam Waghalter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Radek Dobrowolski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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Dyrkheeva N, Anarbaev R, Lebedeva N, Kuprushkin M, Kuznetsova A, Kuznetsov N, Rechkunova N, Lavrik O. Human Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 Possesses Transphosphooligonucleotidation Activity With Primary Alcohols. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:604732. [PMID: 33425909 PMCID: PMC7786179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.604732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) belongs to the phospholipase D superfamily, whose members contain paired catalytic histidine and lysine residues within two conserved motifs and hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds. TDP1 is a DNA repair enzyme that processes 3′ DNA end blocking lesions and a wide range of synthetic DNA adducts as a substrate. TDP1 hydrolyzes DNA-adducts via two coordinated SN2 nucleophilic attacks mediated by the action of two histidine residues and leads to the formation of the covalent intermediate. Hydrolysis of this intermediate is proposed to be carried out by a water molecule that is activated by the His493 residue acting as a general base. It was known that phospholipase D enzymes are able to catalyze not only hydrolysis but also a transphosphatidylation reaction in the presence of primary alcohols in which they transfer the substrate to the alcohol instead of water. Here, we first demonstrated that TDP1 is able to undergo a “transphosphooligonucleotidation” reaction, transferring the substrate residue to the alcohol, thus inducing the formation of covalent DNA adducts with different primary alcohol residues. Such adducts can be accumulated in the conditions of high concentration of alcohol. We demonstrated that glycerol residue was efficiently cleaved from the 3′-end by TDP1 but not by its mutant form associated with the disease spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy. Therefore, the second reaction step can be carried out not only by a water molecule but also by the other small nucleophilic molecules, e.g., glycerol and ethanol. Thus, in some cases, TDP1 can be regarded not only as a repair enzyme but also as a source of DNA damage especially in the case of mutation. Such damages can make a negative contribution to the stability of cell vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Dyrkheeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Rashid Anarbaev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Lebedeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maxim Kuprushkin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra Kuznetsova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita Kuznetsov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nadejda Rechkunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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3
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Polar Head Modified Phospholipids by Phospholipase D-Catalyzed Transformations of Natural Phosphatidylcholine for Targeted Applications: An Overview. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the use of phospholipase D (PLD) to perform the transphosphatidylation of the most common natural phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) to obtain polar head modified phospholipids with real targeted applications. The introduction of different polar heads with distinctive physical and chemical properties such as charge, polarity and dimensions allows the obtainment of very different PLs, which can be exploited in very diverse fields of application. Moreover, the inclusions of a bioactive moiety in the PL polar head constitutes a powerful tool for the stabilization and administration of active ingredients. The use of this biocatalytic approach allows the preparation of compounds which cannot be easily obtained by classical chemical methods, by using mild and green reaction conditions. PLD is a very versatile enzyme, able to catalyze both the hydrolysis of PC to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), and the transphosphatidylation reaction in the presence of an appropriate alcohol. The yield of production of the desired product and the ratio with the collateral PA formation is highly dependent on parameters such as the nature and concentration of the alcohol and the enzymatic source. The application of PLD catalyzed transformations for the production of a great number of PLs with important uses in medical, nutraceutical and cosmetic sectors will be discussed in this work.
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Valorization of Corn Seed Oil Acid Degumming Waste for Phospholipids Preparation by Phospholipase D-Mediated Processes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the phospholipase D-mediated treatment of the waste residue coming from acid degumming, which constitutes the second part of the degumming step in the crude corn edible oil refining process. This industrial process produces a complex by-product (called gum), a mixture containing phospholipids (PLs) whose composition depends on the nature of the oil source. This residue is usually disposed of with the consequential costs and environmental concerns. An efficient multistep protocol of physical separations of the PL-rich fraction from waste gums has been set up, including centrifugation, precipitation and solvent partitioning. This waste stream, which is thoroughly characterized after the concentration process, constitutes a renewable feedstock for the production of value-added PLs with modified polar head-exploiting phospholipase D-mediated biotransformations, which have been successfully performed on this complex natural mixture. The valorization of these waste gums through the production of high value PLs for targeted applications paves the way to a new alternative approach for their disposal, which could be of great interest from a circular economy perspective.
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5
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Zhang Z, Chen M, Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Microbial phospholipase D: Identification, modification and application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Preparation of n‐3 Polyunsaturated Phosphatidylglycerol from Salmon Roe Lipids by Phospholipase D and In Vitro Digestion. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Horn A, Jaiswal JK. Structural and signaling role of lipids in plasma membrane repair. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 84:67-98. [PMID: 31610866 PMCID: PMC7182362 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane forms the physical barrier between the cytoplasm and extracellular space, allowing for biochemical reactions necessary for life to occur. Plasma membrane damage needs to be rapidly repaired to avoid cell death. This relies upon the coordinated action of the machinery that polarizes the repair response to the site of injury, resulting in resealing of the damaged membrane and subsequent remodeling to return the injured plasma membrane to its pre-injury state. As lipids comprise the bulk of the plasma membrane, the acts of injury, resealing, and remodeling all directly impinge upon the plasma membrane lipids. In addition to their structural role in shaping the physical properties of the plasma membrane, lipids also play an important signaling role in maintaining plasma membrane integrity. While much attention has been paid to the involvement of proteins in the membrane repair pathway, the role of lipids in facilitating plasma membrane repair remains poorly studied. Here we will discuss the current knowledge of how lipids facilitate plasma membrane repair by regulating membrane structure and signaling to coordinate the repair response, and will briefly note how lipid involvement extends beyond plasma membrane repair to the tissue repair response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Horn
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
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8
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Cerminati S, Paoletti L, Aguirre A, Peirú S, Menzella HG, Castelli ME. Industrial uses of phospholipases: current state and future applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2571-2582. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Li S, Li Y, Long N, Zhang R. In-Situ
Co-Cross-Linking of Phospholipase D and Poly-L-Lysine for the Highly Efficient Synthesis of Phosphatidylglycerol. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; No. 818, Kongpu Street, Jiangbei District, Ningbo City 315211 Zhejiang Province P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; No. 818, Kongpu Street, Jiangbei District, Ningbo City 315211 Zhejiang Province P.R. China
| | - Nengbing Long
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; No. 818, Kongpu Street, Jiangbei District, Ningbo City 315211 Zhejiang Province P.R. China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; No. 818, Kongpu Street, Jiangbei District, Ningbo City 315211 Zhejiang Province P.R. China
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Qin W, Wu C, Song W, Chen X, Liu J, Luo Q, Liu L. A novel high-yield process of phospholipase D-mediated phosphatidylserine production with cyclopentyl methyl ether. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Phospholipase D as a catalyst: application in phospholipid synthesis, molecular structure and protein engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:271-80. [PMID: 23639419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is a useful enzyme for its transphosphatidylation activity, which enables the enzymatic synthesis of various phospholipids (PLs). Many reports exist on PLD-mediated synthesis of natural and tailor-made PLs with functional head groups, from easily available lecithin or phosphatidylcholine. Early studies on PLD-mediated synthesis mainly employed enzymes of plant origin, which were later supplanted by ones from microorganisms, especially actinomycetes. Many PLDs are members of the PLD superfamily, having one or two copies of a signature sequence, HxKxxxxD or HKD motif, in the primary structures. PLD superfamily members share a common core structure, and thereby, a common catalytic mechanism. The catalysis proceeds via two-step reaction with the formation of phosphatidyl-enzyme intermediate. Both of the two catalytic His residues are critical in the reaction course, where one acts as a nucleophile, while the other functions as a general acid/base. PLD is being engineered to improve its activity and stability, alter head group specificity and further identify catalytically important residues. Since the knowledge on PLD enzymology is constantly expanding, this review focuses on recent advances in the field, regarding PLD-catalyzed synthesis of bioactive PLs, deeper understanding of substrate recognition and binding mechanism, altering substrate specificity, and improving thermostability. We introduced some of our recent results in combination with existing facts to further deepen the story on the nature of this useful enzyme.
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12
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Müller AO, Mrestani-Klaus C, Schmidt J, Ulbrich-Hofmann R, Dippe M. New cardiolipin analogs synthesized by phospholipase D-catalyzed transphosphatidylation. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:787-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Nair A, Radiman S, Said M. Simple Thermodynamically-Derived Model for Predicting the Hydrolase and Transferase Activity of Phospholipase D in the Synthesis of Phosphatidylglycerol. Lipid Insights 2012. [DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s8376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of a single and pure phospholipid via transphosphatidylation has been a much sought after endeavor in the pharmaceutical and nonmedical industries. For this reason, phosphatidylglycerol, a lung surfactant, was produced from phosphatidylcholine with defined fatty acids, ie, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Substrate type and concentration, enzyme source, and reaction temperature were investigated. Phospholipase D from two sources, ie, savoy cabbage, was purified in the authors’ laboratory and a commercially available Streptomyces species was used for this study. The substrates used were glycerol, a polyhydric alcohol, and solketal, a monohydric form of glycerol. The progress of the reaction was monitored using thin layer chromatography, and synthesis with solketal, an unusual form of glycerol, was confirmed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Surface response methodology used on four combinations of enzyme and substrate at various temperatures (30 °C–60 °C) and concentration (0.25–1 mM) revealed that yield and selectivity was temperature-driven and predictable. To validate further the thermodynamic attributes, a modified version of the Eyring equation was derived from selectivity and the Arhenius equation. These equations provide some useful insights into the difference in activation of enthalpy change(ΔΔH++) and difference in activation of entropy change(ΔΔS++). Plots of ln[PG]/[PA] versus 1/T gave good linear fits for these four combinations. In addition, a new thermodynamic parameter known as TPG = PAhas emerged as a theoretical temperature for equivalent transferase and hydrolase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nair
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shahidan Radiman
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mamot Said
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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A Spectrophotometric Microtiterplate Assay to Determine the Transphosphatidylation Potential of Phospholipase D. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Řezanka T, Siristova L, Melzoch K, Sigler K. Direct ESI-MS analysis of O-acyl glycosylated cardiolipins from the thermophilic bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 161:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Sandoval-Calderón M, Geiger O, Guan Z, Barona-Gómez F, Sohlenkamp C. A eukaryote-like cardiolipin synthase is present in Streptomyces coelicolor and in most actinobacteria. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17383-90. [PMID: 19439403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is an anionic membrane lipid present in bacteria, plants, and animals, but absent from archaea. It is generally thought that bacteria use an enzyme belonging to the phospholipase D superfamily as cardiolipin synthase (Cls) catalyzing a reversible phosphatidyl group transfer from one phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecule to another PG to form CL and glycerol. In contrast, in eukaryotes a Cls of the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase superfamily uses cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) as the donor of the phosphatidyl group, which is transferred to a molecule of PG to form CL. Searching the genome of the actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) we identified a gene coding for a putative Cls of the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase superfamily (Sco1389). Here we show that expression of Sco1389 in a CL-deficient Rhizobium etli mutant restores CL formation. In an in vitro assay Sco1389 condenses CDP-DAG with PG to form CL and therefore catalyzes the same reaction as eukaryotic cardiolipin synthases. This is the first time that a CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase from bacteria is shown to be responsible for CL formation. The broad occurrence of putative orthologues of Sco1389 among the actinobacteria suggests that CL synthesis involving a eukaryotic type Cls is common in actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sandoval-Calderón
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP62210, Mexico
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17
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Suzuri K, Yamamoto Y, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol catalyzed by phospholipase D in an aqueous system. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:719-23. [PMID: 19169886 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-9929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was synthesized from several phosphatidylcholines (PCs) via phospholipase D (PLD)-catalyzed transphosphatidylation in an aqueous system. The yield of PG were 71 and 68 mol% from soybean PC and egg yolk PC, respectively, under the optimum reaction conditions of 50 micromol PC, 10 mmol glycerol, 3 ml of acetate buffer, 1.6 U PLD, and 30 micromol CaCl(2) at 37 degrees C for 48 h. In case of salmon roe PC with 14.3% eicosapentaenoic acid and 26.8% docosahexaenoic acid, the PG yield increased to 94 mol% by addition of 46 mumol alpha-tocopherol, although the PG yield was only 10% in absence of alpha-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kounosuke Suzuri
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
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