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Abstract
The first asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-jatrophalactam was reported, which unambiguously determined the absolute configuration of the titled natural product. The key features entail a conformationally controlled cyclopropanation, a Meldrum's acid adduct-engaged macrolactam formation, and a Pd(II)-mediated oxidative cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Gao
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Dongyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Kuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Hujun Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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Verardo G, Baldini M, Ferfuia C, Gorassini A. Rapid and selective screening for toxic phorbol esters in Jatropha curcas seed oil using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:63-75. [PMID: 30885401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. is an inedible plant whose seed oil is an interesting source for biodiesel production. Seed cake, the main byproduct remaining (about 70% w/w) after the oil extraction process, has a high nutritional value but the presence in Jatropha curcas seed of phorbol esters (PEs), a family of toxic compounds with a tigliane skeleton, prevents application of seed cake and other byproducts (e.g. glycerin) in animal feed without an efficient detoxification. Considering the high toxicity of PEs, it is important to have a sensitive analytical method to evaluate the presence of these compounds in Jatropha curcas derivatives. In this paper we present the study of the ESI-MS/MS fragmentation pattern of the [M+Na]+ ion at m/z 733.5 of the six known PEs, namely Jatropha factors (JFs) C1-C6, which allowed to tentatively identify a series of characteristic and specific fragment ions useful to reveal the presence of JFs in Jatropha curcas seed oil, distinguish them from each other, and identify new PEs (J1-J4). Moreover, the substitution of the usual acetonitrile/water as mobile phase with a mixture of methanol/water (85:15, v/v) allowed to increase the signal of the sodium adduct of about 50-fold during the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Verardo
- Department of Agri-Food, Environment and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Mario Baldini
- Department of Agri-Food, Environment and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferfuia
- Department of Agri-Food, Environment and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Gorassini
- Department of Humanities and the Cultural Heritage, University of Udine, Vicolo Florio 2/B, 33100, Udine, Italy
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Kongmany S, Hoa TT, Hanh LTN, Imamura K, Maeda Y, Boi LV. Semi-preparative HPLC separation followed by HPLC/UV and tandem mass spectrometric analysis of phorbol esters in Jatropha seed. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1038:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jadid N, Mardika RK, Nurhidayati T, Irawan MI. Reverse Transcription-PCR analysis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (JcGGPPS) in Jatropha curcas L. and in silico analysis of Casbene Synthase (JcCS) among Euphorbiaceae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4953516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Solubilization Behavior of Phorbol Esters from Jatropha Oil in Surfactant Micellar Solutions. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-015-1758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nesseim TDT, Dieng A, Mergeai G, Ndiaye S, Hornick JL. Digestibility of solvent-treated Jatropha curcas kernel by broiler chickens in Senegal. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1553-60. [PMID: 26255184 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is a drought-resistant shrub belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. The kernel contains approximately 60 % lipid in dry matter, and the meal obtained after oil extraction could be an exceptional source of protein for family poultry farming, in the absence of curcin and, especially, some diterpene derivatives phorbol esters that are partially lipophilic. The nutrient digestibility of J. curcas kernel meal (JKM), obtained after partial physicochemical deoiling was thus evaluated in broiler chickens. Twenty broiler chickens, 6 weeks old, were maintained in individual metabolic cages and divided into four groups of five animals, according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design where deoiled JKM was incorporated into grinded corn at 0, 4, 8, and 12 % levels (diets 0, 4, 8, and 12 J), allowing measurement of nutrient digestibility by the differential method. The dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of diets was affected to a low extent by JKM (85 and 86 % in 0 J and 81 % in 12 J, respectively) in such a way that DM and OM digestibility of JKM was estimated to be close to 50 %. The ether extract (EE) digestibility of JKM remained high, at about 90 %, while crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) digestibility were largely impacted by JKM, with values closed to 40 % at the highest levels of incorporation. J. curcas kernel presents various nutrient digestibilities but has adverse effects on CP and CF digestibility of the diet. The effects of an additional heat or biological treatment on JKM remain to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Daniel Tamsir Nesseim
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture, Département des Productions Animales, Université de Thiès, Km 3 route de Khombole BP A 296, Thiès, Sénégal. .,Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Productions Animales, Université de Liège, 20 Boulevard de Colonster, 4000, Liège, Belgique.
| | - Abdoulaye Dieng
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture, Département des Productions Animales, Université de Thiès, Km 3 route de Khombole BP A 296, Thiès, Sénégal.
| | - Guy Mergeai
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Département Phytotechnie Tropicale et Horticulture, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgique.
| | - Saliou Ndiaye
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture, Département des Productions Végétales, Université de Thiès, Km 3 route de Khombole BP A 296, Thiès, Sénégal.
| | - Jean-Luc Hornick
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Productions Animales, Université de Liège, 20 Boulevard de Colonster, 4000, Liège, Belgique.
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Andrade-Vieira LF, Botelho CM, Laviola BG, Palmieri MJ, Praça-Fontes MM. Effects of Jatropha curcas oil in Lactuca sativa root tip bioassays. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:373-82. [PMID: 24676174 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420130041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is important for biofuel production and as a feed ingredient for animal. However, the presence of phorbol esters in the oil and cake renders the seeds toxic. The toxicity of J. curcas oil is currently assessed by testing in animals, leading to their death. The identification of toxic and nontoxic improved varieties is important for the safe use of J. curcas seeds and byproducts to avoid their environmental toxicity. Hence, the aim of this study was to propose a short-term bioassay using a plant as a model to screen the toxicity of J. curcas oil without the need to sacrifice any animals. The toxicity of J. curcas oil was evident in germination, root elongation and chromosomal aberration tests in Lactuca sativa. It was demonstrated that J. curcas seeds contain natural compounds that exert phyto-, cyto- and genotoxic effects on lettuce, and that phorbol esters act as aneugenic agents, leading to the formation of sticky chromosomes and c-metaphase cells. In conclusion, the tests applied have shown reproducibility, which is important to verify the extent of detoxification and to determine toxic doses, thus reducing the numbers of animals that would be used for toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa F Andrade-Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Alto Universitario, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - Carolina M Botelho
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Alto Universitario, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - Bruno G Laviola
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria/EMBRAPA Agroenergia, Parque Estacao Biologica/PqEB, Brasilia, DF, Brasil
| | - Marcel J Palmieri
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitario, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Milene M Praça-Fontes
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Alto Universitario, Alegre, ES, Brasil
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Poon R, Valli VE, Ratnayake WMN, Rigden M, Pelletier G. Effects of Jatropha oil on rats following 28-day oral treatment. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:618-25. [PMID: 23844425 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Jatropha oil is an emerging feedstock for the production of biodiesels. The increasing use of this nonedible, toxic oil will result in higher potential for accidental exposures. A repeated-dose 28-day oral toxicity study was conducted to provide data for risk assessment. Jatropha oil diluted in corn oil was administered by gavage to male and female rats at 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 mg kg(-1) body weight per day for 28 consecutive days. Control rats were administered corn oil only. The growth rates and consumption of food and water were monitored. At necropsy, organs were weighed and hematological parameters assessed. Serum clinical chemistry and C-reactive protein were measured and histological examinations of organs and tissues were performed. Markedly depressed growth rate was observed in males and females receiving Jatropha oil at 500 mg kg(-1) per day. Decreased white blood cell and lymphocyte counts were detected in females at 50 and 500 mg kg(-1) per day and in males at 500 mg kg(-1) per day. These changes were correlated to mild and reversible histological changes in male and female spleens. In the liver, a mild increase in portal hepatocytes cytoplasm density was observed in males and females, while periportal vacuolation was observed exclusively in females. Mild acinar proliferation was observed in the female mammary glands at all dose levels. It is concluded that Jatropha oil produces adverse effects on female rats starting at 50 mg kg(-1) per day with decreased white blood cell and lymphocyte counts and at 500 mg kg(-1) per day in both genders in term of depressed growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Poon
- Environmental Health Science Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Ratnadass A, Wink M. The phorbol ester fraction from Jatropha curcas seed oil: potential and limits for crop protection against insect pests. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203190 PMCID: PMC3546684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physic nut shrub, Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae), has been considered as a “miracle tree”, particularly as a source of alternate fuel. Various extracts of the plant have been reported to have insecticidal/acaricidal or molluscicidal/anthelminthic activities on vectors of medical or veterinary interest or on agricultural or non-agricultural pests. Among those extracts, the phorbol ester fraction from seed oil has been reported as a promising candidate for use as a plant-derived protectant of a variety of crops, from a range of pre-harvest and post-harvest insect pests. However, such extracts have not been widely used, despite the “boom” in the development of the crop in the tropics during recent years, and societal concerns about overuse of systemic chemical pesticides. There are many potential explanations to such a lack of use of Jatropha insecticidal extracts. On the one hand, the application of extracts potentially harmful to human health on stored food grain, might not be relevant. The problem of decomposition of phorbol esters and other compounds toxic to crop pests in the field needing further evaluation before such extracts can be widely used, may also be a partial explanation. High variability of phorbol ester content and hence of insecticidal activity among physic nut cultivars/ecotypes may be another. Phytotoxicity to crops may be further limitation. Apparent obstacles to a wider application of such extracts are the costs and problems involved with registration and legal approval. On the other hand, more studies should be conducted on molluscicidal activity on slugs and land snails which are major pests of crops, particularly in conservation agriculture systems. Further evaluation of toxicity to natural enemies of insect pests and studies on other beneficial insects such as pollinators are also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ratnadass
- Cirad, HortSys Research Unit, TA B-103/PS4, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-467-593-114; Fax: +33-467-615-688
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy & Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; E-Mail:
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Devappa RK, Rajesh SK, Kumar V, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Activities of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters in various bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 78:57-62. [PMID: 22172520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas seeds contain 30-35% oil, which can be converted to high quality biodiesel. However, Jatropha oil is toxic, ascribed to the presence of phorbol esters (PEs). In this study, isolated phorbol ester rich fraction (PEEF) was used to evaluate the activity of PEs using three aquatic species based bioassays (snail (Physa fontinalis), brine shrimp (Artemeia salina), daphnia (Daphnia magna)) and microorganisms. In all the bioassays tested, increase in concentration of PEs increased mortality with an EC(50) (48 h) of 0.33, 26.48 and 0.95 mg L(-1) PEs for snail, artemia and daphnia, respectively. The sensitivity of various microorganisms for PEs was also tested. Among the bacterial species tested, Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis were highly susceptible with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 215 mg L(-1) PEs; and Pseudomonas putida were also sensitive with MIC of 251 mg L(-1) PEs. Similarly, Fusarium species of fungi exhibited EC(50) of 58 mg L(-1) PEs, while Aspergillus niger and Curvularia lunata had EC(50) of 70 mg L(-1). The snail bioassay was most sensitive with 100% snail mortality at 1 μg of PEs mL(-1). In conclusion, snail bioassay could be used to monitor PEs in Jatropha derived products such as oil, biodiesel, fatty acid distillate, kernel meal, cake, glycerol or for contamination in soil or other environmental matrices. In addition, PEs with molluscicidal/antimicrobial activities could be utilized for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshit K Devappa
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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