Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters as Feedstocks for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Alkyl Methacrylates and Polystyrene-co-alkyl Methacrylates for use as Cold Flow Improvers in Diesel Fuels

Recent advances in synthesis of polymers based on palm oil and its fatty acids

Palm oil is a versatile bio-renewable resource for consumer products, oleochemicals, and biofuels. The utilization of palm oil in polymer production as a bio-based polymer is considered a promising alternative to conventional petrochemical-based polymers due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and vast obtainability. Triglycerides and fatty acids in palm oil and their derivatives can be utilized as bio-based monomers for synthesizing polymers. This review summarizes the recent advancement in using palm oil and its fatty acids for polymer synthesis and their applications. Moreover, this review will overview the most commonly used synthesis pathways for producing palm oil-based polymers. Therefore, this review can be used as a reference for designing a new approach to synthesizing palm oil-based polymers with desired properties.

Influence of Poly (benzyl oleate-co-maleic anhydride) Pour Point Depressant with Di-Stearyl Amine on Waxy Crude Oil

An important problem for the oil industry is the deposition of paraffin on pipelines during the transit of crude oil and restart processes at low temperature. In this regard, the need for suitable methods of wax deposition has attracted substantial attention. Therefore, pour point depressants (PPDs) are considered a critical processing aid to modify the paraffin crystallization and improve the flow of waxy crude oil. The effect of pendants in comb-type copolymers on the ability of crude oil to flow in the cold is examined in the current study. Such PPDs were first created by the free radical polymerization of maleic anhydride with benzyl oleate to create the poly (benzyl oleate-co-maleic anhydride). The resultant copolymer was then aminated with alkyl amine (stearyl amine) (C₁₈H₃₉N) to form pendant alkyl amine chains. The esterified copolymers were structurally characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared, X-ray diffraction spectral analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the potential interactions between PPD and waxes were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and light microscopy. The obtained PPDs, which are effective at a dose of 2000 ppm, were able to reduce the pour point by up to 3 °C. The viscosity and yield stress of the petroleum waxy crude oil were revealed by rheometer.

Fatty Acid-Based Radically Polymerizable Monomers: From Novel Poly(meth)acrylates to Cutting-Edge Properties

The increasing price of barrels of oil, global warming, and other environmental problems favor the use of renewable resources to replace the petroleum-based polymers used in various applications. Recently, fatty acids (FAs) and their derivatives have appeared among the most promising candidates to afford novel and innovative bio-based (co)polymers because of their ready availability, their low toxicity, and their high versatility. However, the current literature mostly focused on FA-based polymers prepared by condensation polymerization or oxypolymerization, while only a few works have been devoted to radical polymerization due to the low reactivity of FAs through radical process. Thus, the aim of this Review is to give an overview of (i) the most common synthetic pathways reported in the literature to provide suitable monomers from FAs and their derivatives for radical polymerization, (ii) the available radical processes to afford FA-based (co)polymers, and (iii) the different applications in which FA-based (co)polymers have been used since the past few years.