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Li Y, Chen D, Fu W, Yang Y, Chen H, Ni L, Chen H, Jiang D, Zhang S, Gui R. Determination of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in nutritional foods by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on acid hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:756-770. [PMID: 38805241 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2353796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a method based on acid transesterification and the purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for quantifying 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) in nutritional foods. The fat was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with petroleum ether and diethyl ether after the sample was hydrolysed with ammonia. Then the extract was purified by a SPE cartridge filled with the aminopropyl sorbents. It was demonstrated that the optimal elution volume for 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE greatly depended on the sample matrix and varied from 6 to 12 mL for four different kinds of food matrices. All three analytes in the sample solution could be fully collected in the first 10-12 mL of eluate. By this way, monoacylglycerols commonly present in the samples were fully removed. Therefore, the overestimation of GE quantification was effectively eliminated. The modified analytical procedure was fully validated in a single laboratory and has been recommended as a Chinese Food Safety National Standard. In addition, two derivatisation agents, heptafluorobutyrylimidazole and phenylboronic acid, were proved to be equivalent in method accuracy and precision for the quantification of three analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wusheng Fu
- School of Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Food Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huafeng Chen
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Ni
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongjing Chen
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dingguo Jiang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Sophia Zhang
- School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rongjuan Gui
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
- School of Food Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Ramli NAS, Roslan NA, Abdullah F, Bilal B, Ghazali R, Abd Razak RA, Ahmad Tarmizi AH. Determination of process contaminants 2- and 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in palm-based glycerol by indirect analysis using GC-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1307-1321. [PMID: 37682685 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2255290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Esters of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE) and glycidol (GE) are regarded as process contaminants that are found in refined vegetable oils and oil-based foods. Since glycerol is produced during fat splitting, saponification and biodiesel production, it is important to have methods for determining contaminants that might be formed during these processes. Due to the use of glycerol as a food additive, data on the presence of compounds of toxicological concern, including 3-MCPD, are of interest. This study focuses on modifying the indirect analysis of 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE and GE using GC-MS based on the AOCS Official Method Cd 29a-13, validating the modified method, and quantifying 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE and GE in glycerol. The AOCS Cd 29a-13 method was modified at the initial stage of sample preparation in which the targeted esters were extracted from glycerol by vortex-assisted extraction before sample analysis. This modification was performed based on the polarity of all compounds involved. The calibration functions for all analytes were fitted to linear regression with R2 above 0.99. Limits of detection (LOD) 0.02, 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg-1 were obtained for 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE and GE, respectively. Spiked glycerol with 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE (0.25, 0.51 and 1.01 mg kg-1) and GE (0.58, 1.16 and 2.32 mg kg-1) were used for recovery and precision measurements. Recoveries of 100-108%, 101-103%, and 93-99% were obtained for 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE and GE, respectively. Acceptable precision levels with relative standard deviations ranged from 3.3% to 8.3% were obtained for repeatability and intermediate precision. The validated method was successfully applied for the analysis of the target compounds in refined glycerol from commercial plants, which showed that 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE and GE levels in the analysed samples were below the detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azmina Roslan
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fadzlina Abdullah
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bahriah Bilal
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Razmah Ghazali
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raznim Arni Abd Razak
- Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azmil Haizam Ahmad Tarmizi
- Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wei T, Liu W, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Shen M, Li C. Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15347-15359. [PMID: 36468534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) are common food contaminants mainly formed in the edible oil refining process. Due to their potential hazards, 3-MCPDE has become a widespread food safety concern. In this study, CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the 3-MCPDE research papers collected in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1998 to 2022. The results showed that the number of research publications on 3-MCPDE has increased rapidly since 2010. Analysis of the hotspots in 3-MCPDE studies showed that more attention has been paid to the exposure assessment, formation mechanism, detection methods, mitigation methods and toxicity, and toxicology of 3-MCPDE. Finally, the future trends of research on 3-MCPDE were analyzed and proposed. The mitigation methods and toxicology studies of 3-MCPDE are still the research hotspots in the future. In addition, nutritional intervention for 3-MCPDE toxicity will be an emerging trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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4
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Li S, Li J, Feng S, Bian L, Liu Z, Ping Y, Wang X, Van Schepdael A. Headspace solid-phase microextraction and on-fiber derivatization for the determination of 3-/2-MCPDE and GE in breast milk and infant formula by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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A novel method for the simultaneous determination of esterified 2-/3-MCPD and glycidol in foods by GC-MS/MS. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Zhang L, Wu L, Wu P. Improvements on the Phenylboronic Acid Derivatization Method in Determination of 3-monochloropropane Fatty Acid Esters in Camellia Oil by N-(n-propyl)ethylenediamine Solid Phase Extraction. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Di Campi E, Di Pasquale M, Coni E. Contamination of some foodstuffs marketed in Italy by fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediols and glycidol. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:753-762. [PMID: 32077805 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1725146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), 2-MCPD and glycidol (Gly) are food-processing contaminants that cause concerns about possible adverse health effects. The present study evaluates the contamination levels of the three ester classes in 130 samples of foodstuffs marketed in Italy covering 10 food categories, namely margarines, oils, roasted coffee, breakfast cereals, salted crackers, cookies, infant biscuits, rusks, breads and potato crisps. The analytical method employed is a so-called indirect method that entails MCPD/glycidol cleavage from their esterified forms, cleanup, derivatisation and GC-MS analysis. The MCPDs and glycidol concentrations (from esters) were found to be equal or a little higher than the levels reported in previous studies conducted in other European countries and described in the literature. 3-MCPD was the predominant compound in all foodstuffs analysed with the exception for rusks where Gly levels were slightly higher. Considering the sum of MCPD and Gly esters, the most contaminated foodstuffs were seed oils, followed by margarines and cookies, whereas roasted coffee, bread, rusks, cornflakes and infant biscuits were less contaminated with MCPDs and Gly concentrations often below LOQ or LOD values. Refined olive oil, potato chips and salted crackers showed contamination levels intermediate between the two above groups. The results of this study also confirm that the use of palm oil as an ingredient or frying medium is an important cause of increase of the levels of MCPD and Gly esters, especially in salted crackers, rusks and potato crisps. Finally, the Italian intake of 3-MCPD due to the various foods analysed has been calculated and related to TDI. The MoE for Gly was also estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Campi
- Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Pasquale
- Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Coni
- Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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8
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Beekman JK, Granvogl M, MacMahon S. Analysis and Occurrence of MCPD and Glycidyl Esters in Infant Formulas and Other Complex Food Matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2019-1306.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Beekman
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safetyand Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive,College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Chair for Food Chemistry, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safetyand Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive,College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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9
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Graziani G, Gaspari A, Chianese D, Conte L, Ritieni A. Direct determination of 3-chloropropanol esters in edible vegetable oils using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS-Orbitrap). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1893-1903. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1368721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Donato Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Conte
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
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10
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Hung WC, Peng GJ, Tsai WJ, Chang MH, Liao CD, Tseng SH, Kao YM, Wang DY, Cheng HF. Identification of 3-MCPD esters to verify the adulteration of extra virgin olive oil. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:233-239. [PMID: 28494640 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1330292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The adulteration of olive oil is an important issue around the world. This paper reports an indirect method by which to identify 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in olive oils. Following sample preparation, the samples were spiked with 1,2-bis-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol standard for analysis using gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry. The total recovery ranged from 102.8% to 105.5%, the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.1% to 10.1%, and the limit of quantification was 0.125 mg/kg. The content of 3-MCPD esters in samples of refined olive oil (0.97-20.53 mg/kg) exceeded those of extra virgin olive oil (non-detected to 0.24 mg/kg). These results indicate that the oil refining process increased the content of 3-MCPD esters, which means that they could be used as a target compound for the differentiation of extra virgin olive oil from refined olive oil in order to prevent adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ching Hung
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhih Peng
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ju Tsai
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Chang
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ding Liao
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Su-Hsiang Tseng
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Min Kao
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Wang
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Fang Cheng
- a Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan , Taipei City , Taiwan
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Zelinkova Z, Giri A, Wenzl T. Assessment of critical steps of a GC/MS based indirect analytical method for the determination of fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediols (MCPDEs) and of glycidol (GEs). Food Control 2017; 77:65-75. [PMID: 28674464 PMCID: PMC5344965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of 2- and 3-chloropropanediol (MCPDEs) and fatty acid esters of glycidol (GEs) are commonly monitored in edible fats and oils. A recommendation issued by the European Commission emphasizes the need of generating data on the occurrence of these substances in a broad range of different foods. So far, analytical methods for the determination of MCPDEs and GEs are fully validated only for oils, fats and margarine. This manuscript presents the assessment of critical steps in the AOCS Cd 29a-13 method for the simultaneous determination of MCPDEs and GEs in the fat phase obtained from bakery and potato products, smoked and fried fish and meat, and other cereal products. The trueness of the method is affected by the additional formation of 3-MBPD esters from monoacylglycerols (MAGs), which are frequently present in food. The overestimation of GE contents for some samples was confirmed by the comparison of results with results obtained by an independent analytical method (direct analysis of GE by HPLC-MS/MS). An additional sample pre-treatment by SPE was introduced to remove MAGs from fat prior to the GEs conversion, while the overall method sensitivity was not significantly affected. Trueness of the determination of GEs by the modified analytical procedure was confirmed by comparison with a direct analysis of GEs. The potential impact on accuracy of results of the final sample preparation step of the analytical procedure, the derivatization of free forms MCPD and MBPD with PBA, was evaluated as well. Different commercial batches of PBA showed differences in solubility in a non-polar organic solvent. The PBA derivatization in organic solvent did not affect precision and trueness of the method due to the isotopic standard dilution. However, method sensitivity might be significantly compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Wenzl
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
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12
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Mitigation role of erythritol and xylitol in the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and its esters in glycerol and shortbread model systems. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Cheng WW, Liu GQ, Wang LQ, Liu ZS. Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in Refined Edible Oils: A Review on Formation, Occurrence, Analysis, and Elimination Methods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:263-281. [PMID: 33371535 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs), one of the main contaminants in processed oils, are mainly formed during the deodorization step in the refining process of edible oils and therefore occur in almost all refined edible oils. GEs are potential carcinogens, due to the fact that they readily hydrolyze into the free form glycidol in the gastrointestinal tract, which has been found to induce tumors in various rat tissues. Furthermore, glycidol has already been identified as a "possible human carcinogen'' (group 2A) by the Intl. Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Therefore, significant effort has been devoted to inhibit and eliminate the formation of GEs. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary on the following topics: (i) GE occurrence data for different edible oils and oil-based food products, (ii) precursors of GEs, (iii) factors influencing the formation of GEs, (iv) potential reaction mechanisms involving the leaving group and reaction intermediates, and (v) analytical methods, including the indirect and direct methods. More importantly, the various elimination methods for GEs in refined edible oils are being reviewed with focus on 3 aspects: (i) inhibition and removal of reactants, (ii) modification of reactive conditions, and (iii) elimination of GE products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guo-Qin Liu
- Guangdong Testing Inst. for Product Quality Supervision and China Natl. Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Foods (Guangdong), Foshan, 528300, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Li-Qing Wang
- Guangdong Testing Inst. for Product Quality Supervision and China Natl. Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Foods (Guangdong), Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Zeng-She Liu
- Bio-Oils Research Unit, Natl. Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1815 N. Univ. St., Peoria, IL, 61604, U.S.A
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14
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Arisseto AP, Marcolino PFC, Vicente E. 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in commercial deep-fat fried foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1431-5. [PMID: 26161901 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1071498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Levels of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters were evaluated in commercial deep-fat fried foods from the Brazilian market using a GC-MS method preceded by acid-catalysed methanolysis. A limit of detection of 0.04 mg kg(-1), a limit of quantitation of 0.08 mg kg(-1), mean recoveries varying from 82% to 92%, and coefficients of variation ranging from 2.5% to 5.0% for repeatability and from 3.6% to 6.5% for within-laboratory reproducibility were obtained during in-house validation. The levels of the compounds in the evaluated samples, expressed as free 3-MCPD equivalent, ranged from not detected to 0.99 mg kg(-)(1), and the highest concentrations were observed in samples of chopped onion and garlic. A preliminary estimation of 3-MCPD intake using these occurrence data suggested low risks to human health, but a potential concern may arise in particular cases of consumers of fried food.
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15
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Li C, Jia H, Wang Y, Shen M, Nie S, Xie M. Determination of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Edible Oil―Method Validation and Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Jędrkiewicz R, Kupska M, Głowacz A, Gromadzka J, Namieśnik J. 3-MCPD: A Worldwide Problem of Food Chemistry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2268-77. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.829414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Jędrkiewicz R, Głowacz A, Kupska M, Gromadzka J, Namieśnik J. Application of modern sample preparation techniques to the determination of chloropropanols in food samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Ermacora A, Hrncirik K. Influence of oil composition on the formation of fatty acid esters of 2-chloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD) and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) under conditions simulating oil refining. Food Chem 2014; 161:383-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Ermacora A, Hrnčiřík K. Development of an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in oil-based foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:985-94. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.905712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Ermacora A, Hrncirik K. Study on the thermal degradation of 3-MCPD esters in model systems simulating deodorization of vegetable oils. Food Chem 2014; 150:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Sato H, Kaze N, Yamamoto H, Watanabe Y. 2-Monochloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD) Dynamics in DGF Standard Methods and Quantification of 2-MCPD. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yamazaki K, Ogiso M, Isagawa S, Urushiyama T, Ukena T, Kibune N. A new, direct analytical method using LC-MS/MS for fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible oils. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:52-68. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.713031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Crews C, Chiodini A, Granvogl M, Hamlet C, Hrnčiřík K, Kuhlmann J, Lampen A, Scholz G, Weisshaar R, Wenzl T, Jasti PR, Seefelder W. Analytical approaches for MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in food and biological samples: a review and future perspectives. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 30:11-45. [PMID: 23020628 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.720385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Esters of 2 - and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (MCPD) and glycidol esters are important contaminants of processed edible oils used as foods or food ingredients. This review describes the occurrence and analysis of MCPD esters and glycidol esters in vegetable oils and some other foods. The focus is on the analytical methods based on both direct and indirect methods. Methods of analysis applied to oils and lipid extracts of foods have been based on transesterification to free MCPD and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (indirect methods) and by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (direct methods). The evolution and performance of the different methods is described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The application of direct and indirect methods to the analysis of foods and to research studies is described. The metabolism and fate of MCPD esters and glycidol esters in biological systems and the methods used to study these in body tissues studies are described. A clear understanding of the chemistry of the methods is important when choosing those suitable for the desired application, and will contribute to the mitigation of these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
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A Novel Method for Simultaneous Monitoring of 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and Glycidyl Esters in Oils and Fats. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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