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Iannone F, Eltemur D, Morozova K, Fava F, Martini-Lösch D, Robatscher P, Ferrentino G, Asma U, Peratoner G, Venir E, Eisenstecken D, Oberhuber M, Scampicchio M. Establishing authenticity of hay milk: Detection of silage feeding through cyclopropane fatty acids analysis using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Food Chem 2024; 438:138048. [PMID: 38000157 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPFAs) serve as indicators of silage feeding, verifying the authenticity of hay milk where silage feeding is forbidden. In this study, the authenticity of hay milk was determined by detecting CPFAs using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. 245 milk samples were collected in South Tyrol (Italy), categorized as follows: 98 from grass silage-fed cows, 98 from maize silage-fed cows, and 49 authentic hay milk. The limit of detection of CPFAs was 12 µM, corresponding to 70 mg/kg of freeze-dried milk. The CPFAs were absent in all of the hay milk samples, verifying their authenticity. In contrast, 97 % of maize silage and 77 % of grass silage samples exhibited distinct CPFAs signals. These findings were further corroborated by gas chromatography-mass detector (GC-MS) analysis. The study highlights 1H NMR as a robust, and rapid technique for hay milk authentication, supporting alpine dairy production and increasing consumer trust in food authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Iannone
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Dilek Eltemur
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, Bolzano, Italy; Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer, Italy
| | - Ksenia Morozova
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Federico Fava
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer, Italy
| | | | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ferrentino
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Umme Asma
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Peratoner
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer, Italy
| | - Elena Venir
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer, Italy
| | | | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer, Italy.
| | - Matteo Scampicchio
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, Bolzano, Italy
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2
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Lu H, Zhao Z, Yu H, Iqbal A, Jiang P. The serine protease 2 gene regulates lipid metabolism through the LEP/ampkα1/SREBP1 pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 698:149558. [PMID: 38271832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Molecular breeding has brought about significant transformations in the milk market and production system during the twenty-first century. The primary economic characteristic of dairy production pertains to milk fat content. Our previous transcriptome analyses revealed that serine protease 2 (PRSS2) is a candidate gene that could impact milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) of Chinese Holstein dairy cows. To elucidate the function of the PRSS2 gene in milk fat synthesis, we constructed vectors for PRSS2 overexpression and interference and assessed intracellular triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol (CHOL), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) contents in BMECs. Fatty acid varieties and components were also quantified using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) technology. The regulatory pathway mediated by PRSS2 was validated through qPCR, ELISA, and WB techniques. Based on our research findings, PRSS2 emerges as a pivotal gene that regulates the expression of associated genes, thereby making a substantial contribution to lipid metabolism via the leptin (LEP)/Adenylate-activated protein kinase, alpha 1 catalytic subunit (AMPKα1)/sterol regulatory element binding protein 1(SREBP1) pathway by inhibiting TGs and CHOL accumulation while potentially promoting NEFA synthesis in BMECs. Furthermore, the PRSS2 gene enhances intracellular medium- and long-chain fatty acid metabolism by modulating genes related to the LEP/AMPKα1/SREBP1 pathway, leading to increased contents of unsaturated fatty acids C17:1N7 and C22:4N6. This study provides a robust theoretical framework for further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms through which PRSS2 influences lipid metabolism in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Lu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Haibin Yu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ambreen Iqbal
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
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3
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Ren W, Sun M, Shi X, Wang T, Wang Y, Wang C, Li M. Progress of Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics in the Dairy Field. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112098. [PMID: 37297344 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids play important biological roles, such as providing essential fatty acids and signaling. The wide variety and structural diversity of lipids, and the limited technical means to study them, have seriously hampered the resolution of the mechanisms of action of lipids. With advances in mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatic technologies, large amounts of lipids have been detected and analyzed quickly using MS-based lipidomic techniques. Milk lipids, as complex structural metabolites, play a crucial role in human health. In this review, the lipidomic techniques and their applications to dairy products, including compositional analysis, quality identification, authenticity identification, and origin identification, are discussed, with the aim of providing technical support for the development of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Shi
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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4
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Müller F, Hammerschick T, Vetter W. Geometrical and positional isomers of unsaturated furan fatty acids in food. Lipids 2023; 58:69-79. [PMID: 36408796 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Furan fatty acids (FuFA) are important antioxidants found in low concentrations in many types of food. In addition to conventional FuFA which normally feature saturated carboxyalkyl and alkyl chains, a few previous studies indicated the FuFA co-occurrence of low shares of unsaturated furan fatty acids (uFuFA). For their detailed analysis, the potential uFuFA were enriched by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) or countercurrent chromatography (CCC) followed by silver ion chromatography from a 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester oil, a 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester oil and a latex glove extract. Subsequent gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis enabled the detection of 16 individual uFuFA isomers with a double bond in conjugation with the central furan moiety. In either case, four instead of two uFuFA isomers previously reported in food, respectively, were detected by GC/MS. These isomers showed characteristic elution and abundance patterns in GC/MS chromatograms which indicated the presence of two pairs of cis/trans-isomers (geometrical isomers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Müller
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Hammerschick
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Rüttler F, Hammerschick T, Schlag S, Vetter W. Isolation of lanosterol and dihydrolanosterol from the unsaponifiable matter of lanolin by urea complexation and countercurrent chromatography in heart-cut recycling mode. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1210:123470. [PMID: 36191441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
4,4-Dimethyl-substituted sterols are bioactive minor sterols of most animal fats and plant oils, but higher shares are present in lanolin (wool grease). Here, the isolation of the 4,4-dimethyl-substituted sterols dihydrolanosterol and lanosterol from lanolin by countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is described. An initial examination of the hexane extract of saponified lanolin showed the presence of relatively high portions of fatty alcohols which were known to co-elute with the target analytes in CCC. Hence, fatty alcohols were precipitated by urea complexation. Unexpectedly, 4,4-dimethyl-substituted sterols were also found in the crystalline fraction, while cholesterol and other desmethylsterols were detected in the liquid phase. Urea complexation represented a useful preparative method for the separation of desmethylsterols and 4,4-dimethyl-substituted sterols from lanolin. Shake flask experiments of 4,4-dimethyl-substituted sterols and fatty alcohols with 14 biphasic solvent systems indicated suitable partition coefficients (K values) with n-hexane/ethanol/water (12:8:1, v/v/v) and n-hexane/benzotrifluoride/acetonitrile (20:7:13, v/v/v). After initial tests with conventional CCC, the application of CCC in heart-cut recycling mode provided 4,4-dimethyl-substituted sterols with purities of 99 % (dihydrolanosterol) and 95 % (lanosterol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Rüttler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Hammerschick
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlag
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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6
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Wiedmaier-Czerny N, Blumberg O, Schulz T, Kemmler F, Titze N, Wild K, Vetter W. Microbial incubations of 8-phenyloctanoic acid and furan fatty acids in rumen fluid. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3669-3677. [PMID: 36065520 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The digestive tract of ruminants is specialised in the digestion of various plant components. One of the largest parts of the stomach is the so-called rumen, which contains a large number of microorganisms that may degrade or modify fatty acids e.g. by β-oxidation, chain elongation and/or hydrogenation. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we performed incubation experiments with less common fatty acids by in vitro incubations with rumen fluid of fistulated cows for 24 h. Sample extracts were analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. As substrates, we selected one phenyl fatty acid and four furan fatty acids (FuFAs). All studied fatty acids were degraded by β-oxidation (two or three chain-shortening steps) while chain elongation or saturation of the aromatic part (terminal phenyl or central furan moiety) was not observed in any case. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of β-oxidation products was low, especially in the case of the FuFAs. This could be due to the rather long carbon number of FuFAs (19-22 carbon atoms). In addition, compound-specific differences in the degradation rates were observed in our experiments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our results produce evidence that FuFAs, which are valuable antioxidants that are known to be present in various feed items of the cow, can be effectively passed on the rumen into the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wiedmaier-Czerny
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Olga Blumberg
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulz
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Kemmler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Natascha Titze
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Nutrition (460a), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Wild
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Nutrition (460a), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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8
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Detailed analysis of the fatty acid composition of six plant-pathogenic bacteria. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1162:122454. [PMID: 33373896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria show distinct and characteristic fatty acid (FA) patterns which can be modified by environmental conditions. In this study, we cultivated six plant-pathogenic bacteria of agricultural concern and performed a detailed analysis of the fatty acid composition. The study covered four strains of the gram-negative Xanthomonas campestris pathovar (pv) campestris (Xcc), Xanthomonas perforans (Xp), Acidovorax citrulli (Ac) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), and two strains of the gram-positive Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) and Streptomyces scabies (Ssc). After cultivation, freeze-dried bacteria samples were transesterified and analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in full scan and selected ion monitoring (SIM) modes. Altogether, 44 different FAs were detected in the six strains with individual contributions of 0.01-43.8% to the total FAs. The variety in the six strains ranged between 12 and 31 individual FAs. The FA composition of Xcc, Xp, Cmm and Ssc were dominated by iso- and anteiso-fatty acids (especially i15:0, a15:0, i16:0), which is typical for most bacteria. In contrast to this, Ac and Pst showed only saturated and monounsaturated FAs. Four of the six bacteria showed similar FA patterns as reported before in the literature. Differences were observed in the case of Cmm where many more FAs were detected in the present study. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the FA pattern of Xp was presented for the first time.
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9
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Matar AM, Abdelrahman MM, Alhidary IA, Ayadi MA, Alobre MM, Aljumaah RS. Effects of Roughage Quality and Particle Size on Rumen Parameters and Fatty Acid Profiles of Longissimus Dorsi Fat of Lambs Fed Complete Feed. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2182. [PMID: 33266409 PMCID: PMC7700288 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid composition for the longissimus dorsi (LD) fat of carcass sheep is a crucial factor impacting meat quality. We performed a 90-day feeding trial of 25 Naemi lambs to investigate the effects of roughage sources (alfalfa or wheat straw) of two sizes (regular and 1 cm chopped) when fed with pelleted total mixed ration (TMR) on the growth performance, fermentation patterns, and fatty acid (FA) composition of longissimus dorsi (LD) fat. Lambs were randomly assigned to individual pens with five treatment diets, as follows: C, control group with TMR; T1, TMR and regular alfalfa hay; T2, TMR and alfalfa hay chopped to 1 cm; T3, TMR and regular wheat straw; and T4, TMR and wheat straw chopped to 1 cm. Four lambs were randomly selected from each treatment (20 total) and sacrificed. LD fat of the carcass was extracted and analyzed for FA using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Significantly increased feed intake was found in T1 and T2. The FA composition of LD fat in T2 had higher unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), omega-6 (n6), and omega-3 (n3) FA content. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and α-linoleic acid were highest in lambs fed T1 and T2. Feeding different types of roughage, especially alfalfa hay, either regular or chopped, with total pelleted mixed ration is crucial to improving feed intake and body weight gain, as it positively enhances the rumen microbial fermentation process by controlling rumen pH. The FA profiles of meat from lambs fed TMR with regular or 1 cm particle size alfalfa hay (T1 and T2) are recommended for human consumption as a source of healthy FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkareem M. Matar
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (I.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.A.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Mutassim M. Abdelrahman
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (I.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.A.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Ibrahim A. Alhidary
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (I.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.A.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Moez A. Ayadi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (I.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.A.); (R.S.A.)
- Département de Biotechnology Animal, Institute Superior de Biotechnology de Beja, University de Jendouba, B.P. 382, Av. Habib Bourguiba, Beja 9000, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen M. Alobre
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (I.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.A.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Riyadh S. Aljumaah
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (I.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.A.); (R.S.A.)
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10
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Countercurrent chromatographic fractionation followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry identification of alkylresorcinols in rye. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:8417-8430. [PMID: 33037907 PMCID: PMC7680747 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (5-alkyl-1,3-dihydroxybenzenes, ARs) are bioactive phenolic lipid compounds which are particularly abundant in rye and partly other cereals. In this study on ARs, whole rye grain extracts were gained with cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (46/54, w/w). Silylated extracts were used to develop a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM) for the sensitive detection of conventional ARs along with keto-substituted (oxo-AR) and ring-methylated ARs (mAR) with 5-alkyl chain lengths of 14 to 27 carbon atoms and 0 to 4 double bonds in one run. Analysis was performed by countercurrent chromatographic (CCC) fractionation using the solvent system n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (9/1/9/1, v/v/v/v). Subsequent GC/MS-(SIM) analysis of 80 silylated CCC fractions enabled the detection of 74 ARs in the sample. The CCC elution of the ARs followed the equivalent chain length (ECL) rule in which one double bond compensated the effect of two (additional) carbon atoms. Novel or rarely reported ARs were detected in virtually all classes, i.e. saturated AR (AR14:0), even-numbered monounsaturated AR isomers (AR16:1-AR26:1), triunsaturated ARs (AR25:3), oxo-ARs (AR17:0 oxo, AR19:1 oxo, AR21:2 oxo, AR23:2 oxo) and odd-numbered methyl-ARs (mAR15:0-mAR23:0). Positions of the double bonds of monounsaturated ARs and oxo-ARs were determined with the help of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) derivatives. Graphical abstract ![]()
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11
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Guillocheau E, Drouin G, Catheline D, Orione C, Legrand P, Rioux V. Chemical Synthesis and Isolation of
Trans
‐Palmitoleic Acid (
Trans
‐C16:1 n‐7) Suitable for Nutritional Studies. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Guillocheau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Agrocampus‐Ouest Rennes 35042 France
- Technical and Scientific Department French Dairy Interbranch Organization (CNIEL) Paris 75009 France
| | - Gaëtan Drouin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Agrocampus‐Ouest Rennes 35042 France
| | - Daniel Catheline
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Agrocampus‐Ouest Rennes 35042 France
| | - Clément Orione
- Centre Régional de Mesures Physiques de l'Ouest (CRMPO) Université de Rennes 1 Rennes 35042 France
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Agrocampus‐Ouest Rennes 35042 France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Agrocampus‐Ouest Rennes 35042 France
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12
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Wiedmaier‐Czerny N, Müller M, Vetter W. Heart‐Cut Two‐Dimensional Countercurrent Chromatography for the Isolation of a Furan Fatty Acid Triacylglycerol from Latex Gloves and Identification of Further Lipid Compounds. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wiedmaier‐Czerny
- Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Institute of Food ChemistryUniversity of Hohenheim Stuttgart D‐70593 Germany
| | - Marco Müller
- Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Institute of Food ChemistryUniversity of Hohenheim Stuttgart D‐70593 Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Department of Food Chemistry (170b), Institute of Food ChemistryUniversity of Hohenheim Stuttgart D‐70593 Germany
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13
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Müller M, Kröpfl A, Vetter W. Identification of two α-tocodienol isomers in palm oil after countercurrent chromatographic enrichment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:795-802. [PMID: 31858167 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) was used for the enrichment of α-tocodienol (α-T2), a rare vitamin E-related minor compound previously tentatively detected in palm oil. Hitherto, only one isomer has been mentioned to occur at traces in palm oil. However, CCC fractionation followed by GC/MS measurements of all fractions resulted in the detection of two α-T2 isomers in five different palm oil vitamin E dietary supplement capsules. Five repetitive CCC separations of ~ 1 g sample and additional purification steps by column chromatography provided ~ 2 mg of two equally abundant α-T2 isomers with a purity of ~ 85%. The positions of the double bonds in the alkyl side chain could be assigned by means of two characteristic chemical shifts in the 1H NMR spectrum. Accordingly, the structures of the α-T2 isomers were 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridec-3,11-dienyl)chroman-6-ol (double bonds in 3',11'-position) and 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridec-7,11-dienyl)chroman-6-ol (double bonds in 7',11'-position). Natural occurrence of both isomers was proven by GC/MS screening of crude palm oil after saponification and CCC separation. Moreover, GC/MS analysis allowed the tentative assignment of γ-tocomonoenol (γ-T1) and β-tocomonoenol (β-T1) as trace compounds in palm oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Müller
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Kröpfl
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Vetter W, Müller M, Sommer K, Schröder M, Hammann S. Development of equivalent chain length (ECL) rules for lipid compounds. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1599:187-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Li H, Yang Z, Cao X, Han T, Pei H. Separation of high‐purity eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil by pH‐zone‐refining countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2569-2577. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoze Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xueli Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Tian Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hairun Pei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
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16
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Han T, Yang G, Cao X, Li H, Pei H, Zhang Z. Preparative and scaled‐up separation of high‐purity α‐linolenic acid from perilla seed oil by conventional and pH‐zone refining counter current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2360-2370. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xueli Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Haoze Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hairun Pei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing P. R. China
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Abstract
Dairy fat is one of the most complex natural fats because of its fatty acid (FA) composition. Ruminant dairy fat contains more than 400 different FA varying in carbon chain length, and degree, position and configuration of unsaturation. The following article reviews the different methods available to analyze FA (both total and free) in milk and dairy products. The most widely used methodology for separating and analyzing dairy FA is gas chromatography, coupled to a flame ionization detector (CG-FID). Alternatively, gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) is also used. After lipid extraction, total FA (TFA) are commonly converted into their methyl esters (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) prior to chromatographic analysis. In contrast, free FA (FFA) can be analyzed after conversion to FAME or directly as FFA after extraction from the product. One of the key questions when analyzing FAME from TFA is the selection of a proper column for separating them, which depends mainly on the objective of the analysis. Quantification is best achieved by the internal standard method. Recently, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been reported as promising techniques to analyze FA in milk and dairy products.
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19
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Thorough study of persistent organic pollutants and halogenated natural products in sperm whale blubber through preparative sample cleanup followed by fractionation with countercurrent chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1565:114-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Müller M, Wasmer K, Vetter W. Multiple injection mode with or without repeated sample injections: Strategies to enhance productivity in countercurrent chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1556:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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González-García A, Paz-Rodríguez B, Aboal-Somoza M, Domínguez-González MR, Bermejo-Barrera P. A gas chromatographic study of the conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acid contents of raw milk samples from Galicia (NW Spain). INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli González-García
- Group of Trace Elements, Speciation and Spectroscopy (GETEE) - Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS); Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology; Faculty of Chemistry; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña) Spain
| | - Beatriz Paz-Rodríguez
- Group of Trace Elements, Speciation and Spectroscopy (GETEE) - Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS); Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology; Faculty of Chemistry; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña) Spain
| | - Manuel Aboal-Somoza
- Group of Trace Elements, Speciation and Spectroscopy (GETEE) - Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS); Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology; Faculty of Chemistry; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña) Spain
| | - María Raquel Domínguez-González
- Group of Trace Elements, Speciation and Spectroscopy (GETEE) - Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS); Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology; Faculty of Chemistry; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña) Spain
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Group of Trace Elements, Speciation and Spectroscopy (GETEE) - Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS); Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology; Faculty of Chemistry; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n. E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña) Spain
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Lolli V, Marseglia A, Palla G, Zanardi E, Caligiani A. Determination of Cyclopropane Fatty Acids in Food of Animal Origin by 1H NMR. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:8034042. [PMID: 29805838 PMCID: PMC5902066 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8034042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPFAs) are unusual fatty acids of microbial origin, recently detected in milk and dairy products. CPFAs have been demonstrated to be interesting molecular markers for authentication of dairy products obtained without ensiled feeds. Moreover, they can also be recognized as a new secondary component of human diet. Information is lacking on the presence of cyclic fatty acids in other food sources. Cyclopropane fatty acids have been detected by GC-MS analysis in cheese and other animal fats in concentration ranging from 200 to 1000 mg/kg fat, but in some cases, the complex fatty acid profile and the possible presence of interfering peaks make the separation not straightforward and the quantification uneasy. Therefore, a new reliable 1H NMR method was developed to detect and measure CPFA content in different foods of animal origin, based on the detection of the characteristic signals of cyclopropane ring. The 1H NMR (600 MHz) method showed detection limits comparable with those of full scan GC-MS, and it allowed the identification and quantitation of the cyclopropane fatty acids in different foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lolli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Angela Marseglia
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gerardo Palla
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Augusta Caligiani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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23
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Umar Khan M, Fahimul Hassan M, Rauf A. Effect of temperature on milk fats of cow, buffalo, and goat used for frying local food products. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Umar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Abdul Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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24
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Xu L, Sinclair AJ, Faiza M, Li D, Han X, Yin H, Wang Y. Furan fatty acids - Beneficial or harmful to health? Prog Lipid Res 2017; 68:119-137. [PMID: 29051014 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Furan fatty acids are found in plants, algae, and fish, and reported to have some positive health benefits, including anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibition of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation. A major metabolite of furan fatty acids, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), has been reported to be increased in patients who progress from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes, although CMPF is not necessarily associated with impaired glucose metabolism. Other studies report that CMPF levels are lower in subjects with diabetes than control subjects. Plasma CMPF levels increase in subjects who consume fish or fish oil, and in patients with renal failure. It is not known where furan fatty acids are converted to CMPF and it is speculated that this might be a result of microbiome activity. The plasma levels reported for CMPF in healthy, diabetic and patients with renal disease vary by factors of more than 100-fold within each of these three groups, so measurement error appears to be limiting the ability to interpret studies. This review explores these controversies and raises questions about whether CMPF is a marker for healthy diets or indeed associated with diabetes and renal health. The review concludes that, on balance, furan fatty acids are beneficial for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Research Center of Lipid Science and Applied Engineering Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Locked Bag, 20000, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Muniba Faiza
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Research Center of Lipid Science and Applied Engineering Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Daoming Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Research Center of Lipid Science and Applied Engineering Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonia, TX 78284, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonia, TX 78284, USA
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China 200031
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Research Center of Lipid Science and Applied Engineering Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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25
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Gómez-Cortés P, Rodríguez-Pino V, Juárez M, de la Fuente M. Optimization of milk odd and branched-chain fatty acids analysis by gas chromatography using an extremely polar stationary phase. Food Chem 2017; 231:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Vetter W, Hammann S, Müller M, Englert M, Huang Y. The use of countercurrent chromatography in the separation of nonpolar lipid compounds. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1501:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Englert M, Vetter W. Tubing modifications for countercurrent chromatography: Investigation of geometrical parameters. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1177546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Englert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Caligiani A, Nocetti M, Lolli V, Marseglia A, Palla G. Development of a Quantitative GC-MS Method for the Detection of Cyclopropane Fatty Acids in Cheese as New Molecular Markers for Parmigiano Reggiano Authentication. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4158-4164. [PMID: 27133588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPFA), as lactobacillic acid and dihydrosterculic acid, are components of bacterial membranes and have been recently detected in milk and in dairy products from cows fed with corn silage. In this paper, a specific quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the detection of CPFA in cheeses was developed, and the quality parameters of the method (limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and intralaboratory precision) were assessed. Limit of detection and quantitation of CPFA were, respectively, 60 and 200 mg/kg of cheese fat, and the intralaboratory precision, determined on three concentration levels, satisfied the Horwitz equation. This method was applied to 304 samples of PDO cheeses of certified origin, including Parmigiano Reggiano (Italy), Grana Padano (Italy), Fontina (Italy), Comté (France), and Gruyère (Switzerland). Results showed that CPFA were absent in all of the cheeses whose Production Specification Rules expressly forbid the use of silages (Parmigiano Reggiano, Fontina, Comté, and Gruyère). CPFA were instead present in variable concentrations (300-830 mg/kg of fat) in all of the samples of Grana Padano cheese (silages admitted). A mix of grated Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano was also prepared, showing that the method is able to detect the counterfeiting of Parmigiano Reggiano with other cheeses up to 10-20% Grana Padano content. These results support the hypothesis that CPFA can be used as a marker of silage feedings for cheeses, and the data reported can be considered a first attempt to create a database for CPFA presence in PDO cheeses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Caligiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Nocetti
- Servizio Tecnico Consorzio del Formaggio Parmigiano Reggiano , Via J. F. Kennedy, 18 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Veronica Lolli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Angela Marseglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gerardo Palla
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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29
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Gallistl C, Vetter W. Synthesis, liquid chromatographic fractionation and partial characterization of polybrominated dibenzofuran congeners. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Song J, Park J, Jung J, Lee C, Gim SY, Ka H, Yi B, Kim MJ, Kim CI, Lee J. Analysis of Trans Fat in Edible Oils with Cooking Process. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:307-12. [PMID: 26483890 PMCID: PMC4609978 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans fat is a unsaturated fatty acid with trans configuration and separated double bonds. Analytical methods have been introduced to analyze trans fat content in foods including infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, reverses-phase silver ion high performance liquid chromatography, and silver nitrate thin layer chromatography. Currently, FT-IR spectroscopy and GC are mostly used methods. Trans fat content in 6 vegetable oils were analyzed and processing effects including baking, stir-frying, pan-frying, and frying on the formation of trans fat in corn oil was evaluated by GC. Among tested vegetable oils, corn oil has 0.25 g trans fat/100 g, whereas other oils including rapeseed, soybean, olive, perilla, and sesame oils did not have detectable amount of trans fat content. Among cooking methods, stir-frying increased trans fat in corn oil whereas baking, pan-frying, and frying procedures did not make changes in trans fat content compared to untreated corn oils. However, the trans fat content was so low and food label can be declared as ‘0’ trans based on the regulation of Ministry of Food ad Drug Safety (MFDS) (< 2 g/100 g edible oil).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joohyeok Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jinyeong Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chankyu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seo Yeoung Gim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - HyeJung Ka
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - BoRa Yi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mi-Ja Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Korea
| | - Cho-Il Kim
- Bureau of Health Industry Promotion, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - JaeHwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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31
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Eibler D, Seyfried C, Kaffarnik S, Vetter W. anteiso-Fatty Acids in Brussels Sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera L.): Quantities, Enantioselectivities, and Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8921-8929. [PMID: 26390192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
anteiso-Fatty acids (aFAs) are a class of branched-chain fatty acids that are characterized by one methyl branch on the antepenultimate carbon of the straight acyl chain. aFAs are mainly produced by bacteria, and sources in vegetables are scarce. This study reports the concentrations of odd-numbered aFAs (a15:0-a21:0) in Brussels sprout buds. Selective enrichment followed by enantioselective gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode revealed that both a15:0 and a17:0 were (S)-enantiopure in Brussels sprout samples. δ(13)C values (‰) of a17:0 in Brussels sprouts were comparable with those of palmitic acid, indicating no different source for both fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Eibler
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carolin Seyfried
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kaffarnik
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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32
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Accelerated separation of GC-amenable lipid classes in plant oils by countercurrent chromatography in the co-current mode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:9019-28. [PMID: 26438473 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols represent the major part (>90%) in most plant oils and have to be eliminated, when the minor compounds such as phytosterols or tocopherols should be analyzed. Here, we used an all liquid-liquid chromatographic technique, countercurrent chromatography (CCC), to fractionate the minor lipids before gas chromatography (GC) analysis. To cover the wide range of polarity of the minor compounds, we used the co-current mode, in which both mobile and stationary phase are pumped through the system. This allowed to elute substances which partitioned almost exclusively in the stationary phase within 90 min. After testing with standard compounds, the method was applied to the separation of sesame oil and sunflower oil samples. The abundant triacylglycerols could be effectively separated from tocopherols, phytosterols, diacylglycerols, and free fatty acids in the samples, and these compounds could be analyzed (after trimethylsilylation) by GC coupled with mass spectrometry. After the enrichment caused by the CCC fractionation, we were also able to identify the tocopherol derivative α-tocomonoenol, which had not been described in sunflower oil before. Also, separation of sesame oil yielded a mixture of the polar compounds sesamin and sesamolin without further impurities.
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de la Fuente MA, Rodríguez-Pino V, Juárez M. Use of an extremely polar 100-m column in combination with a cyanoalkyl polysiloxane column to complement the study of milk fats with different fatty acid profiles. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Englert M, Vetter W. Overcoming the equivalent-chain-length rule with pH-zone-refining countercurrent chromatography for the preparative separation of fatty acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5503-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Hammann S, Schröder M, Schmidt C, Vetter W. Isolation of two Δ5 polymethylene interrupted fatty acids from Podocarpus falcatus by countercurrent chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Associations between major fatty acids in plant oils fed to dairy goats and C18 isomers in milk fat. J DAIRY RES 2015; 82:152-60. [PMID: 25827217 DOI: 10.1017/s002202991500014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between fatty acids (FAs) in plant oils included in goat diets and milk fat C18 isomers were determined by Principal Factor Analysis (PFA). The three first principal factors (PF1, PF2 and PF3) accounted for 64.5% of the total variation in milk FAs contents. Fatty acids with a double bond at carbons 13, 14, 15 or 16 had high (>0.6) and positive loadings for PF1, trans-4 to trans-8 C18:1 for PF2, whereas trans-10 C18:1, trans-11 C18:1 and cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 showed high and positive loadings for PF3. Pearson's correlations supported that PF1, PF2 and PF3 were related to α-linolenic, oleic and linoleic acid intakes, respectively. Our results show that the quantitatively main FAs in plant lipids supplemented to dairy ruminants are often the main cause of the observed changes in milk C18 isomer contents. However, sometimes the observed changes are caused, or at least are influenced, by other FAs present in lower quantities in the plant lipids. Thus, using mixtures of plant oils with differently unsaturated main FAs could be a way of tailoring milk fat composition to a pre-designed pattern.
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Kaffarnik S, Kayademir Y, Heid C, Vetter W. Concentrations of Volatile 4-Alkyl-Branched Fatty Acids in Sheep and Goat Milk and Dairy Products. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C2209-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kaffarnik
- Inst. of Food Chemistry (170b); Univ. of Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Yasemin Kayademir
- Inst. of Food Chemistry (170b); Univ. of Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Carolina Heid
- Inst. of Food Chemistry (170b); Univ. of Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Inst. of Food Chemistry (170b); Univ. of Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
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The analysis of trans fatty acid profiles in deep frying palm oil and chicken fillets with an improved gas chromatography method. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kandula S, Stolp L, Grass M, Woldt B, Kodali D. Synthesis and Functional Evaluation of Soy Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Ketals as Bioplasticizers. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schröder M, Lehnert K, Hammann S, Vetter W. Dihydrophytol and phytol isomers as marker substances for hydrogenated and refined vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schröder
- University of HohenheimInstitute of Food Chemistry (170b)Garbenstrasse 28D‐70599StuttgartGermany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- University of HohenheimInstitute of Food Chemistry (170b)Garbenstrasse 28D‐70599StuttgartGermany
| | - Simon Hammann
- University of HohenheimInstitute of Food Chemistry (170b)Garbenstrasse 28D‐70599StuttgartGermany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of HohenheimInstitute of Food Chemistry (170b)Garbenstrasse 28D‐70599StuttgartGermany
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δ13C values and phytanic acid diastereomer ratios: combined evaluation of two markers suggested for authentication of organic milk and dairy products. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Aldai N, de Renobales M, Barron LJR, Kramer JKG. What are thetransfatty acids issues in foods after discontinuation of industrially producedtransfats? Ruminant products, vegetable oils, and synthetic supplements. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Mertxe de Renobales
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Luis Javier R. Barron
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - John K. G. Kramer
- Guelph Food Research Centre; Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada; Guelph ON Canada
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Hammann S, Tillmann U, Schröder M, Vetter W. Profiling the fatty acids from a strain of the microalgae Alexandrium tamarense by means of high-speed counter-current chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1312:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Separation of the Fatty Acids in Menhaden Oil as Methyl Esters with a Highly Polar Ionic Liquid Gas Chromatographic Column and Identification by Time of Flight Mass spectrometry. Lipids 2013; 48:1279-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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