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Enzymatic Synthesis of Ascorbyl Palmitate in a Rotating Bed Reactor. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020644. [PMID: 36677702 PMCID: PMC9864738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbyl palmitate, an ascorbic acid ester, is an important amphipathic antioxidant that has several applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The enzymatic synthesis of ascorbyl palmitate is very attractive, but few efforts have been made to address its process scale-up and implementation. This study aimed at evaluating the enzymatic synthesis of ascorbyl palmitate in a rotating basket reactor operated in sequential batches. Different commercial immobilized lipases were tested, and the most suitable reaction conditions were established. Among those lipases studied were Amano Lipase PS, Lipozyme® TL IM, Lipozyme® Novo 40086, Lipozyme® RM IM and Lipozyme® 435. Initially, the enzymes were screened based on previously defined synthesis conditions, showing clear differences in behavior. Lipozyme® 435 proved to be the best catalyst, reaching the highest values of initial reaction rate and yield. Therefore, it was selected for the following studies. Among the solvents assayed, 2-methyl-2-butanol and acetone showed the highest yields, but the operational stability of the catalyst was better in 2-methyl-2-butanol. The tests in a basket reactor showed great potential for large-scale application. Yields remained over 80% after four sequential batches, and the basket allowed for easy catalyst recycling. The results obtained in basket reactor are certainly a contribution to the enzymatic synthesis of ascorbyl palmitate as a competitive alternative to chemical synthesis. This may inspire future cost-effectiveness studies of the process to assess its potential as a viable alternative to be implemented.
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Costa KAD, Catarina AS, Leal ICR, Sathler PC, de Oliveira D, de Oliveira AASC, Cansian RL, Dallago RM, Zeni J, Paroul N. Enzymatic synthesis of ascorbyl oleate and evaluation of biological activities. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dulęba J, Siódmiak T, Marszałł MP. The influence of substrate systems on the enantioselective and lipolytic activity of immobilized Amano PS from Burkholderia cepacia lipase (APS-BCL). Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tufiño C, Bernal C, Ottone C, Romero O, Illanes A, Wilson L. Synthesis with Immobilized Lipases and Downstream Processing of Ascorbyl Palmitate. Molecules 2019; 24:E3227. [PMID: 31491845 PMCID: PMC6767233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbyl palmitate is a fatty acid ester endowed with antioxidant properties, used as a food additive and cosmetic ingredient, which is presently produced by chemical synthesis. Ascorbyl palmitate was synthesized from ascorbic acid and palmitic acid with a Pseudomonas stutzeri lipase immobilized on octyl silica, and also with the commercial immobilized lipase Novozym 435. The latter was selected for optimizing the reaction conditions because of its high reactivity and stability in the solvent 2-methyl-2-butanol used as reaction medium. The reaction of the synthesis was studied considering temperature and molar ratio of substrates as variables and synthesis yield as response parameter. The highest yield in the synthesis of ascorbyl palmitate was 81%, obtained at 55 °C and an ascorbic acid to palmitic acid molar ratio of 1:8, both variables having a strong effect on yield. The synthesized ascorbyl palmitate was purified to 94.4%, with a purification yield of 84.2%. The use of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) certified solvents with a polarity suitable for the solubilization of the compounds made the process a viable alternative for the synthesis and downstream processing of ascorbyl palmitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tufiño
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, Valparaíso 2085, Chile.
| | - Claudia Bernal
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán, La Serena 1305, Chile.
| | - Carminna Ottone
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, Valparaíso 2085, Chile.
| | - Oscar Romero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, Valparaíso 2085, Chile.
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, Valparaíso 2085, Chile.
| | - Lorena Wilson
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, Valparaíso 2085, Chile.
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Abreu Silveira E, Moreno-Perez S, Basso A, Serban S, Pestana Mamede R, Tardioli PW, Sanchez Farinas C, Rocha-Martin J, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM. Modulation of the regioselectivity of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase via biocatalyst engineering for the Ethanolysis of oil in fully anhydrous medium. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:88. [PMID: 29246143 PMCID: PMC5732512 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzymatic ethanolysis of oils (for example, high oleic sunflower oil containing 90% of oleic acid) may yield two different reaction products depending on the regioselectivity of the immobilized lipase biocatalyst. Some lipase biocatalysts exhibit a 1,3-regioselectivity and they produced 2 mols of fatty acid ethyl ester plus 1 mol of sn2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) per mol of triglyceride without the release of glycerol. Other lipase biocatalysts are completely non-regioselective releasing 3 mols of fatty acid ethyl ester and 1 mol of glycerol per mol of triglyceride. Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) adsorbed on hydrophobic supports is a very interesting biocatalyst for the ethanolysis of oil. Modulation of TLL regioselectivity in anhydrous medium was intended via two strategies of TLL immobilization: a. - interfacial adsorption on different hydrophobic supports and b.- interfacial adsorption on a given hydrophobic support under different experimental conditions. Results Immobilization of TLL on supports containing divinylbenezene moieties yielded excellent 1,3-regioselective biocatalysts but immobilization of TLL on supports containing octadecyl groups yielded non-regioselective biocatalysts. On the other hand, TLL immobilized on Purolite C18 at pH 8.5 and 30 °C in the presence of traces of CTAB yielded a biocatalyst with a perfect 1,3-regioselectivity and a very interesting activity: 2.5 μmols of oil ethanolyzed per min per gram of immobilized derivative. This activity is 10-fold higher than the one of commercial Lipozyme TL IM. Immobilization of the same enzyme on the same support, but at pH 7.0 and 25 °C, led to a biocatalyst which can hydrolyze all ester bonds in TG backbone. Conclusions Activity and regioselectivity of TLL in anhydrous media can be easily modulated via Biocatalysis Engineering producing very active immobilized derivatives able to catalyze the ethanolysis of triolein. When the biocatalyst was 1,3-regioselective a 33% of 2-monoolein was obtained and it may be a very interesting surfactant. When biocatalyst catalyzed the ethanolysis of the 3 positions during the reaction process, a 99% of ethyl oleate was obtained and it may be a very interesting drug-solvent and surfactant. The absence of acyl migrations under identical reaction conditions is clearly observed and hence the different activities and regioselectivities seem to be due to the different catalytic properties of different derivatives of TLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Abreu Silveira
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Moreno-Perez
- Pharmacy and Biotechnology Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Basso
- Purolite, Unit D, Llantrisant Business Park, Llantrisant, CF72 8LF, UK
| | - Simona Serban
- Purolite, Unit D, Llantrisant Business Park, Llantrisant, CF72 8LF, UK
| | - Rita Pestana Mamede
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Sharma S, Kanwar K, Kanwar SS. Ascorbyl palmitate synthesis in an organic solvent system using a Celite-immobilized commercial lipase (Lipolase 100L). 3 Biotech 2016; 6:183. [PMID: 28330255 PMCID: PMC5002271 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbyl palmitate was synthesized using a Celite-immobilized commercial lipase (Lipolase 100L) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as an organic solvent system. Lipase immobilized by surface adsorption onto Celite 545 matrix and subsequently exposed to 1 % glutaraldehyde showed 75 % binding of protein. The Celite-bound lipase was optimally active at 75 °C and pH 8.5 under shaking and showed maximum hydrolytic activity toward p-NPP as a substrate. The bound lipase was found to be stimulated only in the presence of Al3+ and EDTA. All surfactants (Tween-20, Tween-80 and Triton X-100) had an inhibitory effect on lipase activity. The optimization of various reaction conditions of ascorbyl palmitate was achieved considering one factor at a time. The esterification of ascorbic acid and palmitic acid was carried out with 1 M ascorbic acid and 2.5 M palmitic acid in DMSO at 75 °C for 18 h under shaking (120 rpm). Molecular sieves had an important effect on the ester synthesis resulting in an enhanced yield. The by-product (H2O) produced in the reaction was scavenged by the molecular sieves (20 mg/ml) added in the reaction mixture which enhanced the ester yield to 80 %. The characterization of synthesized ester was done through FTIR spectroscopy.
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Hu YD, Zong MH, Li N. Enzymatic synthesis and anti-oxidative activities of plant oil-based ascorbyl esters in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-containing mixtures. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2016.1247820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Dan Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
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Wang XY, Jiang XP, Li Y, Zeng S, Zhang YW. Preparation Fe3O4@chitosan magnetic particles for covalent immobilization of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Milisavljević A, Stojanović M, Carević M, Mihailović M, Veličković D, Milosavić N, Bezbradica D. Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of Phloridzin: Acyl Donor Effect on Enzymatic Affinity and Antioxidant Properties of Esters. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5027259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milisavljević
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Stojanović
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Carević
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mladen Mihailović
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Veličković
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Milosavić
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Bezbradica
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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