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Landwehr KR, Mead-Hunter R, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. The respiratory health effects of acute in vivo diesel and biodiesel exhaust in a mouse model. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142621. [PMID: 38880256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel, a renewable diesel fuel that can be created from almost any natural fat or oil, is promoted as a greener and healthier alternative to commercial mineral diesel without the supporting experimental data to back these claims. The aim of this research was to assess the health effects of acute exposure to two types of biodiesel exhaust, or mineral diesel exhaust or air as a control in mice. Male BALB/c mice were exposed for 2-hrs to diluted exhaust obtained from a diesel engine running on mineral diesel, Tallow biodiesel or Canola biodiesel. A room air exposure group was used as a control. Twenty-four hours after exposure, a variety of respiratory related end point measurements were assessed, including lung function, responsiveness to methacholine and airway and systemic immune responses. RESULTS Tallow biodiesel exhaust exposure resulted in the greatest number of significant effects compared to Air controls, including increased airway hyperresponsiveness (178.1 ± 31.3% increase from saline for Tallow biodiesel exhaust exposed mice compared to 155.8 ± 19.1 for Air control), increased airway inflammation (63463 ± 13497 cells/mL in the bronchoalveolar lavage of Tallow biodiesel exhaust exposed mice compared to 40561 ± 11800 for Air exposed controls) and indications of immune dysregulation. In contrast, exposure to Canola biodiesel exhaust resulted in fewer significant effects compared to Air controls with a slight increase in airway resistance at functional residual capacity and indications of immune dysregulation. Exposure to mineral diesel exhaust resulted in significant effects between that of the two biodiesels with increased airway hyperresponsiveness and indications of immune dysregulation. CONCLUSION These data show that a single, brief exposure to biodiesel exhaust can result in negative health impacts in a mouse model, and that the biological effects of exposure change depending on the feedstock used to make the biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Landwehr KR, Mead-Hunter R, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Respiratory Health Effects of In Vivo Sub-Chronic Diesel and Biodiesel Exhaust Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065130. [PMID: 36982203 PMCID: PMC10049281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel, which can be made from a variety of natural oils, is currently promoted as a sustainable, healthier replacement for commercial mineral diesel despite little experimental data supporting this. The aim of our research was to investigate the health impacts of exposure to exhaust generated by the combustion of diesel and two different biodiesels. Male BALB/c mice (n = 24 per group) were exposed for 2 h/day for 8 days to diluted exhaust from a diesel engine running on ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) or Tallow or Canola biodiesel, with room air exposures used as control. A variety of respiratory-related end-point measurements were assessed, including lung function, responsiveness to methacholine, airway inflammation and cytokine response, and airway morphometry. Exposure to Tallow biodiesel exhaust resulted in the most significant health impacts compared to Air controls, including increased airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. In contrast, exposure to Canola biodiesel exhaust resulted in fewer negative health effects. Exposure to ULSD resulted in health impacts between those of the two biodiesels. The health effects of biodiesel exhaust exposure vary depending on the feedstock used to make the fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136873. [PMID: 36252896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To address climate change concerns, and reduce the carbon footprint caused by fossil fuel use, it is likely that blend ratios of renewable biodiesel with commercial mineral diesel fuel will steadily increase, resulting in biodiesel use becoming more widespread. Exhaust toxicity of unblended biodiesels changes depending on feedstock type, however the effect of feedstock on blended fuels is less well known. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of biodiesel feedstock on exhaust toxicity of 20% blended biodiesel fuels (B20). Primary human airway epithelial cells were exposed to exhaust diluted 1/15 with air from an engine running on conventional ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) or 20% blends of soy, canola, waste cooking oil (WCO), tallow, palm or cottonseed biodiesel in diesel. Physico-chemical exhaust properties were compared between fuels and the post-exposure effect of exhaust on cellular viability and media release was assessed 24 h later. Exhaust properties changed significantly between all fuels with cottonseed B20 being the most different to both ULSD and its respective unblended biodiesel. Exposure to palm B20 resulted in significantly decreased cellular viability (96.3 ± 1.7%; p < 0.01) whereas exposure to soy B20 generated the greatest number of changes in mediator release (including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, p < 0.05) when compared to air exposed controls, with palm B20 and tallow B20 closely following. In contrast, canola B20 and WCO B20 were the least toxic with only mediators G-CSF and TNF-α being significantly increased. Therefore, exposure to palm B20, soy B20 and tallow B20 were found to be the most toxic and exposure to canola B20 and WCO B20 the least. The top three most toxic and the bottom three least toxic B20 fuels are consistent with their unblended counterparts, suggesting that feedstock type greatly impacts exhaust toxicity, even when biodiesel only comprises 20% of the fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, 6151, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Landwehr KR, Nabi MN, Rasul MG, Kicic A, Mullins BJ. Biodiesel Exhaust Toxicity with and without Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Fuel Additive in Primary Airway Epithelial Cells Grown at the Air-Liquid Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14640-14648. [PMID: 36177943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel usage is increasing steadily worldwide as the push for renewable fuel sources increases. The increased oxygen content in biodiesel fuel is believed to cause decreased particulate matter (PM) and increased nitrous oxides within its exhaust. The addition of fuel additives to further increase the oxygen content may contribute to even further benefits in exhaust composition. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of 10% (v/v) diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDME) added as a biodiesel fuel additive. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at the air-liquid interface and exposed to diluted exhaust from an engine running on either grapeseed, bran, or coconut biodiesel or the same three biodiesels with 10% (v/v) DGDME added to them; mineral diesel and air were used as controls. Exhaust properties, culture permeability, epithelial cell damage, and IL-6 and IL-8 release were measured postexposure. The fuel additive DGDME caused a decrease in PM and nitrous oxide concentrations. However, exhaust exposure with DGDME also caused decreased permeability, increased epithelial cell damage, and increased release of IL-6 and IL-8 (p < 0.05). Despite the fuel additive having beneficial effects on the exhaust properties of the biodiesel, it was found to be more toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Md Nurun Nabi
- School of Engineering and Technology, Fuel and Energy Research Group, Central Queensland University, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Mohammad G Rasul
- School of Engineering and Technology, Fuel and Energy Research Group, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Toxicity of different biodiesel exhausts in primary human airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155016. [PMID: 35381248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is created through the transesterification of fats/oils and its usage is increasing worldwide as global warming concerns increase. Biodiesel fuel properties change depending on the feedstock used to create it. The aim of this study was to assess the different toxicological properties of biodiesel exhausts created from different feedstocks using a complex 3D air-liquid interface (ALI) model that mimics the human airway. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at ALI until full differentiation was achieved. Cells were then exposed to 1/20 diluted exhaust from an engine running on Diesel (ULSD), pure or 20% blended Canola biodiesel and pure or 20% blended Tallow biodiesel, or Air for control. Exhaust was analysed for various physio-chemical properties and 24-h after exposure, ALI cultures were assessed for permeability, protein release and mediator response. All measured exhaust components were within industry safety standards. ULSD contained the highest concentrations of various combustion gases. We found no differences in terms of particle characteristics for any of the tested exhausts, likely due to the high dilution used. Exposure to Tallow B100 and B20 induced increased permeability in the ALI culture and the greatest increase in mediator response in both the apical and basal compartments. In contrast, Canola B100 and B20 did not impact permeability and induced the smallest mediator response. All exhausts but Canola B20 induced increased protein release, indicating epithelial damage. Despite the concentrations of all exhausts used in this study meeting industry safety regulations, we found significant toxic effects. Tallow biodiesel was found to be the most toxic of the tested fuels and Canola the least, both for blended and pure biodiesel fuels. This suggests that the feedstock biodiesel is made from is crucial for the resulting health effects of exhaust exposure, even when not comprising the majority of fuel composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth 6151, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, Brooks P, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. In Vitro primary human airway epithelial whole exhaust exposure. MethodsX 2021; 8:101561. [PMID: 34754823 PMCID: PMC8563817 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The method outlined in this article is a customization of the whole exhaust exposure method generated by Mullins et al. (2016) using reprogrammed primary human airway epithelial cells as described by Martinovich et al. (2017). It has been used successfully to generate recently published data (Landwehr et al. 2021). The goal was to generate an exhaust exposure model where exhaust is collected from a modern engine, real-world exhaust concentrations are used and relevant tissues exposed to assess the effects of multiple biodiesel exposures. Exhaust was generated, gently vacuumed into a dilution chamber where it was diluted 1/15 with air and then vacuumed into an incubator containing the primary cell cultures for exposure. Exhaust physico-chemical properties including combustion gas concentrations and particle spectra were then analyzed using a combustion gas analyzer and a Universal Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. 24 h after exposure, cellular viability and mediator release were measured using Annexin-V/PI staining and meditator multiplexing kits respectively. This method was generated to test biodiesel exhaust exposures but can be easily adapted for any type of engine exhaust exposure or even potentially other respirable environmental exposures such as woodsmoke. The main customization points for this method are:Exhaust generated by a diesel engine equipped with EURO VI exhaust after treatment devices including diesel particulate filter and diesel oxidation catalyst. The generated exhaust was diluted 1/15 with air to replicate real world exposure concentrations. Used primary human airway epithelial cells obtained from bronchoscope brushings from multiple volunteers and reprogrammed to allow multiple, comparative exposures from the same individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.,Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Peter Brooks
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.,Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.,Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, Brooks P, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Fuel feedstock determines biodiesel exhaust toxicity in a human airway epithelial cell exposure model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126637. [PMID: 34329109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel is promoted as a sustainable replacement for commercial diesel. Biodiesel fuel and exhaust properties change depending on the base feedstock oil/fat used during creation. The aims of this study were, for the first time, to compare the exhaust exposure health impacts of a wide range of biodiesels made from different feedstocks and relate these effects with the corresponding exhaust characteristics. METHOD Primary airway epithelial cells were exposed to diluted exhaust from an engine running on conventional diesel and biodiesel made from Soy, Canola, Waste Cooking Oil, Tallow, Palm and Cottonseed. Exhaust properties and cellular viability and mediator release were analysed post exposure. RESULTS The exhaust physico-chemistry of Tallow biodiesel was the most different to diesel as well as the most toxic, with exposure resulting in significantly decreased cellular viability (95.8 ± 6.5%) and increased release of several immune mediators including IL-6 (+223.11 ± 368.83 pg/mL) and IL-8 (+1516.17 ± 2908.79 pg/mL) above Air controls. In contrast Canola biodiesel was the least toxic with exposure only increasing TNF-α (4.91 ± 8.61). CONCLUSION This study, which investigated the toxic effects for the largest range of biodiesels, shows that exposure to different exhausts results in a spectrum of toxic effects in vitro when combusted under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Brooks
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Soy Biodiesel Exhaust is More Toxic than Mineral Diesel Exhaust in Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11437-11446. [PMID: 31453689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As global biodiesel production increases, there are concerns over the potential health impact of exposure to the exhaust, particularly in regard to young children who are at high risk because of their continuing lung development. Using human airway epithelial cells obtained from young children, we compared the effects of exposure to exhaust generated by a diesel engine with Euro V/VI emission controls running on conventional diesel (ultra-low-sulfur mineral diesel, ULSD), soy biodiesel (B100), or a 20% blend of soy biodiesel with diesel (B20). The exhaust output of biodiesel was found to contain significantly more respiratory irritants, including NOx, CO, and CO2, and a larger overall particle mass. Exposure to biodiesel exhaust resulted in significantly greater cell death and a greater release of immune mediators compared to both air controls and ULSD exhaust. These results have concerning implications for potential global health impacts, particularly for the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development , Perth , Western Australia 6151 , Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Public Health , Curtin University , P.O. Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute , Perth Children's Hospital , Nedlands, Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
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Roosta A, Bardool R. A Predictive Correlation for Dynamic Viscosity of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Biodiesel. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Roosta
- Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas EngineeringShiraz University of Technology Modarres Boulevard, Shiraz 7155713876 Iran
| | - Roghayeh Bardool
- Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas EngineeringShiraz University of Technology Modarres Boulevard, Shiraz 7155713876 Iran
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10
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Spatial Assessment of Degraded Lands for Biofuel Production in Indonesia. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10124595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study spatially estimated degraded lands in Indonesia that have limited functions for food production, carbon storage, and conservation of biodiversity and native vegetation and examined their suitability to grow biodiesel species (Calophyllum inophyllum, Pongamia pinnata, and Reutealis trisperma) and biomass species (Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia sepium). Results showed ~3.5 million ha of degraded lands potentially suitable for these species in Indonesia. With the all-five-species scenario, these lands had the potential to produce 1105 PJ year−1 of biomass and 3 PJ year−1 of biodiesel. With the biodiesel-only-species scenario, these lands showed the potential to produce 10 PJ year−1 of biodiesel. Despite this energy potential, however, the land sizes were too small to support economies of scale for biofuel production. The study findings contribute to identifying lands with limited functions, modeling the growth of biofuel species on regional lands, and estimating carbon stocks of restored degraded lands in Indonesia.
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Ma H, Addy MM, Anderson E, Liu W, Liu Y, Nie Y, Chen P, Cheng B, Lei H, Ruan R. A novel process for low-sulfur biodiesel production from scum waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:826-835. [PMID: 27241535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Scum is an oil-rich waste from the wastewater treatment plants with a high-sulfur level. In this work, a novel process was developed to convert scum to high quality and low sulfur content biodiesel. A combination of solvent extraction and acid washing as pretreatment was developed to lower the sulfur content in the scum feedstock and hence improve biodiesel conversion yield and quality. Glycerin esterification was then employed to convert free fatty acids to glycerides. Moreover, a new distillation process integrating the traditional reflux distillation and adsorptive desulfurization was developed to further remove sulfur from the crude biodiesel. As a result, 70% of the filtered and dried scum was converted to biodiesel with sulfur content lower than 15ppm. The fatty acid methyl ester profiles showed that the refined biodiesel from the new process exhibited a higher quality and better properties than that from traditional process reported in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Min M Addy
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Erik Anderson
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- MOE Biomass Engineering Research Center, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yong Nie
- Separation Engineering Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Tri-Cities Campus, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; MOE Biomass Engineering Research Center, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, China.
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