1
|
Zbikowska A, Onacik-Gür S, Kowalska M, Zbikowska K, Feszterová M. Trends in Fat Modifications Enabling Alternative Partially Hydrogenated Fat Products Proposed for Advanced Application. Gels 2023; 9:453. [PMID: 37367124 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural properties of oils and fats do not always allow for their direct use in industry (e.g., for food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals). Furthermore, such raw materials are often too expensive. Nowadays, the requirements for the quality and safety of fat products are increasing. For this reason, oils and fats are subjected to various modifications that make it possible to obtain a product with the desired characteristics and good quality that meets the needs of product buyers and technologists. The modification techniques of oils and fats change their physical (e.g., raise the melting point) and chemical properties (e.g., fatty acid composition). Conventional fat modification methods (hydrogenation, fractionation, and chemical interesterification) do not always meet the expectations of consumers, nutritionists, and technologists. In particular, Hydrogenation, while it allows us to obtain delicious products from the point of view of technology, is criticised for nutritional reasons. During the partial hydrogenation process, trans-isomers (TFA), dangerous for health, are formed. One of the modifications that meets current environmental requirements and trends in product safety and sustainable production is the enzymatic interesterification of fats. The unquestionable advantages of this process are the wide spectrum of possibilities for designing the product and its functional properties. After the interesterification process, the biologically active fatty acids in the fatty raw materials remain intact. However, this method is associated with high production costs. Oleogelation is a novel method of structuring liquid oils with small oil-gelling substances (even 1%). Based on the type of oleogelator, the methods of preparation can differ. Most oleogels of low molecular weight (waxes, monoglycerides, and sterols) and ethyl cellulose are prepared by dispersion in heated oil, while oleogels of high molecular weight require dehydration of the emulsion system or solvent exchange. This technique does not change the chemical composition of the oils, which allows them to keep their nutritional value. The properties of oleogels can be designed according to technological needs. Therefore, oleogelation is a future-proof solution that can reduce the consumption of TFA and saturated fatty acids while enriching the diet with unsaturated fatty acids. Oleogels can be named "fats of the future" as a new and healthy alternative for partially hydrogenated fats in foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zbikowska
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Assessment and Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Onacik-Gür
- Department of Meat and Fat Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowalska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Chrobrego St. 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zbikowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury St. 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Melánia Feszterová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Queirós MDS, Viriato RLS, Ribeiro APB, Gigante ML. Milk Fat Modification Strategies for Technological Application on a Macro, Micro and Nanoscale: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1952424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayara de Souza Queirós
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Lázaro Soares Viriato
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirna Lúcia Gigante
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quality of Emulsions Containing Fat Blends Modified by Enzymatic Catalysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the enzymatic modification of muton tallow and hemp seed oil fat blends. An attempt of application of these fat blends as fat phases in emulsion systems with various amount of carboxymethylcellulose was made. Fat blends before and after enzymatic catalysis were assessed in the context of polar and non-polar fractions content, antioxidant activity, oxidative stability and texture. Emulsions were investigated in the terms of their stability, color, microstructure, droplets diameter, and viscosity. The study revealed that emulsions containing as a fat phases modified blends with greater share of mutton tallow showed more favorable properties, and greater stability. The presented emulsions are a model dispersion system, after adjustment of the additives they could be used as chemical, food or cosmetic products.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kowalska M, Woźniak M, Żbikowska A, Kozłowska M. Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Emulsions Containing Chemically Modified Fats and Different Hydrocolloids. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010115. [PMID: 31936515 PMCID: PMC7022500 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties and stability of the dispersion systems containing structured fats as a fatty base. In this work, calf tallow and pumpkin seed oil blends were chemically interesterified at various ratios (9:1, 3:1, 3:2, 3:3, 2:3, and 1:3) to produce structured lipids. Fatty acids composition, polar and nonpolar fraction content, and acid value were determined for the raw fats and interesterified blends. Afterwards, selected blends were applied in emulsion systems. Stability, microstructure, color and texture of emulsions were evaluated. The chemical interesterification had an effect on the modified blends properties, and caused an increase in polar fraction content and acid value, and a decrease in nonpolar fraction content. No effect on the fatty acids composition has been found. The evaluation of the prepared emulsions results allowed us to select two of the most stable and favorable samples—both containing chemically interesterified calf tallow and a pumpkin seed oil blend in a ratio of 1:3 as a fatty base, and xanthan gum or carboxymethylcellulose as a thickener. The obtained dispersions, containing fatty bases with improved physicochemical properties and desirable functionality, can be applied as food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical emulsions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kowalska
- Department of Chemistry and Organic Materials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, 27 Chrobrego St, 26-600 Radom, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-48-3617547
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry and Organic Materials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, 27 Chrobrego St, 26-600 Radom, Poland
| | - Anna Żbikowska
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Mariola Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Viriato RLS, Queirós MDS, Ribeiro APB, Gigante ML. Potential of Milk Fat to Structure Semisolid Lipidic Systems: A Review. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2024-2030. [PMID: 31329276 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food production and consumption patterns have changed dramatically in recent decades. The universe of oils and fats, in particular, has been changed due to the negative impacts of trans fatty acids produced industrially through the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Regulations prohibiting its use have led the industry to produce semisolid lipid systems using chemical methods for modification of oils and fats, with limitations from a technological point of view and a lack of knowledge about the metabolization of the modified fats in the body. Milk fat is obtained from the complex biosynthesis in the mammary gland and can be a technological alternative for the modulation of the crystallization processes of semi-solids lipid systems, once it is naturally plastic at the usual processing, storage, and consumption temperatures. The natural plasticity of milk fat is due to its heterogeneous chemical composition, which contains more than 400 different fatty acids that structure approximately 64 million triacylglycerols, with a preferred polymorphic habit in β', besides other physical properties. Therefore, milk fat differs from any lipid raw material found in nature. This review will address the relationship between the chemical behavior and physical properties of semisolid lipids, demonstrating the potential of milk fat as an alternative to the commonly used modification processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara de Souza Queirós
- Dept. of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro
- Dept. of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirna Lúcia Gigante
- Dept. of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kowalska M, Woźniak M, Krzton-Maziopa A, Tavernier S, Pazdur Ł, Żbikowska A. Development of the emulsions containing modified fats formed via enzymatic interesterification catalyzed by specific lipase with various amount of water. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1467328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kowalska
- Faculty of Material Science, Technology and Design, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Faculty of Material Science, Technology and Design, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
- Faculty of Economic and Legal Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
| | | | - Serge Tavernier
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Łukasz Pazdur
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Anna Żbikowska
- Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kowalska M, Magdalena W, Anna Ż, Lotko M. Mixed, lipase-catalyzed inter-esterified fats and hemp oil as a fatty base of model emulsion products with different emulsifiers. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1396541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kowalska
- Faculty of Materials Science, Technology and Design, Department of Chemistry, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
| | - Woźniak Magdalena
- Faculty of Materials Science, Technology and Design, Department of Chemistry, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
- Faculty of Economic and Legal Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
| | - Żbikowska Anna
- Faculty of Food Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lotko
- Faculty of Economic and Legal Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chapeau AL, Tavares GM, Hamon P, Croguennec T, Poncelet D, Bouhallab S. Spontaneous co-assembly of lactoferrin and β-lactoglobulin as a promising biocarrier for vitamin B9. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|