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Wang Y, Wang T, Wang Z, Guo Y, Liu R, Chang M. Application of small angle X-ray scattering in exploring the effect of edible oils with different unsaturation FAs on bioaccessibility of stigmasterol oleate. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7764-7774. [PMID: 37482970 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytosterol can improve its lipid solubility, lipophilic/hydrophilic balance and bioaccessibility by esterification with fatty acids, which increases its practical application range in the food industry. In the present study, small angle X-ray scattering combined with the pH-stat in vitro digestion model was applied to continuously monitor the molecular structure evolution of mixed micelles during digestion and investigate the effect of three edible oils (olive oil with 72.41 ± 0.57% oleic, sunflower seed oil with 63.45 ± 0.78% linoleic, refined linseed oil with 51.74 ± 0.34% linolenic) on bioaccessibility of stigmasterol oleate in vitro. RESULTS The release degree and rate of fatty acids in the three edible oil systems (kOO+ST-OA = 0.0501, kSO+ ST-OA = 0.0357, kLO+ST-OA = 0.0323) was compared. The three different edible oils had similar impact on the formation of dietary mixed micelles during the simulatedin vitro digestion of stigmasterol oleate, although there were significant differences in molecular morphology and composition of mixed micelles. The results showed that the vesicles formed by linoleic oil (SO system) or linolenic oil (LO system) were easy to dissociate. The largest average number and diameter of vesicles (5.55 × 1016 cm-3 and 2230.75 Å), the most stable vesicle structure and the fastest fatty acid release rate were observed in the OO system. CONCLUSION Compared to linoleic (SO system) or linolenic (LO system), the oleic (OO system) could facilitate the transformation of micelles to vesicles and maintain the stability of its membrane, significantly promotin the dissolution of stigmasterol and improving bioaccessibility. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhangtie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ming Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Simultaneous Analysis of Free/Combined Phytosterols in Rapeseed and Their Dynamic Changes during Microwave Pretreatment and Oil Processing. Foods 2022; 11:3219. [PMCID: PMC9601674 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, a simple, efficient, and rapid solid phase extraction-gas chromatography (SPE–GC) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of free/combined phytosterols in rapeseed and their dynamic changes during microwave pretreatment and oil processing. First, by comparing different methods for extracting free/combined phytosterols from rapeseed and rapeseed cake, the Folch method was considered to be the optimal method and was selected in subsequent experiments. Subsequently, the extraction method was validated by determining the recoveries of standards (brassinosterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol and cholesteryl oleate) spiked in rapeseed and rapeseed oil samples, and the recoveries were in the range from 82.7% to 104.5% and 83.8% to 116.3%, respectively. The established method was applied to study the dynamic changes of the form and content of phytosterols in rapeseed and its products (rapeseed oil and cake) during rapeseed microwave pretreatment and the oil production process. Additionally, the results showed that more than 55% of the free/combined phytosterols in rapeseed were transferred to rapeseed oil during the oil processing, and this proportion will increase after microwave pretreatment of rapeseed. This work will provide analytical methods and data support for a comprehensive understanding of phytosterols in rapeseed and its products during oil processing.
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Zhang R, Han Y, McClements DJ, Xu D, Chen S. Production, Characterization, Delivery, and Cholesterol-Lowering Mechanism of Phytosterols: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2483-2494. [PMID: 35170307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are natural plant-based bioactive compounds that can lower blood cholesterol levels and help prevent cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, they are being utilized in functional foods, supplements, and pharmaceutical products designed to improve human health. This paper summarizes different approaches to isolate, purify, and characterize phytosterols. It also discusses the hypolipidemic mechanisms of phytosterols and their impact on cholesterol transportation. Phytosterols have a low water-solubility, poor chemical stability, and limited bioavailability, which limits their utilization and efficacy in functional foods. Strategies are therefore being developed to overcome these shortcomings. Colloidal delivery systems, such as emulsions, oleogels, liposomes, and nanoparticles, have been shown to be effective at improving the water-dispersibility, stability, and bioavailability of phytosterols. These delivery systems can be used to incorporate phytosterols into a broader range of cholesterol-lowering functional foods and beverages. We also discuses several issues that need to be addressed before these phytosterol delivery systems can find widespread commercial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yahong Han
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Duoxia Xu
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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CHENG Q, ZHANG Y, LIN Q, TIAN Y, BAO Y. Study on the antioxidant activity of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol from Sacha Inchi oil and Prinsepia oil added to walnut oil. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.69522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin CHENG
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China
| | | | - Qi LIN
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China
| | - Yang TIAN
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China
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Gao Y, Wu S. Comprehensive analysis of the phospholipids and phytosterols in Schisandra chinensis oil by UPLC-Q/TOF- MSE. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Flanagan G, Andrianova AA, Casey J, Hellrung E, Diep BA, Seames WS, Kubátová A. Simultaneous high-temperature gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric analysis of monocarboxylic acids and acylglycerols in biofuels and biofuel intermediate products. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1584:165-178. [PMID: 30551941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triacyl-, diacyl- and monoacylglycerols (TAGs, DAGs, MAGs) along with monocarboxylic acids (MCAs) are intermediate products in many triacylglycerol oil-to-biofuel conversion pathways. Accumulation of these compounds leads to poor biofuel characteristics and may result in fuel system damage. We developed a method for simultaneous identification and quantification of a wide range of MCAs (C4-C18), MAGs, DAGs, and TAGs. The method is based on trimethylsilylation followed by high temperature GC with programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) injection coupled to parallel FID and MS detectors (HTGC-FID/MS). To minimize the discrimination of both low and high molecular weight species typically occurring on the injector, we optimized injection conditions using a central composite design. The critical variables were the time at initial temperature (40 °C), splitless time, and the interaction between these two parameters. Among three tested electron ionization source/quadrupole analyzer temperatures, a 350/200 °C setting provided the highest response and signal-to-noise ratio for TAGs and did not have an effect on MAGs and DAGs. Similar results were obtained when quantifying target analytes in intermediate products of soybean oil cracking with FID and MS (using specific acylglycerol fragmentation ions). The instrumental FID limits of detection (LODs) were 0.07-0.27 ng for most of the target analytes. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) LODs were 0.01-0.05 ng for MCAs and 0.03-0.14 ng for acylglycerols. For the total ion current (TIC), LODs observed increased with acyl chain length and degree of unsaturation, resulting in an increase from 0.05 to 0.18 ng for MCAs (C5 to C18) and from 0.03 to 1.8 ng for acylglycerols (TAGs C8 to C22). Deviations in the repeatability of sample preparation, intra- and inter-day analyses, including sample stability over an eight-day time period, did not exceed 10% variance. These results demonstrate that the developed method is accurate and robust for the determination of acylglycerols and MCAs produced during the processing of TAGs into biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Flanagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Anastasia A Andrianova
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Jana Casey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Eric Hellrung
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Bonnie A Diep
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Wayne S Seames
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, 241 Centennial Dr., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-7101, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA.
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Chen S, Bi Y, Chen J, Wei M, Sun S, Chen J. Separation, Purification, and Characterization of Sterol Fatty Acid Esters From Lotus Plumule. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Lipid Technology and EngineeringSchool of Food Science and EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyLianhua RoadZhengzhou 450001Henan ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Yanlan Bi
- Lipid Technology and EngineeringSchool of Food Science and EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyLianhua RoadZhengzhou 450001Henan ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Lipid Technology and EngineeringSchool of Food Science and EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyLianhua RoadZhengzhou 450001Henan ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Maolin Wei
- Lipid Technology and EngineeringSchool of Food Science and EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyLianhua RoadZhengzhou 450001Henan ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Shangde Sun
- Lipid Technology and EngineeringSchool of Food Science and EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyLianhua RoadZhengzhou 450001Henan ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- Lipid Technology and EngineeringSchool of Food Science and EngineeringHenan University of TechnologyLianhua RoadZhengzhou 450001Henan ProvinceP. R. China
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