Chemoenzymatic production of (+)-coriolic acid from trilinolein: Coupled synthesis and extraction

In-situ co-immobilization of lipase, lipoxygenase and L-cysteine within a metal-amino acid framework for conversion of soybean oil into higher-value products

We propose a co-immobilized chemo-enzyme cascade system to mitigate random intermediate diffusion from the mixture of individual immobilized catalysts and achieve a one-pot reaction of multi-enzyme and reductant. Catalyzed by lipase and lipoxygenase, unsaturated lipid hydroperoxides (HPOs) were synthesized. 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9Z, 11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE), one compound of HPOs, was subsequently reduced to 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z, 11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) by cysteine. Upon the optimized conditions, 75.28 mg of 13-HPODE and 4.01 mg of 13-HODE were produced from per milliliter of oil. The co-immobilized catalysts exhibited improved yield compared to the mixture of individually immobilized catalysts. Moreover, it demonstrated satisfactory durability and recyclability, maintaining a relative HPOs yield of 78.5% after 5 cycles. This work has achieved the co-immobilization of lipase, lipoxygenase and the reductant cysteine for the first time, successfully applying it to the conversion of soybean oil into 13-HODE. It offers a technological platform for transforming various oils into high-value products.

No Evidence Was Found for the Presence of Terreolides, Terreumols or Saponaceolides H-S in the Fruiting Bodies of Tricholoma terreum (Basidiomycota, Agaricales)

Two different collections of the gilled wild fungus Tricholoma terreum, collected in Italy, were subjected to phytochemical analysis. The fungal material was confidently identified by analysis of the ITS genomic sequences. Using both HR-LC-MS and NMR techniques, no evidence was found for the presence in the fruiting bodies of terreolides, terreumols or saponaceolides H-S, in striking contrast with the isolation of these terpenoids by Chinese authors from a mushroom collected in France and identified as T. terreum. The main cytotoxic terpenoid identified and isolated from the extracts of the specimens investigated in this work was the C30 derivative saponaceolide B, which had been previously isolated from T. saponaceum and other T. terreum collections. Although saponaceolide B is a rather labile molecule, easily degradable by heat or in acidic conditions, our study indicated that none of the extraction protocols used produced saponaceolide H-S or terreolide/terreumol derivatives, thus excluding the possibility that the latter compounds could be extraction artifacts. Considered together, these findings point to the need for the unambiguous identification of mushroom species belonging to the complex genus Tricholoma, characterized by high variability in the composition of metabolites. Moreover, based on our data, T. terreum must be considered an edible mushroom.

Synthesis of Linoleic Acid 13-Hydroperoxides from Safflower Oil Utilizing Lipoxygenase in a Coupled Enzyme System with In-Situ Oxygen Generation

Linoleic acid hydroperoxides are versatile intermediates for the production of green note aroma compounds and bifunctional ω-oxo-acids. An enzyme cascade consisting of lipoxygenase, lipase and catalase was developed for one-pot synthesis of 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid starting from safflower oil. Reaction conditions were optimized for hydroperoxidation using lipoxygenase 1 from Glycine max (LOX-1) in a solvent-free system. The addition of green surfactant Triton CG-110 improved the reaction more than two-fold and yields of >50% were obtained at linoleic acid concentrations up to 100 mM. To combine hydroperoxidation and oil hydrolysis, 12 lipases were screened for safflower oil hydrolysis under the reaction conditions optimized for LOX-1. Lipases from Candida rugosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens were able to hydrolyze safflower oil to >75% within 5 h at a pH of 8.0. In contrast to C. rugosa lipase, the enzyme from P. fluorescens did not exhibit a lag phase. Combination of P. fluorescens lipase and LOX-1 worked well upon LOX-1 dosage and a synergistic effect was observed leading to >80% of hydroperoxides. Catalase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus was used for in-situ oxygen production with continuous H2O2 dosage in the LOX-1/lipase reaction system. Foam generation was significantly reduced in the 3-enzyme cascade in comparison to the aerated reaction system. Safflower oil concentration was increased up to 300 mM linoleic acid equivalent and 13-hydroperoxides could be produced in a yield of 70 g/L and a regioselectivity of 90% within 7 h.

Synthesis of a novel macrolactone by lipase-catalyzed intra-esterification of hydroxy-fatty acid in organic media

The unsaturations and groups bound to the ring and to the lateral chain of lactones give a large diversity in this class of molecules. In this work we produced enzymatically a macrolactone in organic media. The substrate used was a hydroxy-fatty acid: (+)-coriolic acid and the enzymes tested were free or immobilized microbial lipases. The immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica seems to be the most adequate catalyst offering a high reaction yield. The intra-esterification was studied as a function of temperature and type of solvent. Higher yields were obtained when using diisopropyl-ether at 35 degrees C. This reaction, involving an alcohol group on an internal position on the carbon chain of the substrate hydroxy-acid, produces an original lactone: 13S-octadeca-(9Z,11E)-dienolide. The product was purified and characterized using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy.

Reactivity of lysine moieties toward an epoxyhydroxylinoleic acid derivative: aminolysis versus hydrolysis

Epoxyols are generally accepted as crucial intermediates in lipid oxidation. The reactivity of tert-butyl (9R,10S,11E,13S)-9, 10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-11-octadecenoate (11a,b) toward lysine moieties is investigated, employing N(2)-acetyllysine 4-methylcoumar-7-ylamide (12) as a model for protein-bound lysine. The prefixes R and S denote the relative configuration at the respective stereogenic centers. Independent synthesis and unequivocal structural characterization are reported for 11a,b, its precursors, and tert-butyl (9R,10R,11E, 13S)-10-(¿5-(acetylamino)-6-[(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)amino ]-6 -oxohexyl¿amino)-9,13-dihydroxy-11-octadecenoate (13a-d). Reactions of 11a,b and 12 in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (MP) and MP/water mixtures at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C for 56 days show formation of the aminols 13a-d to be favored by an increased water content. The same trend is observed for hydrolytic cleavage of 11a,b to tert-butyl (E)-9,10, 13-trihydroxy-11-octadecenoate (14) and tert-butyl (E)-9,12, 13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoate (15). Under the given conditions, aminolysis proceeds via an S(N)2 substitution, in contrast with the S(N)1 process for hydrolysis. In the MP/water (8:2) incubation, 15. 8% of 12 has been transformed to 13a-d and 10.5% of 11a,b hydrolyzed to the regioisomers 14 and 15 after 8 weeks, respectively. Aminolysis of alpha,beta-unsaturated epoxides by lysine moieties therefore is expected to be an important mode of interaction between proteins and lipid oxidation products.