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Abstract
Abstract
Background Anal canal carcinoma is a rare neoplasm, representing 2% of the digestive tumors, and the most common is squamous cell carcinoma, with an increasing incidence.
Objective The study aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of an increasingly prevalent disease, as well as to update treatment and prognosis.
Methods A literature search in Pubmed database, including articles from 2005 to 2015 and cross-research articles with the initial research.
Results Several studies prove the role of HPV as a major risk factor in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal, as well as a greater prevalence of this neoplasia in HIV-positive people and in those who practice receptive anal intercourse. In the last two decades chemoradiotherapy remains the treatment of choice, and abdominoperineal resection is reserved for those cases of treatment failure or recurrence. Evidence advances in order to adapt the treatment to each patient, taking into account individual prognostic factors and biological tumor characteristics.
Conclusions Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal is a neoplasm associated with HPV; therefore, screening and vaccination programs of male individuals, by way of prevention, should be started. Many studies are needed in order to achieve development in the treatment as well as in the evaluation of the biological characteristics of the tumor.
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Hu WH, Miyai K, Sporn JC, Luo L, Wang JYJ, Cosman B, Ramamoorthy S. Loss of histone variant macroH2A2 expression associates with progression of anal neoplasm. J Clin Pathol 2015; 69:627-31. [PMID: 26658220 PMCID: PMC4941135 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims The macroH2A histone variants are epigenetic marks for inactivated chromatin. In this study, we examined the expression of macroH2A2 in anal neoplasm from anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) to anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods AIN and anal SCC samples were analysed for macroH2A2 expression, HIV and human papilloma virus (HPV). The association of macroH2A2 expression with clinical grade, disease recurrence, overall survival and viral involvement was determined. Results macroH2A2 was expressed in normal squamous tissue and lower grade AIN (I and II). Expression was lost in 38% of high-grade AIN (III) and 71% of anal SCC (p=0.002). Patients with AIN with macroH2A2-negative lesions showed earlier recurrence than those with macroH2A2-positive neoplasm (p=0.017). With anal SCC, macroH2A2 loss was more prevalent in the HPV-negative tumours. Conclusions Loss of histone variant macroH2A2 expression is associated with the progression of anal neoplasm and can be used as a prognostic biomarker for high-grade AIN and SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsiang Hu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA Department of Colorectal Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Katsumi Miyai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Judith C Sporn
- Department of General Surgery, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda Luo
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jean Y J Wang
- Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bard Cosman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA Department of Surgery, Veteran's Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sonia Ramamoorthy
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA
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