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Detopoulou M, Ntzouvani A, Petsini F, Gavriil L, Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S. Consumption of Enriched Yogurt with PAF Inhibitors from Olive Pomace Affects the Major Enzymes of PAF Metabolism: A Randomized, Double Blind, Three Arm Trial. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060801. [PMID: 34071485 PMCID: PMC8227157 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a proinflammatory lipid mediator, plays a crucial role in the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, the inhibition of endothelium inflammation by nutraceuticals, such as PAF inhibitors, is a promising alternative for preventing cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a new functional yogurt enriched with PAF inhibitors of natural origin from olive oil by-products on PAF metabolism. Ninety-two apparently healthy, but mainly overweight volunteers (35-65 years) were randomly allocated into three groups by block-randomization. The activities of PAF's biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes were measured, specifically two isoforms of acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase (LPCATs), cytidine 5'-diphospho-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT) and two isoforms of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase in leucocytes (PAF-AH) and plasma (lipoprotein associated phospholipase-A2, LpPLA2). The intake of the enriched yogurt resulted in reduced PAF-CPT and LpPLA2 activities. No difference was observed in the activities of the two isoforms of lyso PAF-AT. In conclusion, intake of yogurt enriched in PAF inhibitors could favorably modulate PAF biosynthetic and catabolic pathways.
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Abstract
Phospholipases are lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipid substrates at specific ester bonds. Phospholipases are widespread in nature and play very diverse roles from aggression in snake venom to signal transduction, lipid mediator production, and metabolite digestion in humans. Phospholipases vary considerably in structure, function, regulation, and mode of action. Tremendous advances in understanding the structure and function of phospholipases have occurred in the last decades. This introductory chapter is aimed at providing a general framework of the current understanding of phospholipases and a discussion of their mechanisms of action and emerging biological functions.
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Zeng L, Yan J, Luo L, Zhang D. Effects of Pu-erh tea aqueous extract (PTAE) on blood lipid metabolism enzymes. Food Funct 2015; 6:2008-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Effects of Pu-erh tea aqueous extract (PTAE) on blood lipid metabolism enzymes (e.g.HMGR) are assayedin vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zeng
- College of Food Science
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
- TAETEA Group Postdoctoral Research Station
| | - Jingna Yan
- College of Food Science
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Liyong Luo
- College of Food Science
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Dongying Zhang
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea
- Yunnan Agricultural University
- Kunming
- China
- TAETEA Group Postdoctoral Research Station
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George M, Selvarajan S, Muthukumar R, Elangovan S. Looking into the Crystal Ball—Upcoming Drugs for Dyslipidemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 20:11-20. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248414545127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is a critical risk factor for the development of cardiovascular complications such as ischemic heart disease and stroke. Although statins are effective anti-dyslipidemic drugs, their usage is fraught with issues such as failure of adequate lipid control in 30% of cases and intolerance in select patients. The limited potential of other alternatives such as fibrates, bile acid sequestrants and niacin has spurred the search for novel drug molecules with better efficacy and safety. CETP inhibitors such as evacetrapib and anacetrapib have shown promise in raising HDL besides LDL lowering property. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors such as lomitapide and Apo CIII inhibitors such as mipomersen have recently been approved in Familial Hypercholesterolemia but experience in the non-familial setting is pretty much limited. One of the novel anti-dyslipidemic drugs which is greatly anticipated to make a mark in LDL-C control is the PCSK9 inhibitors. Some of the anti-dyslipidemic drugs which work by PCSK9 inhibition include evolocumab, alirocumab and ALN-PCS. Other approaches that are being given due consideration include farnesoid X receptor modulation and Lp-PLA2 inhibition. While it may not be an easy proposition to dismantle statins from their current position as a cholesterol reducing agent and as a drug to reduce coronary and cerebro-vascular atherosclerosis, our improved understanding of the disease and appropriate harnessing of resources using sound and robust technology could make rapid in-roads in our pursuit of the ideal anti-dyslipidemic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin George
- Department of Cardiology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Chennai, India
| | - Sandhiya Selvarajan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Rajaram Muthukumar
- Department of Cardiology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Chennai, India
| | - Shanmugam Elangovan
- Department of Cardiology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Chennai, India
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Toth PP, McCullough PA, Wegner MS, Colley KJ. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: role in atherosclerosis and utility as a cardiovascular biomarker. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 8:425-38. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Karakas
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Vittos O, Toana B, Vittos A, Moldoveanu E. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2): a review of its role and significance as a cardiovascular biomarker. Biomarkers 2012; 17:289-302. [PMID: 22401038 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.664170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a comprehensive, systematic review of studies assessing the significance of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). MATERIAL AND METHODS A review of the literature was performed using the search term "Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)" and each of the following terms: "cardiovascular risk," "cardiovascular death," "atherosclerotic disease," "coronary events," "transient ischemic attack (TIA)," "stroke," and "heart failure." The searches were performed on Medline, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov. RESULTS The majority of published studies showed a significant association between Lp-PLA2 levels and cardiovascular events after multivariate adjustment. The association was consistent across a wide variety of subjects of both sexes and different ethnic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS The role of Lp-PLA2 as a significant biomarker of vascular inflammation was confirmed, and Lp-PLA2 seems to be closely correlated to cardiovascular events. It may be an important therapeutic target and may have an important role in prevention, risk stratification and personalised medicine.
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Dohi T, Miyauchi K, Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Ohkawa R, Nakamura K, Yanagisawa N, Tsuboi S, Ogita M, Yokoyama K, Kurata T, Yatomi Y, Daida H. Decreased circulating lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 levels are associated with coronary plaque regression in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:907-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high triglyceride levels (from the Multi-center, plAcebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open-label Extension [MARINE] trial). Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:682-90. [PMID: 21683321 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AMR101 is an omega-3 fatty acid agent containing ≥96% eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester and no docosahexaenoic acid. Previous smaller studies suggested that highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid lowered triglyceride (TG) levels without increasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. TG-lowering therapies such as fibrates, and fish oils containing both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, can substantially increase LDL cholesterol levels when administered to patients with very high TG levels (≥500 mg/dl). The present double-blind study randomized 229 diet-stable patients with fasting TG ≥500 mg/dl and ≤2,000 mg/dl (with or without background statin therapy) to AMR101 4 g/day, AMR101 2 g/day, or placebo. The primary end point was the placebo-corrected median percentage of change in TG from baseline to week 12. The baseline TG level was 680, 657, and 703 mg/dl for AMR101 4 g/day, AMR101 2 g/day, and placebo. AMR101 4 g/day reduced the placebo-corrected TG levels by 33.1% (n = 76, p <0.0001) and AMR101 2 g/day by 19.7% (n = 73, p = 0.0051). For a baseline TG level >750 mg/dl, AMR101 4 g/day reduced the placebo-corrected TG levels by 45.4% (n = 28, p = 0.0001) and AMR101 2 g/day by 32.9% (n = 28, p = 0.0016). AMR101 did not significantly increase the placebo-corrected median LDL cholesterol levels at 4 g/day (-2.3%) or 2 g/day (+5.2%; both p = NS). AMR101 significantly reduced non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol. AMR101 was generally well tolerated, with a safety profile similar to that of the placebo. In conclusion, the present randomized, double-blind trial of patients with very high TG levels demonstrated that AMR101 significantly reduced the TG levels and improved other lipid parameters without significantly increasing the LDL cholesterol levels.
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Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A(2): role in atherosclerosis and utility as a biomarker for cardiovascular risk. EPMA J 2011; 2:27-38. [PMID: 21654904 PMCID: PMC3084931 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-011-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations are widely prevalent throughout the world. Atherogenesis is highly complex and modulated by numerous genetic and environmental risk factors. A large body of basic scientific and clinical research supports the conclusion that inflammation plays a significant role in atherogenesis along the entire continuum of its progression. Inflammation adversely impacts intravascular lipid handling and metabolism, resulting in the development of macrophage foam cell, fatty streak, and atheromatous plaque formation. Given the enormous human and economic cost of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease and amputation, and premature death and disability, considerable effort is being committed to refining our ability to correctly identify patients at heightened risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease and acute cardiovascular events so that they can be treated earlier and more aggressively. Serum markers of inflammation have emerged as an important component of risk factor burden. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA(2)) potentiates intravascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. A variety of epidemiologic studies support the utility of Lp-PLA(2) measurements for estimating and further refining cardiovascular disease risk. Drug therapies to inhibit Lp-PLA(2) are in development and show considerable promise, including darapladib, a specific molecular inhibitor of the enzyme. In addition to substantially inhibiting Lp-PLA(2) activity, darapladib reduces progression of the necrotic core volume of human coronary artery atheromatous plaque. The growing body of evidence points to an important role and utility for Lp-PLA(2) testing in preventive and personalized clinical medicine.
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Rao PPN, Kabir SN, Mohamed T. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Progress in Small Molecule Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1530-1549. [PMID: 27713316 PMCID: PMC4033995 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of aspirin, small molecule therapeutics have been widely prescribed to treat inflammation and pain. Aspirin and several small molecule NSAIDs are known to inhibit the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2). Despite the success of NSAIDs to treat inflammatory disorders, the development of a clinically useful small molecule NSAIDs with decreased side effect profiles is an ongoing effort. The recent discovery and development of selective COX-2 inhibitors was a step toward this direction. Emerging trends are represented by the progress in the development of hybrid agents such as nitric oxide donor-NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs) and dual COX/lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors. This review focuses on the recent advances in the rational design of small molecule NSAIDs in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P N Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W. Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada.
| | - Saad N Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W. Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Tarek Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W. Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada
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Lp-PLA2 Inhibition-The Atherosclerosis Panacea? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1360-1373. [PMID: 27713307 PMCID: PMC4033986 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the complex pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, a large number of biomarkers that relate to lipids, inflammation, immunity, thrombosis and hemostasis, have been investigated experimentally, in epidemiologic studies and in clinical trials. Interest focuses on their potential role to aid in risk stratification, as possible surrogate markers of atherosclerosis, and potential targets for therapy. More recently, one lipid associated biomarker, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), has gained considerable interest. In addition to a plausible pathophysiological role by generating pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic compounds from oxidized LDL in the vessel wall, there is a large, fairly consistent epidemiological database indicating that increased levels of Lp-PLA2 mass or activity are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular outcomes; such data further suggest that it might improve risk stratification. In addition, clinical studies indicate that increased Lp-PLA2 levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, it may also serve as an interesting therapeutic target, since a specific inhibitor of the enzyme is available with promising animal data and initial positive data in humans. Recent experimental data from a hyperlipidemic diabetic pig model strongly suggest that increased Lp-PLA2 in the vessel wall is associated with a more vulnerable plaque phenotype which can be modulated by inhibiting Lp-PLA2 activity. A biomarker study in more than 1,000 patients with CHD over three months has demonstrated a positive effect on various inflammatory molecules. In addition, an imaging study using IVUS based modalities (greyscale, virtual histology, and palpography) together with a panel of biomarkers (IBIS-2) has been done in more than 300 patients with CHD treated over 12 months and results indicate that the progression of the necrotic core of the plaque can be retarded. Inhibition of the pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory effects of Lp-PLA2 may therefore contribute to decrease the residual risk in high risk patients already on polypharmacotherapy. This hypothesis is now being tested in two large phase 3 clinical trials. Thus, Lp-PLA2 indeed may represent a biomarker and a promising target for intervention.
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Karakas M, Koenig W. Phospholipase A2 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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