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Khalaf EM, Taherian M, Almalki SG, Asban P, Kareem AK, Alhachami FR, Almulla AF, Romero-Parra RM, Jawhar ZH, Kiani F, Noroozi Manesh I, Mohammadi MJ. Relationship between exposure to heavy metals on the increased health risk and carcinogenicity of urinary tract (kidney and bladder). REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023:reveh-2022-0245. [PMID: 37076952 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In today's society, with the continuous development of manufacturing industries and factories related to chemicals, the amount of heavy metals in the inhaled air of humans, water and even food consumption has increased dramatically. The aim of this study was investigation of relationship between exposure to heavy metals on the increased carcinogenicity risk of kidney and bladder. Databases used to for searched were the Springer, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct (Scopus) and PubMed. At the end after sieve we selected 20 papers. Identify all relevant studies published 2000-2021. The results of this study showed that exposure to heavy metals due to the bio accumulative properties of these metals can cause kidney and bladder abnormalities and provide the basis through various mechanisms for malignant tumors in these organs. Based on result this study, since a limited number of heavy metals including copper, iron, zinc and nickel in very small amounts as micronutrients play a very important role in the function of enzymes and the body cells biological reactions, but exposure to some of them like arsenic, lead, vanadium and mercury will cause irreversible effects on people's health and cause various diseases including cancers of the liver, pancreas, prostate, breast, kidney and bladder. The kidneys, ureter and bladder are the most important organs in the urinary tract on human. According to the result of this study, the duty of this urinary system is to remove toxins, chemicals and heavy metals from the blood, balance electrolytes, excrete excess fluid, produce urine and transfer it to the bladder. This mechanism causes the kidneys and bladder to be highly associated with these toxins and heavy metals, which can lead to various diseases in these two important organs. According to the finding the reducing exposure to heavy metals in various ways can prevent many diseases related to this system and reduce the incidence of kidney and bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Khalaf
- Department of Pharmacy, Al Maarif University College, Ramadi, Anbar, Iraq
| | - Masoume Taherian
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parisa Asban
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - A K Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Firas Rahi Alhachami
- Radiology Department, College of Health and Medical Technololgy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Fatemeh Kiani
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Iman Noroozi Manesh
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 Extract Modulates Critical Virulence Attributes and Biofilm Formation in Sinusitis Causing Streptococcus pyogenes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122702. [PMID: 36559194 PMCID: PMC9780990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most common bacteria causing sinusitis in children and adult patients. Probiotics are known to cause antagonistic effects on S. pyogenes growth and biofilm formation. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 against S. pyogenes ATCC 8668. The antibacterial potential of L. plantarum KAU007 metabolite extract (LME) purified from the cell-free supernatant of L. plantarum KAU007 was evaluated in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). LME was further analyzed for its anti-biofilm potential using crystal violet assay and microscopic examination. Furthermore, the effect of LME was tested on the important virulence attributes of S. pyogenes, such as secreted protease production, hemolysis, extracellular polymeric substance production, and cell surface hydrophobicity. Additionally, the impact of LME on the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation and virulence attributes was analyzed using qPCR. The results revealed that LME significantly inhibited the growth and survival of S. pyogenes at a low concentration (MIC, 9.76 µg/mL; MBC, 39.06 µg/mL). Furthermore, LME inhibited biofilm formation and mitigated the production of extracellular polymeric substance at a concentration of 4.88 μg/mL in S. pyogenes. The results obtained from qPCR and biochemical assays advocated that LME suppresses the expression of various critical virulence-associated genes, which correspondingly affect various pathogenicity markers and were responsible for the impairment of virulence and biofilm formation in S. pyogenes. The non-hemolytic nature of LME and its anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties against S. pyogenes invoke further investigation to study the role of LME as an antibacterial agent to combat streptococcal infections.
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Evaluation of inhibitory and probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from vaginal microflora. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:427-445. [PMID: 35083726 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are known to secrete species-specific secondary metabolites that could be utilized as novel therapeutics against multi-drug resistant pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the antagonistic and probiotic properties of LABs isolated from the vaginal ecosystem of healthy women and to assess the stability of their antagonistic metabolites. Among 43 strains isolated from healthy women, eight LAB strains exhibited detectable BLISs (bacteriocin-like substances) producing ability against E. faecalis (JH-86), S. aureus (JH-68), Streptococcus sp. (JH-80), and E. coli (JH-101), with zone of inhibition (ZI) ranging from 9.00 to 20.33 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) from 62.5 to 500 μL/mL, respectively. The partially purified compounds extracted from cell free supernatant (CFS) displayed an increase in antagonistic activity based on ZI, 9.67-30.17 mm and MICs, 3.91-15.63 mg/mL, respectively. In a time-kill study, both crude and partially purified compounds of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (MT180537), Pediococcus pentosaceus (MT176555), Limosilactobacillus pontis (MW362838), and Levilactobacillus brevis (MW362790) exhibited significant bactericidal action against E. faecalis (MW051601), the most frequent etiological agent of aerobic vaginitis (AV). The active secondary metabolites from L. reuteri (MT180537), P. pentosaceus (MT176555), and L. pontis (MW362838) were protein in nature and remained stable under different physicochemical conditions. Regarding probiotic properties, the strains presented probiotic characteristics, i.e., good acid, bile salt tolerance, aggregation properties, and biofilm formation. The strains were susceptible to most of the commonly used antibiotics and had no hemolytic activity. In conclusion, antagonistic compounds or BLIS produced by L. reuteri (MT180537) could be investigated further for preparation of ointments to treat AV.
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Scillato M, Spitale A, Mongelli G, Privitera GF, Mangano K, Cianci A, Stefani S, Santagati M. Antimicrobial properties of Lactobacillus cell-free supernatants against multidrug-resistant urogenital pathogens. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1173. [PMID: 33970542 PMCID: PMC8483400 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy vaginal microbiota is dominated by Lactobacillus spp., which provide an important critical line of defense against pathogens, as well as giving beneficial effects to the host. We characterized L. gasseri 1A‐TV, L. fermentum 18A‐TV, and L. crispatus 35A‐TV, from the vaginal microbiota of healthy premenopausal women, for their potential probiotic activities. The antimicrobial effects of the 3 strains and their combination against clinical urogenital bacteria were evaluated together with the activities of their metabolites produced by cell‐free supernatants (CFSs). Their beneficial properties in terms of ability to interfere with vaginal pathogens (co‐aggregation, adhesion to HeLa cells, biofilm formation) and antimicrobial activity mediated by CFSs were assessed against multidrug urogenital pathogens (S. agalactiae, E. coli, KPC‐producing K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. faecium VRE, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, C. albicans, C. glabrata). The Lactobacilli tested exhibited an extraordinary ability to interfere and co‐aggregate with urogenital pathogens, except for Candida spp., as well as to adhere to HeLa cells and to produce biofilm in the Lactobacillus combination. Lactobacillus CFSs and their combination revealed a strong bactericidal effect on the multidrug resistant indicator strains tested, except for E. faecium and E. faecalis. The antimicrobial activity was maintained after heat treatment but decreased after enzymatic treatment. All Lactobacilli showed lactic dehydrogenase activity and production of D‐ and L‐lactic acid isomers on Lactobacillus CFSs, while only 1A‐TV and 35A‐TV released hydrogen peroxide and carried helveticin J and acidocin A bacteriocins. These results suggest that they can be employed as a new vaginal probiotic formulation and bio‐therapeutic preparation against urogenital infections. Further, in vivo studies are needed to evaluate human health benefits in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scillato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ambra Spitale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gino Mongelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grete Francesca Privitera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Oncologic, Clinical, and General Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Cianci
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Santagati
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Fazly Bazzaz BS, Darvishi Fork S, Ahmadi R, Khameneh B. Deep insights into urinary tract infections and effective natural remedies. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-020-00111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common occurrence in females, during pregnancy, and in peri- and postmenopausal women.
UTIs are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and they affect the quality of life of the affected patients. Antibiotic therapy is an effective approach and reduces the duration of symptoms. Development of resistance, adverse effects of antibiotics, and other associated problems lead to establishing the research framework to find out the alternative approaches in controlling UTIs. Natural approaches have been extensively used for the management of various diseases to improve symptoms and also improve general health.
Main body
Different databases were employed to identify studies reporting on natural options including herbal medicines, vitamins, trace elementals, sugars, and probiotics without time limitations.
Conclusion
Herbal medicines can be effective at the first sign of the infection and also for short-term prophylaxis. Using vitamins, trace elementals, and/or sugars is an effective approach in preventing UTIs, and a combination of them with other antibacterial agents shows positive results. Probiotics have great potential for the threat of antibiotic over-usage and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. This study may be of use in developing the efficient formulation of treatment of UTI.
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González de Llano D, Moreno-Arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Cranberry Polyphenols and Prevention against Urinary Tract Infections: Relevant Considerations. Molecules 2020; 25:E3523. [PMID: 32752183 PMCID: PMC7436188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is a distinctive source of polyphenols as flavonoids and phenolic acids that has been described to display beneficial effects against urinary tract infections (UTIs), the second most common type of infections worldwide. UTIs can lead to significant morbidity, especially in healthy females due to high rates of recurrence and antibiotic resistance. Strategies and therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics for prophylaxis and treatment against UTIs are continuously being sought after. Different to cranberry, which have been widely recommended in traditional medicine for UTIs prophylaxis, probiotics have emerged as a new alternative to the use of antibiotics against these infections and are the subject of new research in this area. Besides uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common bacteria causing uncomplicated UTIs, other etiological agents, such as Klebsiellapneumoniae or Gram-positive bacteria of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus genera, seem to be more widespread than previously appreciated. Considerable current effort is also devoted to the still-unraveled mechanisms that are behind the UTI-protective effects of cranberry, probiotics and their new combined formulations. All these current topics in the understanding of the protective effects of cranberry against UTIs are reviewed in this paper. Further progresses expected in the coming years in these fields are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores González de Llano
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.M.-A.); (B.B.)
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Kamalifard M, Abbasalizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M, Bastani P, Gholizadeh Shamasbi S, Khodaei L, Gholizadeh G. The effect of Seidlitzia rosmarinus (eshnan) on the prevention of recurrent cystitis in women of reproductive age: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res 2019; 34:418-427. [PMID: 31680378 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has recommended herbal medicine for treatment and control of recurrent cystitis. This study was conducted to determine effect of eshnan on the prevention of recurrent cystitis. The present triple-blind clinical trial was conducted on 126 women (63 women per group) with recurrent cystitis. The participants were assigned to the intervention and control groups. Three 500-mg eshnan or placebo tablets were taken orally with a glass full of water by the participants half an hour after each meal for 2 months. The study subjects were clinically and paraclinically evaluated by the end of the second, fourth, and sixth months after the intervention and every time they showed clinical symptoms of cystitis. The present findings showed that the incidence rate of cystitis and symptoms of cystitis was significantly lower in the eshnan group compared with the placebo group 2, 4, and 6 months after the intervention (p < .05). The incidence of recurrent was also significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the control group (p < .001). No side effects were observed in the intervention and control groups. The consumption of eshnan can improve the symptoms of cystitis and prevent the incidence of recurrent cystitis in women of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Kamalifard
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shamsi Abbasalizadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Midwifery Department, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Bastani
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevda Gholizadeh Shamasbi
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laleh Khodaei
- Department of Phytopharmacy, Traditional Medicine Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Golchehreh Gholizadeh
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Aisen CM, Ditkoff E, RoyChoudhury A, Corish M, Rutman MP, Chung DE, Badalato GM, Cooper KL. Utility of catheterized specimens in reducing overdiagnosis of urinary tract infections in women. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:1996-2001. [PMID: 29603811 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the utility of catheterized samples in reducing overdiagnosis of UTI based on voided specimens among patients presenting with a range of urinary symptoms. We also aimed to determine variables that may modify the predictive value of the voided midstream urine culture. METHODS Patient charts were reviewed to identify female patients referred to our voiding dysfunction clinic with a range of complaints warranting urine studies (5/2014-8/2016). Patients with a positive voided urine culture who also had a catheterized urine culture in our system were included. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify patient characteristics associated with a negative catheterized specimen despite a positive voided specimen. RESULTS One hundred and seven women were included in the study. Eighty percent of the cohort was post-menopausal. Although all patients had positive voided specimens, only 53 (49.5%) had positive catheterized specimens. On multivariate analysis negative nitrites on clean catch UA was a significant predictor of a negative catheterized sample (adjusted OR 8.9, 95%CI 2.2-43.7, P = 0.003). WBC/HPF <10 on clean catch UA trended towards significance (adjusted OR 4.72, 95%CI 1.1-26.1, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Relying on clean catch urine samples may lead to significant over-diagnosis of UTIs. Our study suggests that in female patients who have vague symptoms of UTI, obtaining catheterized specimens may be beneficial in avoiding the overdiagnosis of UTIs and the overuse of antibiotics. Larger, prospective studies testing our hypothesis are necessary, and would greatly assist in establishing clinical practices that reduce the amount of antibiotics inappropriately prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Aisen
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Erica Ditkoff
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Arindam RoyChoudhury
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia Universi--ty Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Michele Corish
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Matthew P Rutman
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Doreen E Chung
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Gina M Badalato
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Kimberly L Cooper
- Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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de Llano DG, Arroyo A, Cárdenas N, Rodríguez JM, Moreno-Arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Strain-specific inhibition of the adherence of uropathogenic bacteria to bladder cells by probiotic Lactobacillus spp. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3586811. [PMID: 28402532 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs), one of most common infections worldwide, face high recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Probiotic bacteria, especially of the genus Lactobacillus, are considered a promising preventive and/or treatment therapy against UTIs. In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects, we studied the impact of different Lactobacillus strains (Lactobacillus salivarius UCM572, L. plantarum CLC17 and L. acidophilus 01) in the adherence of reference and clinical uropathogenic strains (Escherichia coli ATCC® 53503, E. coli 10791, Enterococcus faecalis 04-1, En. faecalis 08-1 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 08-3) to T24 epithelial bladder cells. In general, the Lactobacillus strains with previous in vivo evidence of beneficial effects against UTIs (L. salivarius UCM572 and L. acidophilus 01) significantly inhibited the adherence of the five uropathogens to T24 cells, displaying percentages of inhibition ranging between 22.2% and 43.9%, and between 16.5% and 53.7%, respectively. On the other hand, L. plantarum CLC17, a strain with no expected effects on UTIs, showed almost negligible anti-adherence effects.Therefore, these in vitro results suggest that inhibition of the adherence of uropathogens to epithelial bladder cells may be one of the mechanisms involved in the potential beneficial effects of probiotics against UTIs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores González de Llano
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Arroyo
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nivia Cárdenas
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Victoria Moreno-Arribas
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Terlizzi ME, Gribaudo G, Maffei ME. UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) Infections: Virulence Factors, Bladder Responses, Antibiotic, and Non-antibiotic Antimicrobial Strategies. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1566. [PMID: 28861072 PMCID: PMC5559502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common pathological conditions in both community and hospital settings. It has been estimated that about 150 million people worldwide develop UTI each year, with high social costs in terms of hospitalizations and medical expenses. Among the common uropathogens associated to UTIs development, UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary cause. UPEC strains possess a plethora of both structural (as fimbriae, pili, curli, flagella) and secreted (toxins, iron-acquisition systems) virulence factors that contribute to their capacity to cause disease, although the ability to adhere to host epithelial cells in the urinary tract represents the most important determinant of pathogenicity. On the opposite side, the bladder epithelium shows a multifaceted array of host defenses including the urine flow and the secretion of antimicrobial substances, which represent useful tools to counteract bacterial infections. The fascinating and intricate dynamics between these players determine a complex interaction system that needs to be revealed. This review will focus on the most relevant components of UPEC arsenal of pathogenicity together with the major host responses to infection, the current approved treatment and the emergence of resistant UPEC strains, the vaccine strategies, the natural antimicrobial compounds along with innovative anti-adhesive and prophylactic approaches to prevent UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTorino, Italy
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