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Sebastian SA, Sethi Y, Mathews AM, Santhosh T, Lorraine Co E, Padda I, Johal G. Cardiovascular complications during pregnancy: Advancing cardio-obstetrics. Dis Mon 2024:101780. [PMID: 38910052 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
As the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continues to rise among women of childbearing age, the pregnant population with pre-existing heart conditions presents a complex and heterogeneous profile. These women face varying degrees of risk concerning maternal cardiovascular, obstetric, and fetal complications. Effectively managing adverse cardiovascular events during pregnancy presents substantial clinical challenges. The uncertainties surrounding diagnostic and therapeutic approaches create a dynamic landscape with potential implications for maternal and fetal health. Cardio-obstetrics has become increasingly recognized as a vital multidisciplinary field necessitating a collaborative approach to managing cardiovascular conditions during pregnancy. In this review, we aim to provide a thorough and up-to-date examination of the existing evidence, offering a comprehensive overview of strategies and considerations in the management of cardiovascular complications during pregnancy. Special emphasis is placed on the safety assessment of diagnostic procedures and the exploration of treatment options designed to prioritize the well-being of the mother and fetus. We also explore the significance of a multidisciplinary cardio-obstetrics team in providing comprehensive care for women of childbearing age with or at risk for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Annie Sebastian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azeezia Medical College, Kollam, Kerala, India; Research Nexus, Philadelphia, United States.
| | - Yashendra Sethi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, HNB Uttarakhand Medical Education University, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Tony Santhosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, KUHS, Kerala, India
| | - Edzel Lorraine Co
- Research Nexus, Philadelphia, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Manila, Philippines
| | - Inderbir Padda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center/Mount Sinai, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Gurpreet Johal
- Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Valley Medical Center, Seattle, USA
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Simeone RM, Downing KF, Bobo WV, Grosse SD, Khanna AD, Farr SL. Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression among adults with congenital heart defects. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:124-135. [PMID: 34935303 PMCID: PMC8828688 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to invasive treatments and stressors related to heart health, adults with congenital heart defects (CHDs) may have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and/or depressive disorders. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of these disorders among individuals with CHDs. METHODS Using IBM® MarketScan® Databases, we identified adults age 18-49 years with ≥2 outpatient anxiety/depressive disorder claims on separate dates or ≥1 inpatient anxiety/depressive disorder claim in 2017. CHDs were defined as ≥2 outpatient CHD claims ≥30 days apart or ≥1 inpatient CHD claim documented in 2007-2017. We used log-binomial regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between CHDs and anxiety/depressive disorders. RESULTS Of 13,807 adults with CHDs, 12.4% were diagnosed with an anxiety or depressive disorder. Adults with CHDs, compared to the 5,408,094 without CHDs, had higher prevalence of PTSD (0.8% vs. 0.5%; aPR: 1.5 [CI: 1.2-1.8]), anxiety disorders (9.9% vs. 7.5%; aPR: 1.3 [CI: 1.3-1.4]), and depressive disorders (6.3% vs. 4.9%; aPR: 1.3 [CI: 1.2-1.4]). Among individuals with CHDs, female sex (aPR range: 1.6-3.3) and inpatient admission (aPR range 1.1-1.9) were associated with anxiety/depressive disorders. CONCLUSION Over 1 in 8 adults with CHDs had diagnosed PTSD and/or other anxiety/depressive disorders, 30-50% higher than adults without CHDs. PTSD was rare, but three times more common in women with CHDs than men. Screening and referral for services for these conditions in people with CHDs may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Simeone
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karrie F. Downing
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William V. Bobo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Scott D. Grosse
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amber D. Khanna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sherry L. Farr
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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A new era of genetic testing in congenital heart disease: A review. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:311-319. [PMID: 33964404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and genomic testing in pediatric CHD is becoming increasingly routine, and can have important psychosocial, clinical and reproductive implications. In this paper we highlight important challenges and considerations when providing genetics consults and testing in pediatric CHD and illustrate the role of a dedicated CHD genetics clinic. Key lessons include that a) a genetic diagnosis can have clinical utility that justifies testing early in life, b) adequate genetic counselling is crucial to ensure families are supported, understand the range of possible results, and are prepared for new or unexpected health information, and c) further integration of the clinical genetics and cardiology workflows will be required to effectively manage the burgeoning information arising from genetic testing. Our experience demonstrates that a dedicated CHD genetics clinic is a valuable addition to a multidisciplinary team providing care to children with CHD.
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Pregnancy and Congenital Heart Disease: A Brief Review of Risk Assessment and Management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2020; 63:836-851. [PMID: 33074980 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. An increased prevalence of the cardiovascular disease has been found in women of childbearing age, in which the responsibility of the treating physician extends to the mother and to the unborn fetus. As a result, care of these high-risk pregnant women with cardiovascular disease including those with congenital heart disease (CHD) require a team approach including specialists in maternal-fetal medicine, adult congenital cardiology, and obstetrical anesthesia. The human body undergoes significant amounts of physiological changes during this period of time and the underlying cardiac disease can affect both the mother and the fetus. Today, most female children born with CHD will reach childbearing age. For many women with complex CHD, carrying a pregnancy has a moderate to high risk for both the mother and her fetus. This chapter will review the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation including common signs and symptoms, physiological changes in pregnancy, and the medical approach including cardiac medications, percutaneous interventions, and surgical procedures for pregnant women with CHD.
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De Backer J, Bondue A, Budts W, Evangelista A, Gallego P, Jondeau G, Loeys B, Peña ML, Teixido-Tura G, van de Laar I, Verstraeten A, Roos Hesselink J. Genetic counselling and testing in adults with congenital heart disease: A consensus document of the ESC Working Group of Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease, the ESC Working Group on Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Disease and the European Society of Human Genetics. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:1423-1435. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487319854552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to a better knowledge of the genetic causes of many diseases and an improvement in genetic testing techniques, genetics has gained an important role in the multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease and aortic pathology. With the introduction of strategies for precision medicine, it is expected that this will only increase further in the future. Because basic knowledge of the indications, the opportunities as well as the limitations of genetic testing is essential for correct application in clinical practice, this consensus document aims to give guidance to care-providers involved in the follow-up of adults with congenital heart defects and/or with hereditary aortic disease. This paper is the result of a collaboration between the ESC Working Group of Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease, the ESC Working Group on Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Disease and the European Society of Human Genetics. Throughout the document, the importance of correct counseling in the process of genetic testing is emphasized, indications and timing for genetic studies are discussed as well as the technical modalities of genetic testing. Finally, the most important genetic diseases in adult congenital heart disease and aortic pathology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Backer
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
- European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Disease (VASCERN), HTAD Rare Disease Working Group
| | - Antoine Bondue
- Department of Cardiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Werner Budts
- Congenital and Structural Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arturo Evangelista
- European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Disease (VASCERN), HTAD Rare Disease Working Group
- Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR. CIBER-CV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pastora Gallego
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Spain
| | - Guillaume Jondeau
- European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Disease (VASCERN), HTAD Rare Disease Working Group
- Centre National Maladie Rare pour le Syndrome de Marfan et Apparentés, Hôpital Bichat, France
| | - Bart Loeys
- European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Disease (VASCERN), HTAD Rare Disease Working Group
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Maria L Peña
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Spain
| | - Gisela Teixido-Tura
- European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Disease (VASCERN), HTAD Rare Disease Working Group
- Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, VHIR. CIBER-CV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid van de Laar
- European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Disease (VASCERN), HTAD Rare Disease Working Group
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, the Netherlands
| | - Aline Verstraeten
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jolien Roos Hesselink
- European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Disease (VASCERN), HTAD Rare Disease Working Group
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, the Netherlands
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Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Cífková R, De Bonis M, Iung B, Johnson MR, Kintscher U, Kranke P, Lang IM, Morais J, Pieper PG, Presbitero P, Price S, Rosano GMC, Seeland U, Simoncini T, Swan L, Warnes CA. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:3165-3241. [PMID: 30165544 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Testa P, Mainardi A, Piovaccari G. The adult patient with congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 18 Suppl 1:e149-e153. [PMID: 28212134 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Testa
- Cardiology Unit, Infermi Hospital, Rimini, Italy
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Canobbio MM, Warnes CA, Aboulhosn J, Connolly HM, Khanna A, Koos BJ, Mital S, Rose C, Silversides C, Stout K. Management of Pregnancy in Patients With Complex Congenital Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 135:e50-e87. [PMID: 28082385 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, most female children born with congenital heart disease will reach childbearing age. For many women with complex congenital heart disease, carrying a pregnancy carries a moderate to high risk for both the mother and her fetus. Many such women, however, do not have access to adult congenital heart disease tertiary centers with experienced reproductive programs. Therefore, it is important that all practitioners who will be managing these women have current information not only on preconception counseling and diagnostic evaluation to determine maternal and fetal risk but also on how to manage them once they are pregnant and when to refer them to a regional center with expertise in pregnancy management.
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Bhatt AB, Foster E, Kuehl K, Alpert J, Brabeck S, Crumb S, Davidson WR, Earing MG, Ghoshhajra BB, Karamlou T, Mital S, Ting J, Tseng ZH. Congenital Heart Disease in the Older Adult. Circulation 2015; 131:1884-931. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Blue GM, Kasparian NA, Sholler GF, Kirk EP, Winlaw DS. Genetic counselling in parents of children with congenital heart disease significantly improves knowledge about causation and enhances psychosocial functioning. Int J Cardiol 2015; 178:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Reproductive Fitness and Genetic Transmission of Tetralogy of Fallot in the Molecular Age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:102-9. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Individuals with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) now routinely survive to reproductive age and beyond. Reproductive fitness of adults with TOF and recurrence risks to offspring are of increasing interest in the modern era, especially given recent molecular genetic discoveries.
Methods and Results—
After excluding individuals with known genetic syndromes, 543 unrelated adults with TOF underwent a detailed family history assessment and molecular characterization for rare copy number variations using high-resolution genome-wide microarrays. Men and women with TOF had significantly fewer offspring compared with an age-matched comparison group without congenital heart disease (CHD;
P
=0.0004). No aspect of rare copy number variation burden was a predictor of decreased reproductive fitness. Corresponding with the advent of modern surgical repairs, reproductive fitness of women began to exceed that of men (
P
=0.0490). Recurrence risk for CHD in offspring was 4.8%, with no significant differences between men and women with TOF. The risk of severe CHD in offspring (2.3%) far exceeded population expectations (relative risk, 15.6; 95% confidence interval, 7.9–31.0). Most cases of vertical transmission of CHD were not explained by the transmission of a large rare copy number variation. Although conotruncal lesions (31.5%) were the most commonly reported CHD in relatives, the familial spectrum of disease included many anatomically discordant lesions.
Conclusions—
Men and women with TOF have reduced reproductive fitness. Their offspring are at significantly elevated risk for severe CHD. These results support the importance of genetic counseling for both men and women with complex CHD. Many inherited genetic variants remain to be discovered.
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van Engelen K, Baars MJ, Felix JP, Postma AV, Mulder BJ, Smets EM. The value of the clinical geneticist caring for adults with congenital heart disease: Diagnostic yield and patients' perspective. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1628-37. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marieke J.H. Baars
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam; The; Netherlands
| | - Joyce P. Felix
- Department of Cardiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam; The; Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ellen M.A. Smets
- Department of Medical Psychology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam; The; Netherlands
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Hatton R, Colman JM, Sermer M, Grewal J, Silversides CK. Cardiac risks and management of complications in pregnant women with congenital heart disease. Future Cardiol 2012; 8:315-27. [PMID: 22413989 DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a growing number of women with congenital heart disease reaching adulthood and contemplating and/or undergoing pregnancy. However, pregnancy imposes hemodynamic stress on the heart and this can result in maternal, fetal and neonatal complications. Most women with congenital heart disease do well during pregnancy, but some women with high-risk cardiac lesions will not tolerate the hemodynamic changes of pregnancy. Physicians must be aware of the potential risks for the mother both during and after pregnancy, the risks to the fetus and neonate, and the risks and benefits of medications and procedures used during pregnancy. For women with complex cardiac conditions, management during pregnancy benefits from multidisciplinary care involving cardiologists with expertise in pregnancy, obstetricians with expertise in maternal fetal medicine, neonatologists and obstetric anesthetists, among others. This review will focus on the cardiac risks faced by women with congenital heart disease; particularly those at high risk, and on management strategies to mitigate risk and address cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Hatton
- Mount Sinai Hospital, OPG Building, 700 University Ave, Room 3147, Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z5, Canada
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