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Dong H, Chen R, Xu F, Cheng F. Can Lipid-Lowering Drugs Reduce the Risk of Cholelithiasis? A Mendelian Randomization Study. Clin Epidemiol 2024; 16:131-141. [PMID: 38410417 PMCID: PMC10896097 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s439642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Cholelithiasis etiology intricately involves lipid metabolism. We sought to investigate the plausible causal link between genetically proxied lipid-lowering medications-specifically HMGCR inhibitors, PCSK9 inhibitors, and NPC1L1 inhibitors-and cholelithiasis risk. Methods Our study utilized two genetic instruments for exposure to lipid-lowering drugs. These instruments encompassed genetic variants linked to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol within or in proximity to drug target genes, along with loci governing gene expression traits of these targets. Effect estimates were derived through Inverse-variance-weighted MR (IVW-MR) and summary-data-based MR (SMR) methods. Results Higher HMGCR-mediated LDL cholesterol levels (IVW-MR, OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.58-2.94; P = 0.000) and increased HMGCR expression (SMR, OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.04-1.37; P = 0.014) are linked to elevated cholelithiasis risk, suggesting potential benefits of HMGCR inhibition. In contrast, higher PCSK9-mediated LDL cholesterol levels (IVW-MR, OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.56-0.94; P = 0.015) and increased PCSK9 expression (SMR, OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.82-0.99; P = 0.035) both correlate with lower cholelithiasis risk, indicating that PCSK9 inhibition may elevate this risk. Nevertheless, no substantial link emerged between NPC1L1-mediated LDL cholesterol or NPC1L1 expression and cholelithiasis in both IVW-MR and SMR analyses. Conclusion This MR investigation affirms the causal link between the utilization of HMGCR inhibitors and a diminished risk of cholelithiasis. Additionally, it indicates a causal link between PCSK9 inhibitors use and increased cholelithiasis risk. However, no significant correlation was found between NPC1L1 inhibitors use and cholelithiasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Xu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, People’s Republic of China
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Raja V, Aguiar C, Alsayed N, Chibber YS, ElBadawi H, Ezhov M, Hermans MP, Pandey RC, Ray KK, Tokgözoglu L, Zambon A, Berrou JP, Farnier M. Non-HDL-cholesterol in dyslipidemia: Review of the state-of-the-art literature and outlook. Atherosclerosis 2023; 383:117312. [PMID: 37826864 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia refers to unhealthy changes in blood lipid composition and is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Usually, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is the primary goal for dyslipidemia management. However, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) has gained attention as an alternative, reliable goal. It encompasses all plasma lipoproteins like LDL, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), TRL-remnants, and lipoprotein a [Lp(a)] except high-density lipoproteins (HDL). In addition to LDL-C, several other constituents of non-HDL-C have been reported to be atherogenic, aiding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. They are acknowledged as contributors to residual ASCVD risk that exists in patients on statin therapy with controlled LDL-C levels. Therefore, non-HDL-C is now considered an independent risk factor or predictor for CVD. The popularity of non-HDL-C is attributed to its ease of estimation and non-dependency on fasting status. It is also better at predicting ASCVD risk in patients on statin therapy, and/or in those with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. In addition, large follow-up studies have reported that individuals with higher baseline non-HDL-C at a younger age (<45 years) were more prone to adverse CVD events at an older age, suggesting a predictive ability of non-HDL-C over the long term. Consequently, non-HDL-C is recommended as a secondary goal for dyslipidemia management by most international guidelines. Intriguingly, geographical patterns in recent epidemiological studies showed remarkably high non-HDL-C attributable mortality in high-risk countries. This review highlights the independent role of non-HDL-C in ASCVD pathogenesis and prognosis. In addition, the need for a country-specific approach to dyslipidemia management at the community/population level is discussed. Overall, non-HDL-C can become a co-primary or primary goal in dyslipidemia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrama Raja
- Abbott Products Operations AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Aguiar
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Hussein ElBadawi
- Internal Medicine Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Metabolic Unit, My Clinic International, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marat Ezhov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology n.a. ac. E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Kausik K Ray
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Imperial College London, UK
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Tang XY, Mao CR, Fang JB, Ma ZJ, Huang Y, Wang D. Alpiniamides E-G from the Saline Lake-Derived Streptomyces sp. QHA48 and Their Lipid Accumulation Inhibitory Activity. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300538. [PMID: 37291995 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alpiniamides E-G, three previously unreported linear polyketide derivatives, along with two known compounds, were isolated from Streptomyces sp. QHA48, which was isolated from the saline lakes of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The structures of these compounds were determined through analysis of their spectroscopic data, as well as density functional theory prediction of NMR chemical shifts, application of the DP4+ algorithm and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. In a cell-based lipid-lowering assay, all five alpiniamides exhibited significant inhibition of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells without inducing cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 27 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Tang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, P. R. China
| | - Chu-Ru Mao
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Bin Fang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Jun Ma
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, P. R. China
| | - Yun Huang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Functional Food Nutrition and Quality Safety for State Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Health Food Quality Safety of Provincial Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, 310052, P. R. China
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4
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Hagen AN, Ariansen I, Hanssen TA, Lappegård KT, Eggen AE, Løchen ML, Njølstad I, Wilsgaard T, Hopstock LA. Achievements of primary prevention targets in individuals with high risk of cardiovascular disease: an 8-year follow-up of the Tromsø study. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2022; 2:oeac061. [PMID: 36284643 PMCID: PMC9583183 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aims To study change over 8 years in cardiovascular risk, achievement of national guideline-based treatment targets of lipids, blood pressure (BP) and smoking in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), medication use, and characteristics associated with target achievement among individuals with high CVD risk in a general population. Methods and results We followed 2524 women and men aged 40-79 years with high risk of CVD attending the population-based Tromsø study in 2007-08 (Tromsø6) to their participation in the next survey in 2015-16 (Tromsø7). We used descriptive statistics and regression models to study change in CVD risk and medication use, and characteristics associated with treatment target achievement. In total, 71.4% reported use of BP- and/or lipid-lowering medication at second screening. Overall, CVD risk decreased during follow-up, with a larger decrease among medication users compared with non-users. Treatment target achievement was 31.0% for total cholesterol <5 mmol/L, 27.3% for LDL cholesterol <3 mmol/L, 43.4% for BP <140/90 (<135/85 if diabetes) mmHg, and 85.4% for non-smoking. A total of 9.8% reached all treatment targets combined. Baseline risk factor levels and current medication use had the strongest associations with treatment target achievement. Conclusion We found an overall improvement in CVD risk factors among high-risk individuals over 8 years. However, guideline-based treatment target achievement was relatively low for all risk factors except smoking. Medication use was the strongest characteristic associated with achieving treatment targets. This study has demonstrated that primary prevention of CVD continues to remain a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Nilsen Hagen
- Department of Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Parkveien 96, Nordland, 8005 Bodø, Norway
| | - Inger Ariansen
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Folkehelseinstituttet, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Aminda Hanssen
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norge HF Postboks 100, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, UiT Noregs arktiske universitet Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Knut Tore Lappegård
- Department of Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Parkveien 96, Nordland, 8005 Bodø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, UiT Noregs arktiske universitet Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne Elise Eggen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, UiT Noregs arktiske universitet Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maja-Lisa Løchen
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norge HF Postboks 100, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, UiT Noregs arktiske universitet Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, UiT Noregs arktiske universitet Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, UiT Noregs arktiske universitet Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laila Arnesdatter Hopstock
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, UiT Noregs arktiske universitet Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Bhargava S, de la Puente-Secades S, Schurgers L, Jankowski J. Lipids and lipoproteins in cardiovascular diseases: a classification. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:409-423. [PMID: 35370062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipids and lipoproteins, their metabolism, and their transport are essential contributing factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as they regulate plasma cholesterol concentration, enhancing cholesterol uptake by macrophages, leading to foam cell formation and ultimately resulting in plaque formation and inflammation. However, lipids and lipoproteins have cardioprotective functions as well, such as preventing oxidation of proatherogenic molecules and downregulating inflammatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bhargava
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia de la Puente-Secades
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Thakur R, Suri CR, Kaur IP, Rishi P. Review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2022; 40:49-100. [DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2022040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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da Motta SB, Toledes VC, Franzoni L. Statin Associated With Physical Training: A Perfect Combination. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:279-280. [PMID: 34495218 PMCID: PMC8395793 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bastos da Motta
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrasilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Grupo de Vascular e Exercício – VascuEx, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | - Vanessa Caroline Toledes
- Faculdade Cenecista Santo ÂngeloSanto ÂngeloRSBrasilFaculdade Cenecista Santo Ângelo - Curso de Fisioterapia, Santo Ângelo, RS - Brasil
| | - Leandro Franzoni
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGSPorto AlegreRSBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Central Hospital of Linyi City, Yishui, Shandong, China
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9
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Feng X, Zhang L, Xu S, Shen AZ. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis: An updated review. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 77:101006. [PMID: 31499095 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is an important enzyme linking carbohydrate to lipid metabolism by generating acetyl-CoA from citrate for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Mendelian randomization of large human cohorts has validated ACLY as a promising target for low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering and cardiovascular protection. Among current ACLY inhibitors, Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) is a first-in-class, prodrug-based direct competitive inhibitor of ACLY which regulates lipid metabolism by upregulating hepatic LDL receptor (LDLr) expression and activity. ACLY deficiency in hepatocytes protects from hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of ACLY by bempedoic acid, prevents dyslipidemia and attenuates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice, LDLr-/- mice, and LDLr-/- miniature pigs. Convincing data from clinical trials have revealed that bempedoic acid significantly lowers LDL-C as monotherapy, combination therapy, and add-on with statin therapy in statin-intolerant patients. More recently, a phase 3 CLEAR Harmony clinical trial ("Safety and Efficacy of Bempedoic Acid to Reduce LDL Cholesterol") has shown that bempedoic acid reduces the level of LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic patients receiving guideline-recommended statin therapy with a good safety profile. Hereby, we provide a updated review of the expression, regulation, genetics, functions of ACLY in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, and highlight the therapeutic potential of ACLY inhibitors (such as bempedoic acid, SB-204990, and other naturally-occuring inhibitors) to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. It must be pointed out that long-term large-scale clinical trials in high-risk patients, are warranted to validate whether ACLY represent a promising therapeutic target for pharmaceutic intervention of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis; and assess the safety and efficacy profile of ACLY inhibitors in improving cardiovascular outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Ai-Zong Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China.
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Moghadasian MH, Zhao R, Ghazawwi N, Le K, Apea-Bah FB, Beta T, Shen GX. Inhibitory Effects of North American Wild Rice on Monocyte Adhesion and Inflammatory Modulators in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Knockout Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9054-9060. [PMID: 28942638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of wild rice on monocyte adhesion, inflammatory and fibrinolytic mediators in low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout (LDLr-KO) mice. Male LDLr-KO mice received a cholesterol (0.06%, w/w)-supplemented diet with or without white or wild rice (60%, w/w) for 20 weeks. White rice significantly increased monocyte adhesion and abundances of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tissue necrosis factor-α, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and uPA receptor in aortae and hearts of LDLr-KO mice compared to the control diet. Wild rice inhibited monocyte adhesion to the aorta, atherosclerosis, and abundances of the inflammatory and fibrinolytic regulators in the cardiovascular tissue of LDLr-KO mice compared to white rice. White or wild rice did not significantly alter the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, or antioxidant enzymes in plasma. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of wild rice may result from its inhibition on monocyte adhesion and inflammatory modulators in LDLr-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Moghadasian
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , 835-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Ruozhi Zhao
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , 835-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Nora Ghazawwi
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , 835-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Khuong Le
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , 835-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Franklin B Apea-Bah
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , 835-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Trust Beta
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , 835-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Garry X Shen
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences and ‡Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba , 835-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
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11
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Jetty V, Glueck CJ, Lee K, Goldenberg N, Prince M, Kumar A, Goldenberg M, Anand I, Wang P. Eligibility for alirocumab or evolocumab treatment in 1090 hypercholesterolemic patients referred to a regional cholesterol treatment center with LDL cholesterol ≥70 mg/dL despite maximal-tolerated LDL-cholesterol-lowering therapy. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2017; 13:247-253. [PMID: 28740397 PMCID: PMC5505680 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s133690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, Praluent (alirocumab [ALI]) and Repatha (evolocumab [EVO]) have been approved as adjuncts to the standard-of-care maximal-tolerated dose (MTD) of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC)-lowering therapy (LLT), statin therapy, in heterozygous (HeFH) (ALI or EVO) or homozygous (EVO) familial hypercholesterolemia, or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) where LDLC lowering is insufficient (both). Since LDLC lowering has been revolutionized by ALI and EVO, specialty pharmaceutical pricing models will be applied to a mass market. Methods We applied US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and insurance eligibility criteria for ALI and EVO to 1090 hypercholesterolemic patients serially referred over 3 years who then received ≥2 months maximal-tolerated dose of standard-of-care LDL cholesterol-lowering therapy (MTDLLT) with follow-up LDLC ≥70 mg/dL. MTDLLT did not include ALI or EVO, which had not been commercially approved before completion of this study. Results Of the 1090 patients, 140 (13%) had HeFH by clinical diagnostic criteria and/or CVD with LDLC >100 mg/dL despite ≥2 months on MTDLLT, meeting FDA insurance criteria for ALI or EVO therapy. Another 51 (5%) patients were statin intolerant, without HeFH or CVD. Conclusion If 13% of patients with HeFH-CVD and LDLC >100 mg/dL despite MTDLLT are eligible for ALI or EVO, then specialty pharmaceutical pricing models (~$14,300/year) might be used in an estimated 10 million HeFH-CVD patients. Whether the health care savings arising from the anticipated reduction of CVD events by ALI or EVO justify their costs in populations with HeFH-CVD and LDLC >100 mg/dL despite MTDLLT remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vybhav Jetty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles J Glueck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Naila Goldenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marloe Prince
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashwin Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Goldenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ishan Anand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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12
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Choi J, Khan AM, Jarmin M, Goldenberg N, Glueck CJ, Wang P. Efficacy and safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, alirocumab and evolocumab, a post-commercialization study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:141. [PMID: 28738813 PMCID: PMC5525304 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efficacy-safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, alirocumab (ALI) and evolocumab (EVO), have previously been evaluated through controlled clinical trials with selective patient groups. Post-commercially, in 69 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) with suboptimal LDL cholesterol (LDLC) lowering on maximal tolerated LDLC therapy, we assessed efficacy and safety of ALI and EVO. Methods Post-commercially, we started 29 patients on ALI 75 mg, 18 on ALI 150 mg, and 22 on EVO 140 mg every 2 weeks added to a maximally tolerated LDLC-lowering regimen. Since LDLC lowering did not differ between ALI 150 and EVO 140 mg, ALI 150-EVO 140 data were pooled (ALI-EVO). Changes in LDLC and AHA and NIH calculated 10-year CVD risks were assessed. Results Of the 69 patients, 25 had HeFH, 25 CVD, and 19 had both. At entry, 23 (33%) took statins and 46 (67%) were statin-intolerant. Mean ± SD and median follow-up were 49 ± 13 and 49 weeks on ALI 75 mg, and 37 ± 12 and 33 weeks on ALI-EVO. In the ALI-EVO group (n = 40), median LDLC fell from 165 mg/dl at entry to 70 mg/dl (median − 59%, p < .0001). AHA 10-year calculated CVD risk fell from 10.2 to 5.5% (median − 28%, p < .0001), and by the NIH calculator from 14.2 to 3.6% (median − 78%, p < .0001). In the ALI 75 mg group (n = 29), entry LDLC fell from 115 to 68 mg/dl (median − 39%, p < .0001). AHA 10-year calculated CVD risk fell from 11.5 to 7.3% (median − 20%, p = .004), and NIH 10-year risk from 12.9 to 5.1% (median 67%, p < .0001). Absolute and percent change in LDLC was independent of statin use. There were flu-like symptoms in 14% of patients. Adverse events did not differ (p > 0.05) between ALI 75 mg and ALI-EVO. Conclusion In patients with HeFH and/or CVD, LDLC decreased from 115 to 68 mg/dl (39%) on ALI 75 mg with mean follow-up of 49 weeks, and from 165 to 70 mg/dl (59%) on ALI-EVO over 37 weeks, p < .0001 for both. Adverse events were minimal and tolerable. ALI and EVO represent paradigm shifts in LDLC lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Choi
- Graduate Medical Education and Research, The Jewish Hospital- Mercy Health, Graduate Medical Education and Research, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Amir M Khan
- Graduate Medical Education and Research, The Jewish Hospital- Mercy Health, Graduate Medical Education and Research, Cincinnati, USA.
| | - Michael Jarmin
- Graduate Medical Education and Research, The Jewish Hospital- Mercy Health, Graduate Medical Education and Research, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Naila Goldenberg
- Graduate Medical Education and Research, The Jewish Hospital- Mercy Health, Graduate Medical Education and Research, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Charles J Glueck
- Graduate Medical Education and Research, The Jewish Hospital- Mercy Health, Graduate Medical Education and Research, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Graduate Medical Education and Research, The Jewish Hospital- Mercy Health, Graduate Medical Education and Research, Cincinnati, USA
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Jiang QF, Huang MY, Wu KY, Weng JL, Deng RG, Xu XJ, Xu JP, Jiang T. Intervention Effects of Atorvastatin Combined with Panax notoginseng Saponins on Rats with Atherosclerosis Complicated with Hepatic Injury. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:430-438. [PMID: 28839368 PMCID: PMC5551361 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_424_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Statins cannot be used for some active liver diseases, which limits its application to some extent. The combined use of statins with other drugs may be one of the ways to solve this dilemma. Objective: This research aims to evaluate the effects of atorvastatin combined with Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on rats with atherosclerosis (AS) complicated with hepatic injury. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly categorized into control group (without any intervention, Group A) and AS model groups, which were divided into hepatic injury (Groups B–E) and nonhepatic injury (Groups F–I) groups. Hepatic and nonhepatic injury groups were intragastrically treated with 5.5 mg/kg·d atorvastatin (Group B, F), 200 mg/kg·d PNS (Group C, G), 5.5 mg/kg·d atorvastatin + 200 mg/kg·d PNS (Group D, H), and normal saline (Group E, I). After 8 weeks, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and serum calcium were analyzed to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and r-glutamyltransferase levels were measured to assess liver function. The thoracic aortas were used for hematoxylin–eosin staining. Results: In both hepatic injury and nonhepatic injury groups, TC, TG and LDL-C levels significantly decreased in Groups B, D, F, and H. ALT and AST levels significantly increased in Group B, but significantly decreased in Groups C and D. The aortic intima thickness was significantly lower in Groups B, D, F, and H than that in the normal saline group. Conclusion: The combination of atorvastatin and PNS treatment showed a significant hypolipidemic effect and hepatic enzyme stability function. SUMMARY The single use of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) in the rat model for atherosclerosis significantly reduced Ca2+ content in serum, whereas the effect of lowing total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is not apparent, especially as compared with atorvastatin treatment PNS combined with atorvastatin treatment of the rat model for atherosclerosis displayed a noticeable, synergistic effect that allowed for better reduction of TC, TG, LDL-C and Ca2+ in the serum than that with the single use of PNS or atorvastatin In the rat liver injury combined with atherosclerosis model, the single use of PNS significantly improved liver function, whereas atorvastatin alone only aggravated liver injury in the rat model. The effect of PNS combined with atorvastatin on liver function was significantly better than that of atorvastatin alone The combined use of PNS and atorvastatin showed good stability of liver function on the liver injury combined with atherosclerosis model.
Abbreviations used: PNS: Panax notoginseng saponins; AS: Atherosclerosis; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; T-BIL: Total bilirubin; r-GT: R-glutamyltransferase; HE: Hematoxylin–eosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Fang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, West Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Min-Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Kang-Yuan Wu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Jie-Ling Weng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Rong-Gui Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, West Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Xin-Jie Xu
- Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Jian-Pei Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, West Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, West Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
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Raal FJ, Hovingh GK, Blom D, Santos RD, Harada-Shiba M, Bruckert E, Couture P, Soran H, Watts GF, Kurtz C, Honarpour N, Tang L, Kasichayanula S, Wasserman SM, Stein EA. Long-term treatment with evolocumab added to conventional drug therapy, with or without apheresis, in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: an interim subset analysis of the open-label TAUSSIG study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:280-290. [PMID: 28215937 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia is a genetic disorder characterised by substantially raised LDL cholesterol, reduced LDL receptor function, xanthomas, and cardiovascular disease before age 20 years. Conventional therapy is with statins, ezetimibe, and apheresis. We aimed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor evolocumab in a subset of patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia enrolled in an open-label, non-randomised phase 3 trial. METHODS In this interim subset analysis of the TAUSSIG study, which was undertaken at 35 sites in 17 countries, we included patients aged 12 years or older with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia who were on stable LDL cholesterol-lowering therapy for at least 4 weeks; all patients received evolocumab 420 mg subcutaneously monthly, or if on apheresis every 2 weeks. Dosing could be increased to every 2 weeks after 12 weeks in patients not on apheresis. The primary outcome of the TAUSSIG study was treatment-emergent adverse events; secondary outcomes were the effects of evolocumab on LDL cholesterol and other lipids. We analysed patients on an intention-to-treat basis, and all statistical comparisons were done post hoc in this interim analysis. The TAUSSIG study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01624142, and is ongoing. FINDINGS 106 patients were included in this analysis, 34 receiving apheresis at study entry and 14 younger than 18 years. The first patient was enrolled on June 28, 2012, and the cutoff date for the analysis was Aug 13, 2015; mean follow-up was 1·7 years (SD 0·63). After 12 weeks, mean LDL cholesterol decreased from baseline by 20·6% (SD 24·4; mean absolute decrease 1·50 mmol/L [SD 1·92]); these reductions were maintained at week 48. 47 of 72 patients not on apheresis at study entry increased evolocumab dosing to every 2 weeks, with an additional mean reduction in LDL cholesterol of 8·3% (SD 13·0; mean absolute decrease 0·77 mmol/L [SD 1·38]; p=0·0001). In a post-hoc analysis, mean reductions in LDL cholesterol in patients on apheresis were significant at week 12 (p=0·0012) and week 48 (p=0·0032), and did not differ from reductions achieved in patients not on apheresis (p=0·38 at week 12 and p=0·09 at week 48). We noted a small reduction (median -7·7% [IQR -21·6 to 6·8]) in lipoprotein(a) at week 12 (p=0·0015), with some additional reduction at week 48 (-11·9% [-28·0 to 0·0]; p<0·0001). HDL cholesterol was increased by a mean of 7·6% (SD 18·1) at week 12 (p<0·0001) and 7·6% (SD 20·6) at week 48 (p=0·0007). Evolocumab was well tolerated; 82 (77%) patients reported treatment-emergent adverse events, which were mostly minor. The most common were nasopharyngitis (14 patients [13%]), influenza (13 [12%]), headache (11 [10%]), and upper respiratory tract infection (11 [10%]). Serious adverse events occurred in 18 (17%) patients, with the most common being cardiovascular events (four patients [4%]). There were no deaths and four positively adjudicated cardiovascular events, one (3%) among patients on apheresis and three (4%) among patients who did not receive apheresis. INTERPRETATION Our interim results suggest that evolocumab is an effective additional option to reduce LDL cholesterol in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, with or without apheresis. FUNDING Amgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Raal
- Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Blom
- Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital and Preventive Medicine Center and Cardiology Program, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Hôspital Pitié Salpêtrière, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Couture
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Evan A Stein
- Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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15
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Shah P, Glueck CJ, Goldenberg N, Min S, Mahida C, Schlam I, Rothschild M, Huda A, Wang P. Efficacy, safety, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering, and calculated 10-year cardiovascular risk reduction of alirocumab and evolocumab in addition to maximal tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy: a post-commercialization study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:19. [PMID: 28115017 PMCID: PMC5259842 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efficacy and safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, alirocumab (ALI) and evolocumab (EVO) have previously been evaluated through controlled clinical trials with selective patient groups. Post-commercially, in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) with suboptimal LDL cholesterol (LDLC) lowering on maximal tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy, we assessed efficacy and safety of ALI and EVO. Methods Post-commercially, we started 25 patients on ALI 75 mg, 15 on ALI 150 mg, and 32 on EVO 140 mg bi-weekly added to entry LDLC lowering regimen, with follow-up for a median 24 weeks. History, physical exam, demographics, and adverse event data were collected. Changes in LDLC and AHA and NIH calculated 10-year CVD risks were assessed on ALI and EVO. Results Of 72 patients, 25 had HeFH only, 25 CVD only, 22 had both, median age was 65 years, 63% females, 38% males, 86% Caucasian, 11% African-Americans, 17% diabetics, 63% on anti-hypertensives, and 7% smokers. At entry, 30 (42%) were on a statin and 42 (58%) could not tolerate any statins. At 24-weeks, median LDLC decreased on ALI 75 mg from 117 to 62 mg/dL (−54%), on ALI 150 mg from 175 to 57 mg/dL (−63%), and on EVO 140 mg from 165 to 69 mg/dL (−63%), p <0.0001 for all. Absolute and percent LDLC reduction did not differ (p >.05) between ALI 150 and EVO 140 mg, but were less on ALI 75 mg vs ALI 150 mg and EVO 140 mg (p <.05). Percent reductions in 10-year CVD risks by AHA and NIH calculators, respectively were ALI 75 mg −22 and −44%, ALI 150 mg −31 and −50%, and EVO 140 mg −29 and −56%, p ≤.002 for all. The three most common adverse events included flu-like myositis 10%, respiratory tract symptoms 8%, and injection site reaction 6%. Conclusion In patients with HeFH and/or CVD, LDLC was lowered by 63% on EVO and ALI 150 mg, and 54% on ALI 75 mg. Adverse events were minimal and tolerable. ALI and EVO represent paradigm shifts in LDLC lowering. Long term, post-commercial safety and efficacy remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Shah
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Charles J Glueck
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Naila Goldenberg
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah Min
- The Jewish Hospital Internal Medicine Residency Program, 4777 E Galbraith Rd, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45236, USA
| | - Chris Mahida
- The Jewish Hospital Internal Medicine Residency Program, 4777 E Galbraith Rd, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45236, USA
| | - Ilana Schlam
- The Jewish Hospital Internal Medicine Residency Program, 4777 E Galbraith Rd, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45236, USA
| | - Matan Rothschild
- The Jewish Hospital Internal Medicine Residency Program, 4777 E Galbraith Rd, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45236, USA
| | - Ali Huda
- The Jewish Hospital Internal Medicine Residency Program, 4777 E Galbraith Rd, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45236, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Graduate Medical Education Department, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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16
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Recio C, Maione F, Iqbal AJ, Mascolo N, De Feo V. The Potential Therapeutic Application of Peptides and Peptidomimetics in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:526. [PMID: 28111551 PMCID: PMC5216031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Numerous therapies are currently under investigation to improve pathological cardiovascular complications, but yet, there have been very few new medications approved for intervention/treatment. Therefore, new approaches to treat CVD are urgently required. Attempts to prevent vascular complications usually involve amelioration of contributing risk factors and underlying processes such as inflammation, obesity, hyperglycaemia, or hypercholesterolemia. Historically, the development of peptides as therapeutic agents has been avoided by the Pharmaceutical industry due to their low stability, size, rate of degradation, and poor delivery. However, more recently, resurgence has taken place in developing peptides and their mimetics for therapeutic intervention. As a result, increased attention has been placed upon using peptides that mimic the function of mediators involved in pathologic processes during vascular damage. This review will provide an overview on novel targets and experimental therapeutic approaches based on peptidomimetics for modulation in CVD. We aim to specifically examine apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apoE mimetic peptides and their role in cholesterol transport during atherosclerosis, suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1-derived peptides and annexin-A1 as potent inhibitors of inflammation, incretin mimetics and their function in glucose-insulin tolerance, among others. With improvements in technology and synthesis platforms the future looks promising for the development of novel peptides and mimetics for therapeutic use. However, within the area of CVD much more work is required to identify and improve our understanding of peptide structure, interaction, and function in order to select the best targets to take forward for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Recio
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Francesco Maione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Mascolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy
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17
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Shah P, Glueck CJ, Jetty V, Goldenberg N, Rothschild M, Riaz R, Duhon G, Wang P. Pharmacoeconomics of PCSK9 inhibitors in 103 hypercholesterolemic patients referred for diagnosis and treatment to a cholesterol treatment center. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:132. [PMID: 27538393 PMCID: PMC4991071 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PCSK9 inhibitor therapy has been approved by the FDA as an adjunct to diet-maximal tolerated cholesterol lowering drug therapy for adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with suboptimal LDL cholesterol (LDLC) lowering despite maximal diet-drug therapy. With an estimated ~24million of US hypercholesterolemic patients potentially eligible for PCSK9 inhibitors, costing ~ $14,300/patient/year, it is important to assess health-care savings arising from PCSK9 inhibitors vs ASCVD cost. Methods In 103 patients with HeFH, and/or ASCVD and/or suboptimal LDLC lowering despite maximally tolerated diet-drug therapy, we assessed pharmacoeconomics of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy with lowering of LDLC. For HeFH diagnosis, we applied Simon Broome’s or WHO Dutch Lipid Criteria (score >8). Estimates of direct and indirect costs for ASCVD events were calculated using American Heart Association (AHA), U.S. DHHS, Healthcare Bluebook, and BMC Health Services Research databases. We used the ACC/AHA 10-year ASCVD risk calculator to estimate 10-year ASCVD risk and estimated corresponding direct and indirect costs. Assuming a 50 % reduction in ASCVD events on PCSK9 inhibitors, we calculated direct and indirect health-care savings. Results We started 103 patients (58 [56 %] women and 45 [44 %] men), on either alirocumab (62 %) or evolocumab (38 %), median age 63, BMI 29.0, and LDLC 149 mg/dl. Of the 103 patients, 28 had both HeFH and ASCVD, 33 with only ASCVD, 33 with only HeFH, and 9 had neither. Of the 103 patients, 61 had a first ASCVD event at median age 55 and on best tolerated cholesterol-lowering therapy median LDLC was 137 mg/dl. In these 61 patients, total direct costs attributable to ASCVD were $8,904,361 ($4,328,623 direct, $4,575,738 indirect), the median 10-year risk of a new CVD event was calculated to be 13.1 % with total cost $1,654,758. Assuming a 50 % reduction in ASCVD events on PCSK9 inhibitors in our 61 patients, $4,452,180 would have been saved in the past; and future 10-year savings would be $1,123,345. Conclusion In the 61 CVD patients, net costs/patient/year were estimated to be $7,000 in the past, with future 10-year intervention net costs/patient/year being $12,459, both below the $50,000/year quality adjusted life-year gained by PCSK9 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Shah
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.
| | - Charles J Glueck
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Vybhav Jetty
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Naila Goldenberg
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Matan Rothschild
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Rashid Riaz
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Gregory Duhon
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
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18
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Ellis KL, Hooper AJ, Burnett JR, Watts GF. Progress in the care of common inherited atherogenic disorders of apolipoprotein B metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:467-84. [PMID: 27199287 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolaemia, familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH) and elevated lipoprotein(a) are common, inherited disorders of apolipoprotein B metabolism that markedly accelerate the onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). These disorders are frequently encountered in clinical lipidology and need to be accurately identified and treated in both index patients and their family members, to prevent the development of premature ASCVD. The optimal screening strategies depend on the patterns of heritability for each condition. Established therapies are widely used along with lifestyle interventions to regulate levels of circulating lipoproteins. New therapeutic strategies are becoming available, and could supplement traditional approaches in the most severe cases, but their long-term cost-effectiveness and safety have yet to be confirmed. We review contemporary developments in the understanding, detection and care of these highly atherogenic disorders of apolipoprotein B metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Ellis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, PO Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia 6847, Australia
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Amanda J Hooper
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, PO Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia 6847, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John R Burnett
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, PO Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia 6847, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, PO Box X2213, Perth, Western Australia 6847, Australia
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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Hypocholesterolaemic Activity of Lupin Peptides: Investigation on the Crosstalk between Human Enterocytes and Hepatocytes Using a Co-Culture System Including Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070437. [PMID: 27455315 PMCID: PMC4963913 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature indicates that peptic and tryptic peptides derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of lupin protein are able to modulate cholesterol metabolism in human hepatic HepG2 cells and that part of these peptides are absorbed in a small intestine model based on differentiated human Caco-2 cells. In this paper, a co-culture system, including Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, was investigated with two objectives: (a) to verify whether cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells was modified by the peptides absorption through Caco-2 cells; (b) to investigate how lupin peptides influence cholesterol metabolism in Caco-2 cells. The experiments showed that the absorbed peptides, not only maintained their bioactivity on HepG2 cells, but that this activity was improved by the crosstalk of the two cells systems in co-culture. In addition, lupin peptides showed a positive influence on cholesterol metabolism in Caco-2 cells, decreasing the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) secretion.
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20
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Lupin protein exerts cholesterol-lowering effects targeting PCSK9: From clinical evidences to elucidation of the in vitro molecular mechanism using HepG2 cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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21
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Glueck CJ, Shah P, Goldenberg N, Prince M, Lee K, Jetty V, Kumar A, Goldenberg M, Wang P. Eligibility for PCSK9 treatment in 734 Hypercholesterolemic patients referred to a regional cholesterol treatment center with LDL cholesterol ≥ 70 mg/dl despite maximal tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:55. [PMID: 26968977 PMCID: PMC4788934 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LDL cholesterol (LDLC) lowering has been revolutionized by PCSK9 inhibitors, Alirocumab (Praluent) and Evolocumab (Repatha), approved as adjuncts to maximally tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy in heterozygous (HeFH) or homozygous (HoFH) familial hypercholesterolemia, and/or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) where LDLC lowering is insufficient. Methods We applied FDA and insurance eligibility criteria for PCSK9 inhibitor use in 734 hypercholesterolemic patients serially referred over 3 years who then received ≥ 2 months maximally tolerated LDLC lowering therapy with follow up LDLC ≥ 70 mg/dl, and in 50 patients approved by insurance for PCSK9 inhibitors. We documented the percentage of patients with HeFH and/or CVD who met FDA and insurance criteria for PCSK9 inhibitor therapy using LDLC goal-based guidelines. Results Of 734 patients with LDLC ≥ 70 mg/dl after ≥ 2 months maximally tolerated LDLC lowering therapy, 220 (30 %) had HeFH and/or CVD with LDLC > 100 mg/dl, meeting FDA-insurance criteria for PCSK9 inhibitor therapy. Another 66 (9 %) patients were statin intolerant, without HeFH or CVD. Of the 50 patients whose PCSK9 inhibitor therapy was approved for insurance coverage, 45 (90 %) had LDLC > 100 mg/dl after ≥ 2 months on maximally tolerated LDLC lowering therapy. Seventeen of these 50 patients (34 %) had HeFH without CVD (LDLC on treatment 180 ± 50 mg/dl), 15 (30 %) had CVD without HeFH (LDLC on treatment 124 ± 26 mg/dl), 14 (28 %) had both HeFH and CVD (LDLC on treatment 190 ± 53 mg/dl), and 4 (8 %) had neither HeFH nor CVD (LCLC 142 ± 11 mg/dl). Conclusion Of 734 patients referred for LDLC reduction, with LDLC ≥ 70 mg/dl after ≥ 2 months on maximally tolerated therapy, 220 (30 %) had HeFH and/or CVD with LDLC > 100 mg/dl, meeting FDA-insurance criteria for PCSK9 inhibitor therapy as an adjunct to diet-maximally tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy in HeFH or CVD. If 30 % of patients with high LDLC and HeFH-CVD are eligible for PCSK9 inhibitors, then specialty pharmaceutical pricing models (~$14,300/year) will collide with tens of millions of HeFH-CVD patients. We speculate that if there was a 50 % reduction in CVD, then there would be savings of $245 billion, in the middle of the range of estimated PCSK9 inhibitor costs of $185-342 billion. Whether the health care savings arising from the anticipated reduction of CVD events by PCSK9 inhibitors justify their extraordinary costs in broad population use remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Glueck
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.
| | - Parth Shah
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Naila Goldenberg
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Marloe Prince
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Vybhav Jetty
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Ashwin Kumar
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Michael Goldenberg
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- From the Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
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