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Luong CL, Anand V, Padang R, Oh JK, Arruda-Olson AM, Bird JG, Pislaru C, Thaden JJ, Pislaru SV, Pellikka PA, McCully RB, Kane GC. Prognostic Significance of Elevated Left Ventricular Filling Pressures with Exercise: Insights from a Cohort of 14,338 Patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2024; 37:382-393.e1. [PMID: 38000684 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise echocardiography can assess for cardiovascular causes of dyspnea other than coronary artery disease. However, the prevalence and prognostic significance of elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures with exercise is understudied. METHODS We evaluated 14,338 patients referred for maximal symptom-limited treadmill echocardiography. In addition to assessment of LV regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs), we measured patients' early diastolic mitral inflow (E), septal mitral annulus relaxation (e'), and peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity before and immediately after exercise. RESULTS Over a mean follow-up of 3.3 ± 3.4 years, patients with E/e' ≥15 with exercise (n = 1,323; 9.2%) had lower exercise capacity (7.3 ± 2.1 vs 9.1 ± 2.4 metabolic equivalents, P < .0001) and were more likely to have resting or inducible RWMAs (38% vs 18%, P < .0001). Approximately 6% (n = 837) had elevated LV filling pressures without RWMAs. Patients with a poststress E/e' ≥15 had a 2.71-fold increased mortality rate (2.28-3.21, P < .0001) compared with those with poststress E/e' ≤ 8. Those with an E/e' of 9 to 14, while at lower risk than the E/e' ≥15 cohort (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58 [0.48-0.69]; P < .0001), had higher risk than if E/e' ≤8 (HR = 1.56 [1.37-1.78], P < .0001). On multivariable analysis, adjusting for age, sex, exercise capacity, LV ejection fraction, and presence of pulmonary hypertension with stress, patients with E/e' ≥15 had a 1.39-fold (95% CI, 1.18-1.65, P < .0001) increased risk of all-cause mortality compared with patients without elevated LV filling pressures. Compared with patients with E/e' ≤ 15 after exercise, patients with E/e' ≤15 at rest but elevated after exercise had a higher risk of cardiovascular death (HR = 8.99 [4.7-17.3], P < .0001). CONCLUSION Patients with elevated LV filling pressures are at increased risk of death, irrespective of myocardial ischemia or LV systolic dysfunction. These findings support the routine incorporation of LV filling pressure assessment, both before and immediately following stress, into the evaluation of patients referred for exercise echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Luong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vidhu Anand
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ratnasari Padang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jae K Oh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jared G Bird
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cristina Pislaru
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy J Thaden
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sorin V Pislaru
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Robert B McCully
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Garvan C Kane
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Sorrell VL, Lindner JR, Pellikka PA, Kirkpatrick JN, Muraru D. Recognized and Unrecognized Value of Echocardiography in Guideline and Consensus Documents Regarding Patients With Chest Pain. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2023; 36:146-153. [PMID: 36375734 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2022.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Guideline and consensus documents have recently been published on the important topic of the noninvasive evaluation of patients presenting with chest pain (CP) or patients with known acute or chronic coronary syndromes. Authors for these documents have included members representing multispecialty imaging societies, yet the process of generating consensus and the need to produce concise written documents have led to a situation where the particular advantages of echocardiography are overlooked. Broad guidelines such as these can be helpful when it comes to "when to do" noninvasive cardiac testing, but they do not pretend to offer nuances on "how to do" noninvasive cardiac testing. This report details the particular value of echocardiography and potential explanations for its understated role in recent guidelines. This report is categorized into the following sections: (1) impact of the level of evidence on guideline creation; (2) versatility of echocardiography in the assessment of CP and the inimitable role for echo Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of dyspnea; (3) value of point-of-care ultrasound in assessing CP and dyspnea; and (4) the future role of echocardiography in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L Sorrell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Vice-chief for Research in the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - James N Kirkpatrick
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Denisa Muraru
- Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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The Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Conundrum-Redefining the Problem and Finding Common Ground? Curr Heart Fail Rep 2021; 17:34-42. [PMID: 32112345 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-020-00454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or diastolic heart failure (DHF) makes up more than half of all congestive heart failure presentations (CHF). With an ageing population, the case load and the financial burden is projected to increase, even to epidemic proportions. CHF hospitalizations add too much of the financial and infrastructure strain. Unlike systolic heart failure (SHF), much is still either uncertain or unknown. Specifically, in epidemiology, the disease burden is established; however, risk factors and pathophysiological associations are less clear; diagnostic tools are based on rigid parameters without the ability to accurately monitor treatments effects and disease progression; finally, therapeutics are similar to SHF but without prognostic data for efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS The last several years have seen guidelines changing to account for greater epidemiological observations. Most of these remain general observation of shortness of breath symptom matched to static echocardiographic parameters. The introduction of exercise diastolic stress test has been welcome and warrants greater focus. HFpEF is likely to see new thinking in the coming decades. This review provides some of perspective on this topic.
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Ho JE, Redfield MM, Lewis GD, Paulus WJ, Lam CSP. Deliberating the Diagnostic Dilemma of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation 2020; 142:1770-1780. [PMID: 33136513 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.041818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of consensus on how we define heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), with wide variation in diagnostic criteria across society guidelines. This lack of uniformity in disease definition stems in part from an incomplete understanding of disease pathobiology, phenotypic heterogeneity, and natural history. We review current knowledge gaps and existing diagnostic tools and algorithms. We present a simple approach to implement these tools within the constraints of the current knowledge base, addressing separately (1) hospitalized individuals with rest congestion, where diagnosis is more straightforward; and (2) individuals with exercise intolerance, where diagnosis is more complex. Here, a potential role for advanced or provocative testing, including evaluation of hemodynamic responses to exercise is considered. More importantly, we propose focus areas for future studies to develop accurate and feasible diagnostic tools for HFpEF, including animal models that recapitulate human HFpEF, and human studies that both address a fundamental understanding of HFpEF pathobiology, and new diagnostic approaches and tools, as well. In sum, there is an urgent need to more accurately define the syndrome of HFpEF to inform diagnosis, patient selection for clinical trials, and, ultimately, future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Ho
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center (J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Cardiovascular Research Center (JE.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - Gregory D Lewis
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center (J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Walter J Paulus
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands (W.J.P.)
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore (C.S.P.L.).,National Heart Center Singapore & Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore (C.S.P.L.).,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands (C.S.P.L.).,The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia (C.S.P.L.)
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Kurpaska M, Krzesiński P, Gielerak G, Uziębło-Życzkowska B. Limited usefulness of resting hemodynamic assessments in predicting exercise capacity in hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 35:613-620. [PMID: 32587331 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-0373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reliable assessments of reduced exercise capacity based on resting tests are one of the major challenges in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hemodynamic parameters obtained via resting tests (echocardiography and impedance cardiography (ICG)) and objective parameters of exercise capacity assessed via cardiopulmonary exercise testing and exercise ICG in patients with controlled arterial hypertension (AH). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS), diastolic function parameters (e', E/A, E/e'), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and systemic vascular resistance index were evaluated for any correlations with selected parameters of exercise capacity, such as peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and peak CO in 93 people with AH (mean age 54 years, 47 women). Statistically relevant correlations occurred between indices of exercise capacity (peak VO2; peak CO) and only the following hemodynamic parameters: diastolic blood pressure (R = 0.23, p = 0.026; R = 0.24, p = 0.021; respectively), e' (R = 0.32, p = 0.002; R = 0.24, p = 0.027), E/e' (R = 0.35, p < 0.001; ns), E/A (R = 0.23, p = 0.030; R = 0.21, p = 0.047), SV at rest (ns; R = 0.24, p = 0.019), and CO at rest (ns; R = 0.21, borderline p = 0.052). No significant correlations between the exercise capacity parameters and either LVEF or GLS were observed. No hemodynamic parameter proved to be an independent correlate of either peak VO2 or peak CO. The association between hemodynamic parameters at rest and parameters of exercise capacity was weak and limited to selected parameters of diastolic function. Exercise capacity assessment in patients with AH based on resting tests alone is insufficiently reliable and should be supplemented with exercise tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kurpaska
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Krzesiński
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gielerak
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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