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The Use of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Primary Myelofibrosis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040571. [PMID: 35455686 PMCID: PMC9025208 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a BCR-ABL1 negative myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid cells. This leads to reactive bone marrow fibrosis, ultimately resulting in progressive marrow failure, hepatosplenomegaly, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. PMF is considered the most aggressive of the BCR-ABL1 negative myeloproliferative neoplasms with the least favorable prognosis. Constitutional symptoms are common, which can impact an individual’s quality of life and leukemic transformation remains an important cause of death in PMF patients. The development of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors have provided a good option for management of PMF-related symptoms. Unfortunately, these agents have not been shown to improve overall survival or significantly alter the course of disease. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains the only curative treatment option in PMF. However, allo-HSCT is associated with significant treatment-related morbidity and mortality and has historically been reserved for younger, high-risk patients. This review examines patient, disease, and transplant-specific factors which may impact transplant-related outcomes in PMF. Through the vast improvements in donor selection, conditioning regimens, and post-transplant care, allo-HSCT may provide a safe and effective curative option for a broader range of PMF patients in the future.
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Polverelli N, Mauff K, Kröger N, Robin M, Beelen D, Beauvais D, Chevallier P, Mohty M, Passweg J, Rubio MT, Maertens J, Finke J, Bornhäuser M, Vrhovac R, Helbig G, Mear J, Castagna L, Reményi P, Angelucci E, Karakasis D, Rifòn J, Sirait T, Russo D, Wreede L, Czerw T, Hernández‐Boluda JC, Hayden P, McLornan D, Yakoub‐Agha I. Impact of spleen size and splenectomy on outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for myelofibrosis: A retrospective analysis by the chronic malignancies working party on behalf of European society for blood and marrow transplantation (EBMT). Am J Hematol 2021; 96:69-79. [PMID: 33064301 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of spleen size and splenectomy for the prediction of post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HCT) outcome in myelofibrosis remains under debate. In EBMT registry, we identified a cohort of 1195 myelofibrosis patients transplanted between 2000-2017 after either fludarabine-busulfan or fludarabine-melphalan regimens. Overall, splenectomy was performed in 202 (16.9%) patients and its use decreased over time (28.3% in 2000-2009 vs 14.1% in 2010-2017 period). By multivariate analysis, splenectomy was associated with less NRM (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44-0.93, P = .018) but increased risk of relapse (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.01-2.02, P = .042), with no significant impact on OS (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.67-1.12, P = .274). However, in subset analysis comparing the impact of splenectomy vs specific spleen sizes, for patients with progressive disease, an improved survival was seen in splenectomised subjects compared to those patients with a palpable spleen length ≥ 15 cm (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.28-0.69, P < .001), caused by a significant reduction in NRM (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.49, P < .001), without significantly increased relapse risk (HR 1.47, 95% CI 0.87-2.49, P = .147). Overall, despite the possible biases typical of retrospective cohorts, this study highlights the potential detrimental effect of massive splenomegaly in transplant outcome and supports the role of splenectomy for myelofibrosis patients with progressive disease and large splenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Polverelli
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cells Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia
| | | | - Nicolaus Kröger
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Marie Robin
- Department of Hematology Hôpital Saint‐Louis, APHP Paris France
| | - Dietrich Beelen
- Department of Hematology University Hospital of Essen Essen Germany
| | | | | | - Mohamad Mohty
- Sorbonne University Paris France
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire Hopital Saint‐Antoine Paris France
- INSERM Paris France
| | - Jakob Passweg
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven Belgium
| | - Jürgen Finke
- Department of Hematology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Dresded Dresden Germany
| | - Radovan Vrhovac
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Center Rebro Zagreb Croatia
| | - Grzegorz Helbig
- Department of Hematology Silesian Medical Academy Katowice Poland
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Mear
- Department of Hematology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes Rennes France
| | - Luca Castagna
- Department of Hematology Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille Marseille France
| | - Péter Reményi
- Department of Hematology Dél‐pesti Centrumkórház Budapest Hungary
| | - Emanuele Angelucci
- Hematology and Transplant Center IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy
| | | | - Jose Rifòn
- Department of Hematology Clínica Universitaria de Navarra Pamplona Spain
| | | | - Domenico Russo
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cells Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia
| | - Liesbeth Wreede
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences LUMC Leiden Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Czerw
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco‐Hematology Maria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Poland
| | | | - Patrick Hayden
- Department of Hematology St. James's Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Donal McLornan
- Department of Hematology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Hospitals London UK
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Yoon JH, Park SS, Min GJ, Park S, Lee SE, Cho BS, Kim YJ, Lee S, Kim HJ, Min CK, Cho SG, Lee JW, Eom KS. Experiences of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation following non-myeloablative conditioning regimen in severely comorbid patients with myelofibrosis: case series with a patient presenting with extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis. Ther Adv Hematol 2020; 11:2040620720932038. [PMID: 32655847 PMCID: PMC7328483 DOI: 10.1177/2040620720932038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) using
a reduced intensity conditioning regimen for curative management of advanced
myelofibrosis (MF). However, allo-HCT is rarely considered for elderly or
patients with severe comorbidities due to high transplantation-related
mortality. In those patients, an alemtuzumab-based non-myeloablative (NMA)
conditioning regimen followed by stem cell transplantation could be a possible
treatment that has been tried in sickle cell anemia showing stable mixed
chimerism and improvement of the disease. However, it is uncertain whether this
regimen can provide durable donor-dominant chimerism also in patients with MF.
We planned a two-stage allo-HCT in four patients – initially aimed at mixed
chimerism with NMA conditioning and then reinforced with additional stem cell
infusion if graft failure occurred. In one case with extensive extramedullary
hematopoiesis, causing blindness and paraplegia, we achieved stable complete
donor-chimerism and complete molecular response with disappearance of bone
marrow fibrosis after allo-HCT. Although this NMA regimen failed to achieve
durable donor-chimerism, additional stem cell infusion showed a possible role
for stable long-term chimerism with good clinical outcomes. Although it leaves
room for further improvement, allo-HCT using an NMA conditioning regimen may be
worth consideration for advanced MF patients with severe comorbidity, otherwise
no appropriate treatment option is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Yoon
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi June Min
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Silvia Park
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Sik Cho
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Goo Cho
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Seong Eom
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Hart C, Klatt S, Barop J, Müller G, Schelker R, Holler E, Huber E, Herr W, Grassinger J. Splenic pooling and loss of VCAM-1 causes an engraftment defect in patients with myelofibrosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2016; 101:1407-1416. [PMID: 27662011 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.146811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that results in cytopenia, bone marrow fibrosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative treatment but is associated with a risk of delayed engraftment and graft failure. In this study, patients with myelofibrosis (n=31) and acute myeloid leukemia (n=31) were analyzed for time to engraftment, graft failure and engraftment-related factors. Early and late neutrophil engraftment and late thrombocyte engraftment were significantly delayed in patients with myelofibrosis as compared to acute myeloid leukemia, and graft failure only occurred in myelofibrosis (6%). Only spleen size had a significant influence on engraftment efficiency in myelofibrosis patients. To analyze the cause for the engraftment defect, clearance of hematopoietic stem cells from peripheral blood was measured and immunohistological staining of bone marrow sections was performed. Numbers of circulating CD34+ were significantly reduced at early time points in myelofibrosis patients, whereas CD34+CD38- and colony-forming cells showed no significant difference in clearance. Staining of bone marrow sections for homing proteins revealed a loss of VCAM-1 in myelofibrosis with a corresponding significant increase in the level of soluble VCAM-1 within the peripheral blood. In conclusion, our data suggest that reduced engraftment and graft failure in myelofibrosis patients is caused by an early pooling of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in the spleen and a bone marrow homing defect caused by the loss of VCAM-1. Improved engraftment in myelofibrosis might be achieved by approaches that reduce spleen size and cleavage of VCAM-1 in these patients prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hart
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Klatt
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johann Barop
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Müller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schelker
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Huber
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Grassinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
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Pingali SR, Champlin RE. Pushing the envelope-nonmyeloablative and reduced intensity preparative regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50:1157-67. [PMID: 25985053 PMCID: PMC4809137 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) was originally developed to allow delivery of myeloablative doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. With better understanding of disease pathophysiology, the graft vs malignancy (GVM) effect of allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation and toxicities associated with myeloablative conditioning (MAC) regimens, the focus shifted to developing less toxic conditioning regimens to reduce treatment-related morbidity without compromising survival. Although HCT with MAC is preferred to reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) for most patients ⩽60 years with AML/myelodysplastic syndrome and ALL, RIC and nonmyeloablative (NMA) regimens allow HCT for many otherwise ineligible patients. Reduced intensity preparative regimens have produced high rates of PFS for diagnoses, which are highly sensitive to GVM. Relapse of the malignancy is the major cause of treatment failure with RIC/NMA HCT. Incorporation of novel agents like bortezomib or lenalidomide, addition of cellular immunotherapy and use of targeted radiation therapies could further improve outcome. In this review, we discuss commonly used RIC/NMA regimens and promising novel regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Pingali
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is a BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by clonal myeloproliferation, dysregulated kinase signaling, and release of abnormal cytokines. In recent years, important progress has been made in the knowledge of the molecular biology and the prognostic assessment of MF. Conventional treatment has limited impact on the patients' survival; it includes a wait-and-see approach for asymptomatic patients, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, androgens, or immunomodulatory agents for anemia, cytoreductive drugs such as hydroxyurea for the splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms, and splenectomy or radiotherapy in selected patients. The discovery of the Janus kinase (JAK)2 mutation triggered the development of molecular targeted therapy of MF. The JAK inhibitors are effective in both JAK2-positive and JAK2-negative MF; one of them, ruxolitinib, is the current best available therapy for MF splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms. However, although ruxolitinib has changed the therapeutic scenario of MF, there is no clear indication of a disease-modifying effect. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative therapy of MF, but due to its associated morbidity and mortality, it is usually restricted to eligible high- and intermediate-2-risk MF patients. To improve current therapeutic results, the combination of JAK inhibitors with other agents is currently being tested, and newer drugs are being investigated.
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Cervantes F, Martinez-Trillos A. Myelofibrosis: an update on current pharmacotherapy and future directions. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:873-84. [PMID: 23514013 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.783019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myelofibrosis (MF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by symptoms mainly derived from anemia and splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms and associated with a median survival around 6 years. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) remains the only curative therapy of MF but is applicable to a minority of patients. Discovery of the JAK2 mutation has provided the basis for the introduction of a new class of drugs, the JAK inhibitors, in the treatment of MF. AREAS COVERED A literature review on the therapy of MF has been performed through a PubMed search, with special attention being paid to the available data on transplantation, the JAK inhibitors, and other new drugs. EXPERT OPINION Conventional therapy of MF is usually adjusted to the predominant clinical symptoms in each patient, and its impact on survival is limited. Reduced-intensity conditioning regimens have increased the number of patients eligible for allo-SCT, but this procedure is still associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The JAK inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib, can achieve profound symptomatic relief of the splenomegaly and the constitutional symptoms. However, they often accentuate the anemia and do not reduce the JAK2 allele burden, therefore lacking the potential to modify the natural history of MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cervantes
- University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Hematology Department, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Komrokji R, Verstovsek S. Assessing efficacy in myelofibrosis treatment: a focus on JAK inhibition. Expert Rev Hematol 2012; 5:631-41. [PMID: 23216593 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.12.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is characterized by splenomegaly, anemia and a debilitating symptom burden (e.g., fatigue, night sweats, pruritus, bone and muscle pain, undesired weight loss). Moreover, these symptoms impair activities of daily living and quality of life. Until recently, there have been no approved therapies for MF, and management of MF has been predominantly palliative. Dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling is associated with the pathologic MF disease state. A novel class of therapies, the JAK inhibitors, offers the potential to abrogate this pathologic signaling pathway. In clinical trials of patients with intermediate- and high-risk MF, JAK inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in reducing splenomegaly and MF-associated symptoms. Evidence from ruxolitinib trials also suggests that JAK inhibitors may improve survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Komrokji
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a clonal disorder characterized by unwarranted production of red blood cells. In the majority of cases, PV is driven by oncogenic mutations that constitutively activate the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway, such as JAK2 V617F, or exon 12 mutations or LNK mutations. Diagnosis of PV is based on the WHO criteria. Diagnosis of post-PV myelofibrosis is established according to the International Working Group for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Research and Treatment criteria. Different clinical presentations of PV are discussed. Prognostication of PV is tailored to the most frequent complication during follow-up, namely, thrombosis. Age older than 60 years and prior history of thrombosis are the 2 main risk factors for disease stratification. Correlations are emerging between leukocytosis, JAK2(V617F) mutation, BM fibrosis, and different outcomes of PV, which need to be confirmed in prospective studies. In my practice, hydroxyurea is still the "gold standard" when cytoreduction is needed, even though pegylated IFN-alfa-2a and ruxolitinib might be useful in particular settings. Results of phase 1 or 2 studies concerning these latter agents should however be confirmed by the ongoing randomized phase 3 clinical trials. In this paper, I discuss the main problems encountered in daily clinical practice with PV patients regarding diagnosis, prognostication, and therapy.
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Patel SA, Rameshwar P. Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematological Malignancies: Prospects for Personalized Medicine and Co-therapy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 9:229-239. [PMID: 21892378 DOI: 10.2174/187569211796957548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation is a form of cell therapy that has been in practice for decades for the treatment of hematological disorders and solid tumors. Immunosuppressive therapy has been a mainstay for treatment, but the severity of the adverse effects has made it an undesirable choice. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which reside in the vascular regions of the bone marrow, have been shown to serve as cellular support for the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. Furthermore, the immune suppressive properties of MSCs have been explored in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Thus, co-therapy with MSCs has been shown to facilitate engraftment of hematopoietic cells by suppressive graft versus host disease (GvHD). Although the mechanism by which MSCs suppress GvHD is unclear, the experimental evidence suggests that this partly occurs by modulation of immune response such as the induction of regulatory T cells. This paper discusses the role of MSCs as co-therapy for the future of stem cell transplantation, with the overarching theme of personalized medicine for cell-based health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam A Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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