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Abstract
The first human tumor virus was discovered in the middle of the last century by Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr in African pediatric patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. To date, seven viruses -EBV, KSHV, high-risk HPV, MCPV, HBV, HCV and HTLV1- have been consistently linked to different types of human cancer, and infections are estimated to account for up to 20% of all cancer cases worldwide. Viral oncogenic mechanisms generally include: generation of genomic instability, increase in the rate of cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, alterations in DNA repair mechanisms and cell polarity changes, which often coexist with evasion mechanisms of the antiviral immune response. Viral agents also indirectly contribute to the development of cancer mainly through immunosuppression or chronic inflammation, but also through chronic antigenic stimulation. There is also evidence that viruses can modulate the malignant properties of an established tumor. In the present work, causation criteria for viruses and cancer will be described, as well as the viral agents that comply with these criteria in human tumors, their epidemiological and biological characteristics, the molecular mechanisms by which they induce cellular transformation and their associated cancers.
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Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 in HIV-1 infected and uninfected individuals in Cameroon. Viruses 2013; 5:2253-9. [PMID: 24056671 PMCID: PMC3798899 DOI: 10.3390/v5092253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence of HHV-8 antibodies in 516 plasma samples collected from HIV positive and negative patients from blood banks and urban areas of Cameroon. Among HIV-1 positive samples, HHV-8 seropositivity rate was 61% based on combined reactivity using both ELISA and IFA techniques. HIV negative samples showed 62% seropositivity rate for HHV-8 antibodies. Our results indicate a high HHV-8 prevalence rate in both HIV infected and uninfected individuals in Cameroon.
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Massimelli MJ, Kang JG, Majerciak V, Le SY, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Zheng ZM. Stability of a long noncoding viral RNA depends on a 9-nt core element at the RNA 5' end to interact with viral ORF57 and cellular PABPC1. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1145-60. [PMID: 22043172 PMCID: PMC3204405 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57, also known as Mta (mRNA transcript accumulation), enhances viral intron-less transcript accumulation and promotes splicing of intron-containing viral RNA transcripts. In this study, we identified KSHV PAN, a long non-coding polyadenylated nuclear RNA as a main target of ORF57 by a genome-wide CLIP (cross-linking and immunoprecipitation) approach. KSHV genome lacking ORF57 expresses only a minimal amount of PAN. In cotransfection experiments, ORF57 alone increased PAN expression by 20-30-fold when compared to vector control. This accumulation function of ORF57 was dependent on a structured RNA element in the 5' PAN, named MRE (Mta responsive element), but not much so on an ENE (expression and nuclear retention element) in the 3' PAN previously reported by other studies. We showed that the major function of the 5' PAN MRE is increasing the RNA half-life of PAN in the presence of ORF57. Further mutational analyses revealed a core motif consisting of 9 nucleotides in the MRE-II , which is responsible for ORF57 interaction and function. The 9-nt core in the MRE-II also binds cellular PABPC1, but not the E1B-AP5 which binds another region of the MRE-II. In addition, we found that PAN RNA is partially exportable in the presence of ORF57. Together, our data provide compelling evidence as to how ORF57 functions to accumulate a non-coding viral RNA in the course of virus lytic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Massimelli
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Laboratory, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1868, USA
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Pontes HAR, Guimarães DM, Pontes FSC, Paiva HB, Pinto LCD, de Freitas Silva BS, dos Santos Pinto D. Kaposi sarcoma and paracoccidioidomycosis in the same fragment of oral mucosa biopsy: a rare association in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. A case report. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 69:196-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mitton-Fry RM, DeGregorio SJ, Wang J, Steitz TA, Steitz JA. Poly(A) tail recognition by a viral RNA element through assembly of a triple helix. Science 2010; 330:1244-7. [PMID: 21109672 DOI: 10.1126/science.1195858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus produces a highly abundant, nuclear noncoding RNA, polyadenylated nuclear (PAN) RNA, which contains an element that prevents its decay. The 79-nucleotide expression and nuclear retention element (ENE) was proposed to adopt a secondary structure like that of a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), with a U-rich internal loop that hybridizes to and protects the PAN RNA poly(A) tail. The crystal structure of a complex between the 40-nucleotide ENE core and oligo(A)(9) RNA at 2.5 angstrom resolution reveals that unlike snoRNAs, the U-rich loop of the ENE engages its target through formation of a major-groove triple helix. A-minor interactions extend the binding interface. Deadenylation assays confirm the functional importance of the triple helix. Thus, the ENE acts as an intramolecular RNA clamp, sequestering the PAN poly(A) tail and preventing the initiation of RNA decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Mitton-Fry
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry (MB&B), Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536-9812, USA
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Hoegh-Petersen M, Thomsen AR, Christensen JP, Holst PJ. Mucosal immunization with recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing murine gammaherpesvirus-68 genes M2 and M3 can reduce latent viral load. Vaccine 2009; 27:6723-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kaaya EE, Castaños-Velez E, Ekman M, Mwakigonja A, Carneiro P, Lema L, Kitinya J, Linde A, Biberfeld P. AIDS and non AIDS-related malignant lymphoma in Tanzania. Afr Health Sci 2009; 6:69-75. [PMID: 16916294 PMCID: PMC1831982 DOI: 10.5555/afhs.2006.6.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant lymphoma (ML) in HIV patients, are second in frequency to Kaposi's sarcoma (AKS) as AIDS-defining tumors. In Africa the frequency of AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) is rare and the findings are controversial. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) lesions are now causally associated with KSHV/HHV-8 but whether African ARL shows this association is not clear. METHOD Cancer registry data was reviewed for retrospective cases. Both retrospective and prospective lymphoma cases were classified according to the revised European-American (REAL) classification. Immunephenotyping was performed on both frozen and fixed paraffin sections. Viral DNA was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of formalin fixed or frozen biopsies. In situ hybridization (ISH) was used to determine the presence of EBV encoded RNA (EBER). OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency and type of AIDS and non-AIDS related malignant lymphoma in Tanzania and a possible co-association with KSHV/HHV-8 and EBV. RESULTS An overall increasing tendency for ML in Tanzania was observed during 1991-94 and a clear increase from 1993. The tumors were classified as Burkitt's (6), diffuse large cell (10), precursor-B lymphoblastic (1) and Hodgkin's disease (5) from HIV positive and negative patients. Ten (40%) high grade ML and three Hodgkin's lymphoma from HIV patients had HHV-8 DNA. These findings were not related to age, sex or type of lymphoma. There was no association of HHV-8 with the lymphoma cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was demonstrable in most (13/18; 72%) of the tested tumors and seven (31.8%) had both HHV-8 and EBV. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests an overall increased frequency of ML patients infected with HHV-8 in Tanzania particularly in HIV patients which may result from the well established high HHV-8 prevalence in the general population, but HHV-8 was not associated with ARL pathogenesis as reflected by lack of tumor cell infection. As opposed to EBV, measures targeting HHV-8 for control of ML may therefore not be appropriate.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Biopsy, Needle
- Burkitt Lymphoma/epidemiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Developing Countries
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Hodgkin Disease/epidemiology
- Hodgkin Disease/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Incidence
- Lymphoma/epidemiology
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Registries
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Assessment
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/epidemiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Survival Analysis
- Tanzania/epidemiology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephata E Kaaya
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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CD8+ T cell immunity to Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:416-22. [PMID: 19007888 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are agents which have evolved to persist within the lymphoid system and many have oncogenic potential; studying gammaherpesvirus infections therefore has the potential to reveal much about the workings of the immune system and the control over viral oncogenesis. The lymphocryptovirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the rhadinovirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8) are the two human gammaherpesviruses. Analysis of the T cell response to EBV has guided understanding of immunity to infection and disease caused by this virus, as well as directed the development of vaccination and therapeutic interventions in EBV-associated disease. Less is known about the T cell response to KSHV and its exact role in controlling virus infection and disease. Here we discuss the CD8+ T cell response to these two gammaherpesviruses.
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Lin-ding W. Pathogenesis and associated diseases of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-007-0029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Shackelford J, Pagano JS. Role of the ubiquitin system and tumor viruses in AIDS-related cancer. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2007; 8 Suppl 1:S8. [PMID: 18047745 PMCID: PMC2106372 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-8-s1-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor viruses are linked to approximately 20% of human malignancies worldwide. This review focuses on examples of human oncogenic viruses that manipulate the ubiquitin system in a subset of viral malignancies; those associated with AIDS. The viruses include Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human papilloma virus, which are causally linked to Kaposi's sarcoma, certain B-cell lymphomas and cervical cancer, respectively. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which these viruses subvert the ubiquitin system and potential viral targets for anti-cancer therapy from the perspective of this system. Publication history: Republished from Current BioData's Targeted Proteins database (TPdb; ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shackelford
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.
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McDevitt LM. Etiology and impact of cytomegalovirus disease on solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 63:S3-9. [PMID: 16990643 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The characteristics, etiology, natural history, and direct and indirect effects of CMV disease in solid organ transplant recipients are described. SUMMARY CMV is a common herpesvirus that may be present in the donor or recipient of a solid organ transplant. Even though it is rarely pathogenic in healthy patients, transplant recipients are at risk for CMV viremia and symptomatic disease due to their immune-suppressed status. In addition to symptoms directly attributed to active disease, CMV can have a variety of indirect effects. Indirect effects may include additional infectious complications, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, allograft rejection, allograft loss, or death. The three most prevalent risk factors for CMV infection are CMV seronegativity in a recipient of an organ from a CMV-seropositive donor, the type of organ transplanted, and the degree of immune suppression. CMV prophylaxis is effective at preventing disease, but may result in a delayed onset where CMV disease occurs once the prophylaxis is stopped. CONCLUSION Knowledge of risk factors for CMV infection and disease, the natural history in transplant recipients, and its direct and indirect effects will help clinicians make appropriate decisions regarding the use of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McDevitt
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 21150, USA.
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Conrad NK, Fok V, Cazalla D, Borah S, Steitz JA. The challenge of viral snRNPs. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2007; 71:377-84. [PMID: 17381320 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2006.71.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Some gammaherpesviruses encode nuclear noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that assemble with host proteins. Their conservation and abundance implies that they serve important functions for the virus. This paper focuses on our studies of three classes of nuclear noncoding herpesvirus RNAs. (1) EBERs 1 and 2 are expressed by Epstein-Barr virus in latent infection of human B lymphocytes. Recent studies revealed three sites on EBER1 that associate with ribosomal protein L22. In addition, heterokaryon assays have definitively shown that both EBERs are confined to the nucleus, arguing that their contribution to viral latency is purely nuclear. (2) HSURs 1-7 are U RNAs encoded by Herpesvirus saimiri, which causes aggressive T-cell leukemias and lymphomas. Comparison of monkey T cells transformed with wild-type or mutant virus lacking HSURs 1 and 2 revealed significant changes in host mRNAs implicated in T-cell signaling. (3) PAN is a 1-kb polyadenylated RNA that accumulates in the nucleus of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytically infected cells. A novel element, the ENE, is essential for its high accumulation. Recent results indicate that the ENE functions to counteract poly(A)-dependent RNA degradation, which we propose contributes to nuclear surveillance of mRNA transcripts in mammalian cells. Continuing studies of these viral RNAs will provide insights into both cellular and viral gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Base Sequence
- Herpesvirus 2, Saimiriine/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Saimiriine/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/chemistry
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Conrad
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536-0812, USA
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Conrad NK, Mili S, Marshall EL, Shu MD, Steitz JA. Identification of a rapid mammalian deadenylation-dependent decay pathway and its inhibition by a viral RNA element. Mol Cell 2007; 24:943-53. [PMID: 17189195 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular RNAs are subject to quality-control pathways that insure the fidelity of gene expression. We previously identified a 79 nt element, the ENE, that is essential for the nuclear accumulation of a viral polyadenylated nuclear (PAN) RNA. Here, we show that intron-less polyadenylated transcripts such as PAN RNA and beta-globin cRNA exhibit two-component exponential decay kinetics in which some transcripts are rapidly degraded (t(1/2) = approximately 15 min) while others decay more slowly (t(1/2) = approximately 3 hr). Inclusion of the ENE protects such transcripts from rapid decay in a poly(A)-dependent fashion. The ENE inhibits deadenylation and decay in nuclear extract and prevents deadenylation of naked RNA by a purified deadenylase, likely through snoRNA-like intramolecular hybridization with the poly(A) tail. The ENE causes increased accumulation of splicing-defective beta-globin pre-mRNAs in vivo. We propose that the ENE-controlled rapid-decay mechanism for polyadenylated transcripts comprises a nuclear pre-mRNA surveillance system in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Conrad
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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Croxson MC, Taylor G, Nisbet M, Nagappan R, Ellis-Pegler R, Van de Water N. Human herpesvirus 8-associated spinal cord lymphoma in an HIV-positive subject. Pathology 2006; 38:356-8. [PMID: 16916728 DOI: 10.1080/00313020600820856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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