1
|
Sayyad N, Maji R, Omolo CA, Ganai AM, Ibrahim UH, Pathan TK, Devnarain N, Karpoormath R, Dhawan S, Obakachi VA, Merugu SR, Kayamba F, Mahlalela M, Govender T, Tzakos AG, Singh S. Development of niosomes for encapsulating captopril-quercetin prodrug to combat hypertension. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121191. [PMID: 34670120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel and effective anti-hypertensive agents are required to manage hypertension; therefore, we synthesised a novel antihypertensive drug from captopril and quercetin (cap-que) and explored its antihypertensive potential in a niosomal formulation via molecular hybridisation. The cap-que hybrid was synthesised, and its structure was characterised via NMR, FTIR, and HRMS. Niosomes were then loaded with cap-que using the thin-film hydration method. The particle size, polydispersity index, surface charge and drug entrapment efficiency (EE%) of the formulation were 418.8 ± 4.21 nm, 0.393 ± 0.063, 16.25 ± 0.21 mV, and 87.74 ± 2.82%, respectively. The drug release profile showed a sustained release of the active compound (43 ± 0.09%) from the niosomal formulation, compared to the parent drug (80.7 ± 4.68%), over 24 h. The cell viability study confirmed the biosafety of the formulation. The in vivo study in a rat model showed enhanced antihypertensive activity of the hybrid molecule and niosomal formulation which reduced systolic and diastolic pressure when compared to the individual, bare drugs. The findings of this study concluded that the antihypertensive potential of captopril can be enhanced by its hybridisation with quercetin, followed by niosomal nano drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Sayyad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ruma Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Calvin A Omolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; United States International University-Africa, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, P.O. Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Usri H Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tabasum Khan Pathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Nikita Devnarain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Sanjeev Dhawan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Vincent A Obakachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Srinivas Reddy Merugu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Francis Kayamba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mavela Mahlalela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Sima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Selvaraj R, Vasa NJ, Nagendra SMS, Mizaikoff B. Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Techniques for Exhaled Breath Diagnostics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092227. [PMID: 32397389 PMCID: PMC7249025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human exhaled breath consists of more than 3000 volatile organic compounds, many of which are relevant biomarkers for various diseases. Although gas chromatography has been the gold standard for volatile organic compound (VOC) detection in exhaled breath, recent developments in mid-infrared (MIR) laser spectroscopy have led to the promise of compact point-of-care (POC) optical instruments enabling even single breath diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the evolution of MIR sensing technologies with a special focus on photoacoustic spectroscopy, and its application in exhaled breath biomarker detection. While mid-infrared point-of-care instrumentation promises high sensitivity and inherent molecular selectivity, the lack of standardization of the various techniques has to be overcome for translating these techniques into more widespread real-time clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Selvaraj
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nilesh J. Vasa
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - S. M. Shiva Nagendra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cardioprotective microRNAs: Lessons from stem cell-derived exosomal microRNAs to treat cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2019; 285:1-9. [PMID: 30939341 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell-based therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for treating cardiovascular ischemic diseases (CVIDs), such as myocardial infarction (MI). However, some important functional shortcomings of stem cell transplantation, such as immune rejection, tumorigenicity and infusional toxicity, have overshadowed stem cell therapy in the setting of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Accumulating evidence suggests that the therapeutic effects of transplanted stem cells are predominately mediated by secreting paracrine factors, importantly, microRNAs (miRs) present in the secreted exosomes. Therefore, novel cell-free therapy based on the stem cell-secreted exosomal miRs can be considered as a safe and effective alternative tool to stem cell therapy for the treatment of CVDs. Stem cell-derived miRs have recently been found to transfer, via exosomes, from a transplanted stem cell into a recipient cardiac cell, where they regulate various cellular process, such as proliferation, apoptosis, stress responses, as well as differentiation and angiogenesis. The present review aimed to summarize cardioprotective exosomal miRs secreted by transplanted stem cells from various sources, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and cardiac stem/progenitor cells, which showed beneficial modulatory effects on the myocardial infracted heart. In summary, stem cell-exosomal miRs, including miR-19a, mirR-21, miR-21-5p, miR-21-a5p, miR-22 miR-24, miR-26a, miR-29, miR-125b-5p, miR-126, miR-201, miR-210, and miR-294, have been shown to have cardioprotective effects by enhancing cardiomyocyte survival and function and attenuating cardiac fibrosis. Additionally, MCS-exosomal miRs, including miR-126, miR-210, miR-21, miR-23a-3p and miR-130a-3p, are found to exert cardioprotective effects through induction of angiogenesis in ischemic heart after MI.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao J, Pan Y, Li XH, Yang XY, Feng YL, Tan HH, Jiang L, Feng J, Yu XY. Cardiac progenitor cell-derived exosomes prevent cardiomyocytes apoptosis through exosomal miR-21 by targeting PDCD4. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2277. [PMID: 27336721 PMCID: PMC5143405 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells derived from adult heart have emerged as one of the most promising stem cell types for cardiac protection and repair. Exosomes are known to mediate cell–cell communication by transporting cell-derived proteins and nucleic acids, including various microRNAs (miRNAs). Here we investigated the cardiac progenitor cell (CPC)-derived exosomal miRNAs on protecting myocardium under oxidative stress. Sca1+CPCs-derived exosomes were purified from conditional medium, and identified by nanoparticle trafficking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy and western blotting using CD63, CD9 and Alix as markers. Exosomes production was measured by NTA, the result showed that oxidative stress-induced CPCs secrete more exosomes compared with normal condition. Although six apoptosis-related miRNAs could be detected in two different treatment-derived exosomes, only miR-21 was significantly upregulated in oxidative stress-induced exosomes compared with normal exosomes. The same oxidative stress could cause low miR-21 and high cleaved caspase-3 expression in H9C2 cardiac cells. But the cleaved caspase-3 was significantly decreased when miR-21 was overexpressed by transfecting miR-21 mimic. Furthermore, miR-21 mimic or inhibitor transfection and luciferase activity assay confirmed that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) was a target gene of miR-21, and miR-21/PDCD4 axis has an important role in anti-apoptotic effect of H9C2 cell. Western blotting and Annexin V/PI results demonstrated that exosomes pre-treated H9C2 exhibited increased miR-21 whereas decreased PDCD4, and had more resistant potential to the apoptosis induced by the oxidative stress, compared with non-treated cells. These findings revealed that CPC-derived exosomal miR-21 had an inhibiting role in the apoptosis pathway through downregulating PDCD4. Restored miR-21/PDCD4 pathway using CPC-derived exosomes could protect myocardial cells against oxidative stress-related apoptosis. Therefore, exosomes could be used as a new therapeutic vehicle for ischemic cardiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Pan
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X H Li
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Y Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H H Tan
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Jiang
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Feng
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Y Yu
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ross BM, Babay S, Malik I. Brain and Liver Headspace Aldehyde Concentration Following Dietary Supplementation with n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Lipids 2015; 50:1123-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
6
|
Ross BM, Glen I. Breath ethane concentrations in healthy volunteers correlate with a systemic marker of lipid peroxidation but not with omega-3 Fatty Acid availability. Metabolites 2014; 4:572-9. [PMID: 25257995 PMCID: PMC4192680 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethane in human breath derives from lipid peroxidation, specifically the reaction between omega-3 fatty acids and reactive oxygen species. It has been proposed to be a non-invasive marker of oxidative stress, a deleterious process which may play an important role in the pathophysiology of several common diseases. It is unclear, however, whether ethane concentration actually correlates with systemic oxidative stress or whether it is primarily a marker of airway biochemistry. To investigate this possibility the breath ethane concentrations in 24 healthy volunteers were compared to that of a systemic measure of oxidative stress, plasma hydroperoxides, as well as to blood concentrations of the lipophilic anti-oxidant vitamin E, and the abundance of omega-3 fatty acids. Breath ethane concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) positively correlated with blood hydroperoxide concentrations (rp = 0.60) and negatively with that of vitamin E (rp = -0.65), but were not correlated with either the total omega-3 fatty acid concentration (rp = -0.22) or that of any individual species of this fatty acid class. This data supports the hypothesis that breath ethane is a marker of systemic lipid peroxidation, as opposed to that of omega-3 fatty acid abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ross
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B5E1, Canada.
| | - Iain Glen
- Highland Psychiatric Research Foundation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV3 5SQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Somaio Neto F, Ikejiri AT, Bertoletto PR, Chaves JCB, Teruya R, Fagundes DJ, Taha MO. Gene expression related to oxidative stress in the heart of mice after intestinal ischemia. Arq Bras Cardiol 2013; 102:165-73. [PMID: 24346830 PMCID: PMC3987340 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20130240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion is a frequent clinical event associated to injury
in distant organs, especially the heart. Objective To investigate the gene expression of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in
the heart of inbred mice subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IR).
Methods Twelve mice (C57BL / 6) were assigned to: IR Group (GIR) with 60 minutes of
superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion;
Control Group (CG) which underwent anesthesia and laparotomy without IR procedure
and was observed for 120 minutes. Intestine and heart samples were processed using
the RT-qPCR / Reverse transcriptase-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction method
for the gene expression of 84 genes related to oxidative stress and oxidative
defense (Student's "t" test, p < 0.05). Results The intestinal tissue (GIR) was noted to have an up-regulation of 65 genes
(74.71%) in comparison to normal tissue (CG), and 37 genes (44.04%) were
hyper-expressed (greater than three times the threshold allowed by the algorithm).
Regarding the remote effects of intestinal I/R in cardiac tissue an up-regulation
of 28 genes (33.33%) was seen, but only eight genes (9.52%) were hyper-expressed
three times above threshold. Four (7.14%) of these eight genes were expressed in
both intestinal and cardiac tissues. Cardiomyocytes with smaller and pyknotic
nuclei, rich in heterochromatin with rare nucleoli, indicating cardiac distress,
were observed in the GIR. Conclusion Intestinal I/R caused a statistically significant over expression of 8 genes
associated with oxidative stress in remote myocardial tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Teruya
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang YQ, Ruan GD, Liu JQ, Gao Q, Feng YQ. Use of isotope differential derivatization for simultaneous determination of thiols and oxidized thiols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2011; 416:159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
9
|
Lavu M, Gundewar S, Lefer DJ. Gene therapy for ischemic heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 50:742-50. [PMID: 20600100 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacologic therapy for ischemic heart disease suffers multiple limitations such as compliance issues and side effects of medications. Revascularization procedures often end with need for repeat procedures. Patients remain symptomatic despite maximal medical therapy. Gene therapy offers an attractive alternative to current pharmacologic therapies and may be beneficial in refractory disease. Gene therapy with isoforms of growth factors such as VEGF, FGF and HGF induces angiogenesis, decreases apoptosis and leads to protection in the ischemic heart. Stem cell therapy augmented with gene therapy used for myogenesis has proven to be beneficial in numerous animal models of myocardial ischemia. Gene therapy coding for antioxidants, eNOS, HSP, mitogen-activated protein kinase and numerous other anti apoptotic proteins have demonstrated significant cardioprotection in animal models. Clinical trials have demonstrated safety in humans apart from symptomatic and objective improvements in cardiac function. Current research efforts are aimed at refining various gene transfection techniques and regulation of gene expression in vivo in the heart and circulation to improve clinical outcomes in patients that suffer from ischemic heart disease. In this review article we will attempt to summarize the current state of both preclinical and clinical studies of gene therapy to combat myocardial ischemic disease. This article is part of a Special Section entitled "Special Section: Cardiovascular Gene Therapy".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Lavu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and the Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu J, Hecker JG, Chiamvimonvat N. Antioxidant enzyme gene transfer for ischemic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:351-63. [PMID: 19233238 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The balance of redox is pivotal for normal function and integrity of tissues. Ischemic insults occur as results of a variety of conditions, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an imbalanced redox status in the tissues. The oxidant stress may activate signaling mechanisms provoking more toxic events, and eventually cause tissue damage. Therefore, treatments with antioxidants, free radical scavengers and their mimetics, as well as gene transfer approaches to overexpress antioxidant genes represent potential therapeutic options to correct the redox imbalance. Among them, antioxidant gene transfer may enhance the production of antioxidant scavengers, and has been employed to experimentally prevent or treat ischemic injury in cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, intestinal, central nervous or other systems in animal models. With improvements in vector systems and delivery approaches, innovative antioxidant gene therapy has conferred better outcomes for myocardial infarction, reduced restenosis after coronary angioplasty, improved the quality and function of liver grafts, as well as outcome of intestinal and cerebral ischemic attacks. However, it is crucial to be mindful that like other therapeutic armentarium, the efficacy of antioxidant gene transfer requires extensive preclinical investigation before it can be used in patients, and that it may have unanticipated short- or long-term adverse effects. Thus, it is critical to balance between the therapeutic benefits and potential risks, to develop disease-specific antioxidant gene transfer strategies, to deliver the therapy with an optimal time window and in a safe manner. This review attempts to provide the rationale, the most effective approaches and the potential hurdles of available antioxidant gene transfer approaches for ischemic injury in various organs, as well as the possible directions of future preclinical and clinical investigations of this highly promising therapeutic modality.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hoshino Y, Shioji K, Nakamura H, Masutani H, Yodoi J. From oxygen sensing to heart failure: role of thioredoxin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:689-99. [PMID: 17511584 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been widely recognized to be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary disorders. In ischemic heart diseases, it is involved not only in the development of atherosclerosis but also in ongoing ischemic injury, especially in the reperfusion process. Cardiomyopathy is another cardiac disorder in which oxidative stress is involved. In diabetic cardiomyopathy, homocysteine, a well-known source of oxidative stress, is believed to play major roles in its development. Thioredoxin (TRX) is a redox-acting protein ubiquitously present in the human body. It also is inducible by a wide variety of oxidative stresses. TRX is a multifunctional protein and has anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects, as well as antioxidative effects. It is therefore feasible to think that TRX is a potential therapy for cardiac disease. Moreover, serum TRX is a well-recognized biomarker of various diseases involving oxidative stress, and this is also the case for cardiac disorders. Here we discuss how TRX is useful as a biomarker of and therapeutic agent for cardiopulmonary disorders, especially focusing on ischemic heart disease, myocarditis and oxygen sensing, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Hoshino
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Shuhart MC, Wang CC, Liu Y, Lee DYW. Inhibition of T-cell inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte NF-kappaB signaling, and HCV infection by standardized Silymarin. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1925-36. [PMID: 17484885 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis C is a serious global medical problem necessitating effective treatment. Because standard of care with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin therapy is costly, has significant side effects, and fails to cure about half of all infections, many patients seek complementary and alternative medicine to improve their health, such as Silymarin, derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Milk thistle's clinical benefits for chronic hepatitis C are unsettled due to variability in standardization of the herbal product. METHODS In the current study, we focused on the anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties of a standardized Silymarin extract (MK-001). RESULTS MK-001 inhibited expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in anti-CD3 stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and nuclear factor kappa B-dependent transcription in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. Moreover, MK-001 dose dependently inhibited infection of Huh7 and Huh7.5.1 cells by JFH-1 virus. MK-001 displayed both prophylactic and therapeutic effects against HCV infection, and when combined with interferon-alpha, inhibited HCV replication more than interferon-alpha alone. Commercial preparations of Silymarin also displayed antiviral activity, although the effects were not as potent as MK-001. Antiviral effects of the extract were attributable in part to induction of Stat1 phosphorylation, while interferon-independent mechanisms were suggested when the extract was biochemically fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Silybin A, silybin B, and isosilybin A, isosilybin B elicited the strongest anti-NF-kappaB and anti-HCV actions. These effects were independent of MK-001-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that Silymarin exerts anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, and suggest that complementary and alternative medicine-based approaches may assist in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104-2499, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dubuisson MLN, Rees JF, Marchand-Brynaert J. Coelenterazine (marine bioluminescent substrate): a source of inspiration for the discovery of novel antioxidants. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2006; 31:827-49. [PMID: 16305995 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500271803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Coelenterazine and derivatives were initially considered in the scientific community for their (bio)luminescent properties. Now, another interest of such hetero-bicycles has been pointed out by the discovery of remarkable antioxidative properties, and an unique mode of action as a "cascade": the mother-compound (imidazolopyrazinone) is transformed by ROS into a daughter-compound (2-amino-pyrazine) also endowed with antioxidative properties. This review illustrates the therapeutic potential of synthetic imidazolopyrazinones (coelenterazine analogues): chemical reactivity assays with singulet oxygen, radical anion superoxide, peroxynitrite, and radicals formed during lipid and LDL peroxidation, cellular tests of protection against oxidative stress using keratinocyte, hepatocyte, neuronal and erythrocyte cells, and finally in vivo evaluation in a hamster model of ischemia-reperfusion, are fully described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L N Dubuisson
- Unité de Biologie Animale, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shackelford RE, Heinloth AN, Heard SC, Paules RS. Cellular and molecular targets of protein S-glutathiolation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:940-50. [PMID: 15998249 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species play a major role in both normal and pathophysiologic cellular processes. Although many cellular constituents can be damaged by oxidant exposure, cysteine thiol groups are among the most readily oxidized moieties found within cells. To avoid potentially irreversible cysteine thiol oxidation, cells have developed multiple antioxidant defenses to preserve these moieties. Among these defenses, protein S-glutathiolation has emerged as an important mechanism, both in the maintenance of thiol stability during oxidant exposure and as a rapid and efficient mechanism regulating protein activity and cellular metabolic pathways. Here we review the known molecular targets of S-glutathiolation, with emphasis on the varying molecular effects of S-glutathiolation on different proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney E Shackelford
- Louisiana State University at Shreveport, Department of Pathology, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Many proteins present on cell surfaces and located in extracellular fluids contain cysteine and methionine residues that are subject to oxidation. These proteins, which include transporters, receptors, and enzymes, respond to variations in the extracellular thiol/disulfide redox environment. Changes in activity of these proteins can alter the ability of organs to function normally and influence processes such as nutritional absorption, secretory function, neurotransmission, and susceptibility to toxicants. In addition, extracellular redox can regulate tissue homeostasis through effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune function. Consequently, extracellular redox can have important influences on health status and disease states and thus could be a target for nutritional interventions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122:339-52. [PMID: 15338229 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide (*O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl anion (OH-), and reactive nitrogen species, such as nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), are biologically important O2 derivatives that are increasingly recognized to be important in vascular biology through their oxidation/reduction (redox) potential. All vascular cell types (endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and adventitial fibroblasts) produce ROS, primarily via cell membrane-associated NAD(P)H oxidase. Reactive oxygen species regulate vascular function by modulating cell growth, apoptosis/anoikis, migration, inflammation, secretion, and extracellular matrix protein production. An imbalance in redox state where pro-oxidants overwhelm anti-oxidant capacity results in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage are mediators of vascular injury and inflammation in many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. Increased generation of ROS has been demonstrated in experimental and human hypertension. Anti-oxidants and agents that interrupt NAD(P)H oxidase-driven *O2- production regress vascular remodeling, improve endothelial function, reduce inflammation, and decrease blood pressure in hypertensive models. This experimental evidence has evoked considerable interest because of the possibilities that therapies targeted against reactive oxygen intermediates, by decreasing generation of ROS and/or by increasing availability of antioxidants, may be useful in minimizing vascular injury and hypertensive end organ damage. The present chapter focuses on the importance of ROS in vascular biology and discusses the role of oxidative stress in vascular damage in hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Touyz
- Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|