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Oktafiani D, Megasari NL, Fitriana E, Nasronudin, Lusida MI, Soetjipto. Human herpes virus 8 antibodies in HIV-positive patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. Infect Dis Rep 2020; 12:8746. [PMID: 32874472 PMCID: PMC7447943 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2020.8746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is etiologically related to Kaposi’s sarcoma. Antibodies directed against HHV-8 can be detected in 80-95% of HIV-seropositive patients with KS. HHV-8 serological tests have been done in several countries in Southeast Asia such as Malaysia, and Thailand however no serological data is available in Indonesia. This study was to examine the presence of HHV- 8 antibodies in HIV-positive patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. Material and methods Ninety-one serum samples were collected from HIVpositive patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. Human immunodeficiency virus-positive serum samples were collected from 10 homosexual men, 25 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and 56 heterosexuals. Serums were then tested for the presence of HHV-8 antibody by using sandwich ELISA (Abbexa Ltd, Cambridge, UK). Results The total of 91 HIV-infected were testing with antibodies to HHV-8 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies of HHV-8 were detected in 7/91 (7.7%) of the samples. According to a gender, six men (85.7%) and a women (14.3%) were positive of HHV-8 antibodies. No correlation regarding the gender and age from this study. The antibodies of HHV-8 was detected among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) men 5/7 (42.8%) and 2/7 (28.6%) from homosexual and heterosexual, respectively. Conclusion This study found the presence of HHV-8 antibodies in 7.7% of patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. This finding was higher more than Southeast Asian countries. The patients with a positive result could suggest measures to prevent HHV-8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Oktafiani
- Doctoral of Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
| | - Ni LuhAyu Megasari
- Doctoral of Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga.,Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Elsa Fitriana
- Doctoral of Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
| | - Nasronudin
- Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease
| | | | - Soetjipto
- Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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2
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Oktafiani D, Megasari NLA, Fitriana E, Nasronudin, Lusida MI, Soetjipto. DETECTION OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUS-8 ANTIGEN IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA. Afr J Infect Dis 2018; 12:43-46. [PMID: 30109285 PMCID: PMC6085735 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v12i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-infection of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in HIV-positive people might cause Kaposi's sarcoma. Early detection of HHV-8 may prevent the onset of clinical manifestations. In Indonesia, detection of HHV-8 antigen in HIV-positive patients has yet to be reported. The intention of this research was to examine the presence of HHV-8 antigen in HIV-positive patients in East Java, Indonesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS 103 serum samples were collected from HIV-positive patients in Surabaya and Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia. Serums were then tested for the presence of HHV-8 antigen by using sandwich ELISA. RESULTS Human Herpesvirus-8 antigen was detected in 15 samples (14.5%). The presence of HHV-8 infection in HIV-positive patients did not present differently in males and females and among different age groups. Human immunodeficiency virus-positive serum samples were collected from 23 homosexual men, 25 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and 52 heterosexuals. In the male homosexual group, HHV-8 antigen was detected in 21.7% (5/23) of the samples, while in the intravenous drug user group (IVDUs), 16% (4/25) of the samples were found to have HHV-8 antigen. CONCLUSION This research found the presence of HHV-8 antigen in 14.5% of patients in East Java, Indonesia. It is recommended that patients with a positive result should receive further examination to detect any clinical manifestations related to HHV-8 infection, especially in the form of Kaposi's sarcoma lesions, so that the illness can be appropriately managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Oktafiani
- Doctoral Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ni Luh Ayu Megasari
- Doctoral Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Elsa Fitriana
- Doctoral Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nasronudin
- Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Maria Inge Lusida
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Soetjipto
- Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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3
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Ouyang XX, Fu BS, Li BL, Zeng Y, Xu FH, Wang LD. Establishment of an ELISA to detect Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus using recombinant ORF73. Virol Sin 2010; 25:168-76. [PMID: 20960290 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is causally related to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a proportion of cases of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). The ORF73 protein was cloned into pQE80L-orf73 and expressed in E.coli and purified. The expressed recombinant ORF73 was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A protein of about 27 kDa was expressed as expected. Western Blotting showed that the purified recombinant ORF73 reacted with KSHV positive serum. The immunogenicity of the recombinant ORF73 was further analysed by ELISA and the optimal conditions were determined. The ORF73 ELISA was used to compare the KSHV seroprevalence between Hubei and Xinjiang Han people. The Han people in Xinjiang have significantly higher KSHV seroprevalence than their counterparts in Hubei (6.7% vs 2.9%, P = 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-xing Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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4
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Chang PC, Fitzgerald LD, Van Geelen A, Izumiya Y, Ellison TJ, Wang DH, Ann DK, Luciw PA, Kung HJ. Kruppel-associated box domain-associated protein-1 as a latency regulator for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and its modulation by the viral protein kinase. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5681-9. [PMID: 19584288 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, a major AIDS-associated malignancy, and to hematologic malignancies, including primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. Like other herpesviruses, KSHV is capable of both latent and lytic replication. Understanding the molecular details associated with this transition from latency to lytic replication is key to controlling virus spread and can affect the development of intervention strategies. Here, we report that Kruppel-associated box domain-associated protein-1 (KAP-1)/transcriptional intermediary factor 1beta, a cellular transcriptional repressor that controls chromosomal remodeling, participates in the process of switching viral latency to lytic replication. Knockdown of KAP-1 by small interfering RNA leads to KSHV reactivation mediated by K-Rta, a key transcriptional regulator. In cells harboring latent KSHV, KAP-1 was associated with the majority of viral lytic-gene promoters. K-Rta overexpression induced the viral lytic cycle with concomitant reduction of KAP-1 binding to viral promoters. Association of KAP-1 with heterochromatin was modulated by both sumoylation and phosphorylation. During lytic replication of KSHV, KAP-1 was phosphorylated at Ser(824). Several lines of evidence directly linked the viral protein kinase to this post-translational modification. Additional studies showed that this phosphorylation of KAP-1 produced a decrease in its sumoylation, consequently decreasing the ability of KAP-1 to condense chromatin on viral promoters. In summary, the cellular transcriptional repressor KAP-1 plays a role in regulating KSHV latency, and viral protein kinase modulates the chromatin remodeling function of this repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Chang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California-Davis Cancer Center, California 95817, USA
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5
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Cheng F, Weidner-Glunde M, Varjosalo M, Rainio EM, Lehtonen A, Schulz TF, Koskinen PJ, Taipale J, Ojala PM. KSHV reactivation from latency requires Pim-1 and Pim-3 kinases to inactivate the latency-associated nuclear antigen LANA. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000324. [PMID: 19266083 PMCID: PMC2648312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host signal-transduction pathways are intimately involved in the switch between latency and productive infection of herpes viruses. As with other herpes viruses, infection by Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) displays these two phases. During latency only few viral genes are expressed, while in the productive infection the virus is reactivated with initiation of extensive viral DNA replication and gene expression, resulting in production of new viral particles. Viral reactivation is crucial for KSHV pathogenesis and contributes to the progression of KS. We have recently identified Pim-1 as a kinase reactivating KSHV upon over-expression. Here we show that another Pim family kinase, Pim-3, also induces viral reactivation. We demonstrate that expression of both Pim-1 and Pim-3 is induced in response to physiological and chemical reactivation in naturally KSHV-infected cells, and we show that they are required for KSHV reactivation under these conditions. Furthermore, our data indicate that Pim-1 and Pim-3 contribute to viral reactivation by phosphorylating the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) on serine residues 205 and 206. This counteracts the LANA–mediated repression of the KSHV lytic gene transcription. The identification of Pim family kinases as novel cellular regulators of the gammaherpesvirus life cycle facilitates a deeper understanding of virus–host interactions during reactivation and may represent potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention. The switch from latency to productive viral replication (reactivation) is a crucial decision in the viral life cycle, and recent clinico-epidemiological studies support the importance of lytic replication in the development and progression of Kaposi's sarcoma. Hence, cellular signaling pathways operative during viral reactivation could represent potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Our work identifies Pim-1 and Pim-3 kinases as essential key regulators of the gammaherpesvirus life cycle. These kinases target the hallmark of KSHV latency, the LANA protein, by phosphorylation, which abolishes its ability to act as a transcriptional suppressor of viral lytic replication. This study facilitates a deeper understanding of virus–host interactions during reactivation and provides novel opportunities for pharmacological control and intervention also in virus-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Markku Varjosalo
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva-Marja Rainio
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, BioCity, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Lehtonen
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Päivi J. Koskinen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, BioCity, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Taipale
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi M. Ojala
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Castagnola E, Faraci M, Moroni C, Di Marco E, Cirillo C, Rabagliati AM, Ricci R, Natalizia AR, de Fazio V, Morreale G, Granata C, Lanino E, Dini G, Haupt R. Rare viral infections in children receiving hemopoietic stem cell transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 41 Suppl 2:S100-3. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Anderson LA, Engels EA. Hepatitis C virus infection and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: interesting association or causal relationship? Int J Cancer 2008; 122:x-xii. [PMID: 18271007 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF57 functions as a viral splicing factor and promotes expression of intron-containing viral lytic genes in spliceosome-mediated RNA splicing. J Virol 2008; 82:2792-801. [PMID: 18184716 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01856-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 facilitates the expression of both intronless viral ORF59 genes and intron-containing viral K8 and K8.1 genes (V. Majerciak, N. Pripuzova, J. P. McCoy, S. J. Gao, and Z. M. Zheng, J. Virol. 81:1062-1071, 2007). In this study, we showed that disruption of ORF57 in a KSHV genome led to increased accumulation of ORF50 and K8 pre-mRNAs and reduced expression of ORF50 and K-bZIP proteins but had no effect on latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Cotransfection of ORF57 and K8beta cDNA, which retains a suboptimal intron of K8 pre-mRNA due to alternative splicing, promoted RNA splicing of K8beta and production of K8alpha (K-bZIP). Although Epstein-Barr virus EB2, a closely related homolog of ORF57, had a similar activity in the cotransfection assays, herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 was inactive. This enhancement of RNA splicing by ORF57 correlates with the intact N-terminal nuclear localization signal motifs of ORF57 and takes place in the absence of other viral proteins. In activated KSHV-infected B cells, KSHV ORF57 partially colocalizes with splicing factors in nuclear speckles and assembles into spliceosomal complexes in association with low-abundance viral ORF50 and K8 pre-mRNAs and essential splicing components. The association of ORF57 with snRNAs occurs by ORF57-Sm protein interaction. We also found that ORF57 binds K8beta pre-mRNAs in vitro in the presence of nuclear extracts. Collectively our data indicate that KSHV ORF57 functions as a novel splicing factor in the spliceosome-mediated splicing of viral RNA transcripts.
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9
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Bottler T, Kuttenberger J, Hardt N, Oehen HP, Baltensperger M. Non-HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma of the tongue. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 36:1218-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Pyakurel P, Pak F, Mwakigonja AR, Kaaya E, Biberfeld P. KSHV/HHV-8 and HIV infection in Kaposi's sarcoma development. Infect Agent Cancer 2007; 2:4. [PMID: 17270056 PMCID: PMC1800836 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a highly and abnormally vascularized tumor-like lesion affecting the skin, lymphnodes and viscera, which develops from early inflammatory stages of patch/plaque to late, nodular tumors composed predominant of spindle cells (SC). These SC are infected with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or human herpesvirus-8 (KSHV/HHV-8). KS is promoted during HIV infection by various angiogenic and pro-inflammatory factors including HIV-Tat. The latency associated nuclear antigen type 1 (LANA-1) protein is well expressed in SC, highly immunogenic and considered important in the generation and maintenance of HHV-8 associated malignancies. Various studies favour an endothelial origin of the KS SC, expressing "mixed" lymphatic and vascular endothelial cell markers, possibly representing hybrid phenotypes of endothelial cells (EC). A significant number of SC during KS development are apparently not HHV8 infected, which heterogeneity in viral permissiveness may indicate that non-infected SC may continuously be recruited in to the lesion from progenitor cells and locally triggered to develop permissiveness to HHV8 infection. In the present study various aspects of KS pathogenesis are discussed, focusing on the histopathological as well as cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Pyakurel
- Immunopathology Lab., Department of Pathology and Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Pak
- Immunopathology Lab., Department of Pathology and Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amos R Mwakigonja
- Immunopathology Lab., Department of Pathology and Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65023, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ephata Kaaya
- Immunopathology Lab., Department of Pathology and Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65023, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter Biberfeld
- Immunopathology Lab., Department of Pathology and Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, 171-76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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McAllister SC, Moses AV. Endothelial cell- and lymphocyte-based in vitro systems for understanding KSHV biology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 312:211-44. [PMID: 17089799 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34344-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS), the most common AIDS-associated malignancy, is a multifocal tumor characterized by deregulated angiogenesis, proliferation of spindle cells, and extravasation of inflammatory cells and erythrocytes. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also human herpesvirus-8) is implicated in all clinical forms of KS. Endothelial cells (EC) harbor the KSHV genome in vivo, are permissive for virus infection in vitro, and are thought to be the precursors of KS spindle cells. Spindle cells are rare in early patch-stage KS lesions but become the predominant cell type in later plaque- and nodular-stage lesions. Alterations in endothelial/spindle cell physiology that promote proliferation and survival are thus thought to be important in disease progression and may represent potential therapeutic targets. KSHV encodes genes that stimulate cellular proliferation and migration, prevent apoptosis, and counter the host immune response. The combined effect of these genes is thought to drive the proliferation and survival of infected spindle cells and influence the lesional microenvironment. Large-scale gene expression analyses have revealed that KSHV infection also induces dramatic reprogramming of the EC transcriptome. These changes in cellular gene expression likely contribute to the development of the KS lesion. In addition to KS, KSHV is also present in B cell neoplasias including primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. A combination of virus and virus-induced host factors are similarly thought to contribute to establishment and progression of these malignancies. A number of lymphocyte- and EC-based systems have been developed that afford some insight into the means by which KSHV contributes to malignant transformation of host cells. Whereas KSHV is well maintained in PEL cells cultured in vitro, explanted spindle cells rapidly lose the viral episome. Thus, endothelial cell-based systems for studying KSHV gene expression and function, as well as the effect of infection on host cell physiology, have required in vitro infection of primary or life-extended EC. This chapter includes a review of these in vitro cell culture systems, acknowledging their strengths and weaknesses and putting into perspective how each has contributed to our understanding of the complex KS lesional environment. In addition, we present a model of KS lesion progression based on findings culled from these models as well as recent clinical advances in KS chemotherapy. Thus this unifying model describes our current understanding of KS pathogenesis by drawing together multiple theories of KS progression that by themselves cannot account for the complexities of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C McAllister
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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12
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Majerciak V, Yamanegi K, Nie SH, Zheng ZM. Structural and Functional Analyses of Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus ORF57 Nuclear Localization Signals in Living Cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:28365-78. [PMID: 16829516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 is a multifunctional, nuclear protein involved in post-transcriptional regulation of a subset of viral genes during lytic replication. Three nuclear localization signals (NLSs), NLS1 (amino acids (aa 101-107), NLS2 (aa 121-130), and NLS3 (aa 143-152), were identified in the N terminus of the ORF57 protein, and each of the three represents a short stretch of basic amino acid residues. Disruption of all three NLSs prevented localization of ORF57 in the nucleus. Insertion of individual NLSs into a heterologous cytoplasmic protein converted it into a nuclear protein, confirming that each NLS functions independently and is sufficient to promote protein nuclear localization. Although it exhibits a function similar to that of Epstein-Barr virus EB2 in promoting KSHV ORF59 expression, KSHV ORF57 differs from the herpes simplex virus ICP27 protein, and its function could be disrupted by point mutations of single or two NLSs in random combination, despite the proper localization of the mutant protein in the nucleus. The dysfunctional ORF57 containing NLS mutations also had low affinity with ORF59 RNA and the RNA export factor REF. However, the REF binding of ORF57 in vivo appeared to have no effect on ORF57-mediated enhancement of ORF59 expression. Thus, the three NLSs identified in ORF57 provide at least two functions, nuclear localization of ORF57 and up-regulation of ORF59 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Majerciak
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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13
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Yamanegi K, Tang S, Zheng ZM. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K8beta is derived from a spliced intermediate of K8 pre-mRNA and antagonizes K8alpha (K-bZIP) to induce p21 and p53 and blocks K8alpha-CDK2 interaction. J Virol 2006; 79:14207-21. [PMID: 16254356 PMCID: PMC1280184 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14207-14221.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a lymphotropic DNA tumor virus that induces Kaposi's sarcoma and AIDS-related primary effusion lymphoma. KSHV open reading frame 50 and K8 genes in early viral lytic infection express, respectively, a tricistronic and a bicistronic pre-mRNA, which undergo alternative splicing to create two major spliced mRNA isoforms, alpha and beta, by inclusion (beta) or exclusion (alpha) of an intron at nucleotides 75563 to 75645. This intron contains some suboptimal features, which cause the intron 5' splice site (ss) to interact weakly with U1 snRNA and the 3' ss to bind a U2 auxiliary factor, U2AF, with low affinity. Optimization of this intron in K8 (K8 intron 2) promoted the interaction of the 5' ss with U1 and the 3' ss with U2AF, resulting in a substantial increase in intron splicing. Splicing of K8 intron 2 has also been shown to be stimulated by the splicing of a downstream intron. This was confirmed by the insertion of a human beta-globin intron into the K8beta exon 3-exon 4 splice junction, which promoted splicing of K8beta intron 2 and conversion of the K8beta mRNA to the K8alpha mRNA that encodes a K-bZIP protein. Intron 2 contains a premature termination codon, yet the K8beta mRNA is insensitive to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, suggesting that the truncated K8beta protein may have a biological function. Indeed, although the truncated K8beta protein is missing only a C-terminal leucine zipper domain from the K-bZIP, its expression antagonizes the ability of the K-bZIP to induce p53 and p21 and blocks K-bZIP-CDK2 interaction through interfering K8alpha mRNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamanegi
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1868, USA
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14
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Raggo C, Ruhl R, McAllister S, Koon H, Dezube BJ, Früh K, Moses AV. Novel cellular genes essential for transformation of endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5084-95. [PMID: 15958552 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is involved in the development of lymphoproliferative diseases and Kaposi's sarcoma. The oncogenicity of this virus is reflected in vitro by its ability to transform B cells and endothelial cells. Infection of dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMVEC) transforms the cells from a cobblestone-like monolayer to foci-forming spindle cells. This transformation is accompanied by dramatic changes in the cellular transcriptome. Known oncogenes, such as c-Kit, are among the KSHV-induced host genes. We previously showed that c-Kit is an essential cellular component of the KSHV-mediated transformation of DMVEC. Here, we test the hypothesis that the transformation process can be used to discover novel oncogenes. When expression of a panel of KSHV-induced cellular transcripts was inhibited with antisense oligomers, we observed inhibition of DMVEC proliferation and foci formation using antisense molecules to RDC1 and Neuritin. We further showed that transformation of KSHV-infected DMVEC was inhibited by small interfering RNA directed at RDC1 or Neuritin. Ectopic expression of Neuritin in NIH 3T3 cells resulted in changes in cell morphology and anchorage-independent growth, whereas RDC1 ectopic expression significantly increased cell proliferation. In addition, both RDC1- and Neuritin-expressing cells formed tumors in nude mice. RDC1 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, whereas Neuritin is a growth-promoting protein known to mediate neurite outgrowth. Neither gene has been previously implicated in tumorigenesis. Our data suggest that KSHV-mediated transformation involves exploitation of the hitherto unrealized oncogenic properties of RDC1 and Neuritin.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/virology
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Metalloproteins/biosynthesis
- Metalloproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neuropeptides/biosynthesis
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oncogenes/physiology
- Osteopontin
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/biosynthesis
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Sialoglycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Sialoglycoproteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Raggo
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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15
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Pak F, Pyakural P, Kokhaei P, Kaaya E, Pourfathollah AA, Selivanova G, Biberfeld P. HHV-8/KSHV during the development of Kaposi's sarcoma: evaluation by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32:21-7. [PMID: 15660651 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human gamma-herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) was first described in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tumour samples. In this study, we report comparative studies on paraffin-embedded biopsies of AIDS-related KS (AKS) and endemic KS (EKS) with regard to HHV-8 content as evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. DNA was extracted either using Chelex-100 or using Qia-gene kit and was evaluated with the help of a semiquantitative PCR assay. The PCR detection of HHV-8 was more sensitive to the Chelex method than to Qia-gene. The threshold for PCR test sensitivity with the help of serial dilution of DNA was at the level of five plasmid ORF-26 regions, and DNA from 25 body cavity-based lymphoma-1 cells. The results expressed as virus load/actin unit showed progressively higher HHV-8 levels in late (nodular) cases, compared to those in early (patch/plaque) stages. Evaluation of HHV-8 DNA levels in tumour tissues, thus, indicates a correlation between virus load and KS stage. Double immunostaining of spindle cells (SC) in KS biopsies for CD34 and HHV-8/latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) showed an increase in double-positive SC in the lesions of nodular AKS and EKS cases, compared to that in plaque and patch stages. However, 10-15% of CD34+/LANA- SC cells were observed during the development from patch to nodular cases of AKS and EKS. Our results indicate that PCR analysis is a simple and sensitive diagnostic method for HHV-8 evaluation in KS tissues, processed for conventional histopathology.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Cell Count
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Nuclear Proteins/analysis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pak
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Klass CM, Krug LT, Pozharskaya VP, Offermann MK. The targeting of primary effusion lymphoma cells for apoptosis by inducing lytic replication of human herpesvirus 8 while blocking virus production. Blood 2005; 105:4028-34. [PMID: 15687238 PMCID: PMC1895088 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a B-cell lymphoma in which human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is found within all tumor cells and represents a target for selectively destroying tumor cells. HHV-8 is latent in most PEL cells and, hence, resistant to antiviral agents that inhibit lytic replication. We demonstrate that PEL cell lines containing HHV-8 without and with coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus responded to the antiseizure medication valproate with entry into the lytic cascade and production of infectious virus. Minimal cell death occurred when noninfected BL-41 cells were incubated with valproate, whereas apoptosis occurred in response to valproate in PELs that supported lytic replication of HHV-8. The anti-viral agents ganciclovir and phosphonoformic acid (PFA) blocked valproate-induced production of infectious virus without blocking entry into the lytic cascade, and apoptosis occurred at levels that were as high as when virus production was not blocked. Ganciclovir and PFA also prevented most valproate-induced expression of the late lytic viral transcript open reading frame 26 (ORF-26), but they did not block the induction of either viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) or viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR). These studies provide evidence that incubation of PELs with valproate in the presence of ganciclovir or PFA can selectively target tumor cells for apoptosis without increasing viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Klass
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365-B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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