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Su KC, Cheng HM, Chu Y, Lu FC, Tsai LH, Cheng CY. Correlating Ocular Physiology and Visual Function with Mild Cognitive Loss in Senior Citizens in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2624. [PMID: 35566750 PMCID: PMC9103053 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The transition of Taiwan from an aging to a super-aging society has come with a cost as more elderly now suffer from cognitive impairment. The main purpose of our study was to investigate if early detection can be developed so that timely intervention can be instituted. We analyzed the correlation of cognitive function with ocular physiology and visual functions between senior citizens aged 60 years or older in Taiwan. Methods: Thirty-six healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Addenbrooke's cognitive examination III (ACE-III), binocular functions (including objective and subjective refraction, distance and near dissociated phoria, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity, adult developmental eye movement (ADEM), and ocular physiology (by using optical coherence tomography, OCT, and macular pigment measurement, MPS) were performed, and the data were analyzed via independent t-test, chi-square test, Pearson correlation, linear regression, and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. Results: Data analysis showed that (1) patients with poor eye movement had a strong correlation with the total score and all dimensions of cognitive functions, (2) the thickness of the macula had a strong correlation with attention and memory, and (3) patients with poor eye movement and poor stereopsis in combination with thinner inferior macula appeared to have lower cognitive abilities. Discussion and Conclusions: Cognitive dysfunction is not readily identified during the early stage of cognitive decline. The use of simple and inexpensive ADEM or stereopsis test and comparing the OCT results that are popular in optometry clinics for reference can be diagnostic in identifying patients with mild cognitive impairments. With the combined use of macular pigment density or retinal thickness measurements, it was possible to effectively predict the early degradation of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chen Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (F.-C.L.)
| | - Hong-Ming Cheng
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Yu Chu
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (F.-C.L.)
| | - Fang-Chun Lu
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (F.-C.L.)
| | - Lung-Hui Tsai
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (F.-C.L.)
| | - Ching-Ying Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.C.); (F.-C.L.)
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Vision through Healthy Aging Eyes. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:vision5040046. [PMID: 34698313 PMCID: PMC8544709 DOI: 10.3390/vision5040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy grows, so too will the number of people adversely affected by age. Although it is acknowledged that many conditions and diseases are associated with age, this mini-review will present a current update of the various visual changes that generally occur in healthy individuals disregarding the possible effects of illness. These alterations influence how the world is perceived and in turn can affect efficiency or the ability to perform ordinary daily tasks such as driving or reading. The most common physical developments include a decreased pupil size and retinal luminance as well as changes both in intercellular and intracellular connections within the retina along the pathway to the visual cortex and within the visual cortex. The quantity and the physical location of retinal cells including photoreceptors, ganglion and bipolar retinal cells are modified. The clarity of intraocular organs, such as the intraocular lens, decreases. These all result in common visual manifestations that include reduced visual acuity, dry eyes, motility changes, a contraction of the visual field, presbyopia, reduced contrast sensitivity, slow dark adaptation, recovery from glare, variation in color vision and a decreased visual processing speed. Highlighting these prevalent issues as well as current and possible future innovations will assist providers to formulate treatments and thereby conserve maximum independence and mobility in the modern mature population.
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Abstract
Recent applications of eye tracking for diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of therapy in age-related neurological or psychological deficits have been reviewed. The review is focused on active aging, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. The potential impacts and current limitations of using characterizing features of eye movements and pupillary responses (oculometrics) as objective biomarkers in the context of aging are discussed. A closer look into the findings, especially with respect to cognitive impairments, suggests that eye tracking is an invaluable technique to study hidden aspects of aging that have not been revealed using any other noninvasive tool. Future research should involve a wider variety of oculometrics, in addition to saccadic metrics and pupillary responses, including nonlinear and combinatorial features as well as blink- and fixation-related metrics to develop biomarkers to trace age-related irregularities associated with cognitive and neural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Z Marandi
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg E 9220, Denmark
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg E 9220, Denmark
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Salobrar-García E, de Hoz R, Ramírez AI, López-Cuenca I, Rojas P, Vazirani R, Amarante C, Yubero R, Gil P, Pinazo-Durán MD, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Changes in visual function and retinal structure in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220535. [PMID: 31415594 PMCID: PMC6695171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) can cause degeneration in the retina and optic nerve either directly, as a result of amyloid beta deposits, or secondarily, as a result of the degradation of the visual cortex. These effects raise the possibility that tracking ophthalmologic changes in the retina can be used to assess neurodegeneration in AD. This study aimed to detect retinal changes and associated functional changes in three groups of patients consisting of AD patients with mild disease, AD patients with moderate disease and healthy controls by using non-invasive psychophysical ophthalmological tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS We included 39 patients with mild AD, 21 patients with moderate AD and 40 age-matched healthy controls. Both patients and controls were ophthalmologically healthy. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, colour perception, visual integration, and choroidal thicknesses were measured. In addition, OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) were applied. FINDINGS Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, colour perception, and visual integration were significantly lower in AD patients than in healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, macular thinning in the central region was significant in the mild AD patients, while macular thickening in the central region was found in the moderate AD group. The analysis of macular layers revealed significant thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer, the ganglion cell layer and the outer plexiform layer in AD patients relative to controls. Conversely, significant thickening was observed in the outer nuclear layer of the patients. However, mild AD was associated with significant thinning of the subfovea and the nasal and inferior sectors of the choroid. Significant superonasal and inferotemporal peripapillary thinning was observed in patients with moderate disease. CONCLUSIONS The first changes in the mild AD patients appear in the psychophysical tests and in the central macula with a decrease in the central retinal thickness. When there was a disease progression to moderate AD, psychophysical tests remained stable with respect to the decrease in mild AD, but significant thinning in the peripapillary retina and thickening in the central retina appeared. The presence of AD is best indicated based on contrast sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ravi Vazirani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Amarante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Yubero
- Unidad de Memoria, Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil
- Unidad de Memoria, Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María D. Pinazo-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Oftalmológica «Santiago Grisolia»/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
- Grupo de Oftalmobiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mathis T, Rauber H, Sautivet L, Chambard C, Denis P, Danaila T, Kodjikian L. [Screening for reading difficulties in Parkinson's disease: An evaluation of the Alouette test]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2018; 41:718-724. [PMID: 30150017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reading disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) are poorly evaluated due to the lack of validated tests to screen for them. They are often attributed to hand tremors associated with the disease. In this study, we evaluated the "alouette test" validated for dyslexia screening, in PD by comparing the results to healthy patients. METHODS The "alouette test" was conducted on a fixed surface to avoid errors related to tremor. A fixation and tracking test were then performed. All the tests were filmed to be analyzed later by 2 examiners blinded to the neurological diagnosis. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients were included, 19 with PD, and 19 healthy age-matched patients. PD patients read on average 250.9±13.7 words correctly vs. 260.3±2.7 words for healthy patients (P=0.008). This difference was greatest for the older patient subgroup (>65 years), who had the disease longer (P=0.014). Tracking and fixation tests were more impaired in PD patients compared to healthy patients. CONCLUSION This study highlighted many reading disorders in PD. The use of the "alouette test" which can easily be implemented in clinical practice, could help to diagnose these disorders. Better evaluation of these difficulties would allow for better medical care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mathis
- Service d'ophtalmologie, université Lyon 1, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France; UMR-CNRS 5510 Matéis, 345, avenue Gasto-Berger, 69100 Villeurbane, France; Université Lyon 1, institut des sciences et techniques de réadaptation, 8, avenue Rockfeller, 69373 Lyon cedex 08, France.
| | - H Rauber
- Service d'ophtalmologie, université Lyon 1, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France; Université Lyon 1, institut des sciences et techniques de réadaptation, 8, avenue Rockfeller, 69373 Lyon cedex 08, France
| | - L Sautivet
- Service d'ophtalmologie, université Lyon 1, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France; Université Lyon 1, institut des sciences et techniques de réadaptation, 8, avenue Rockfeller, 69373 Lyon cedex 08, France
| | - C Chambard
- Service d'ophtalmologie, université Lyon 1, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France; Université Lyon 1, institut des sciences et techniques de réadaptation, 8, avenue Rockfeller, 69373 Lyon cedex 08, France
| | - P Denis
- Service d'ophtalmologie, université Lyon 1, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France; Université Lyon 1, institut des sciences et techniques de réadaptation, 8, avenue Rockfeller, 69373 Lyon cedex 08, France
| | - T Danaila
- Service de neurologie, troubles du mouvement et pathologies neuromusculaires, université Lyon 1, hôpital Pierre-Wertheimer, hospices civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron, France
| | - L Kodjikian
- Service d'ophtalmologie, université Lyon 1, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France; UMR-CNRS 5510 Matéis, 345, avenue Gasto-Berger, 69100 Villeurbane, France
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Berliner JM, Kluger BM, Corcos DM, Pelak VS, Gisbert R, McRae C, Atkinson CC, Schenkman M. Patient perceptions of visual, vestibular, and oculomotor deficits in people with Parkinson's disease. Physiother Theory Pract 2018; 36:701-708. [PMID: 29979909 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1492055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disturbances in the visual, vestibular, and oculomotor systems have been identified in Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients' perspectives regarding these symptoms remain unexplored and may provide insights on functional implications of these symptoms and guide future interventions. The goal of this study is to elicit perceptions of individuals with PD with respect to visual, vestibular, and oculomotor deficits. Methods: Twenty-nine individuals with PD participated in focus group discussions. Participants discussed visual, vestibular, and oculomotor deficits they experience and how these deficits affect function. Discussions were recorded, transcribed, and coded. Inductive qualitative data analysis techniques were used to interpret responses. Results: Four themes emerged: 1) participants perceived visual, vestibular, and oculomotor deficits and related these deficits to their PD diagnosis; 2) participants perceive that these deficits affect function; 3) participants suggested these deficits are not recognized by healthcare providers; and 4) participants indicated they receive limited treatment for these deficits. Conclusions: Visual, vestibular, and oculomotor deficits are under-reported and under-assessed symptoms, which have a significant impact on the lives of people with PD. Healthcare providers should be aware of such deficits. The findings suggest that the healthcare team can better identify these deficits and identify important future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Berliner
- Rehabilitation Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benzi M Kluger
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel M Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria S Pelak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robyn Gisbert
- Physical Therapy Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cynthia McRae
- Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver , Denver, CO, USA
| | - Christine C Atkinson
- Patient Advocate, Patients Working with Researchers Group, Movement Disorders Center, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Margaret Schenkman
- Rehabilitation Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA.,Physical Therapy Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
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Jost J, Havlisova H, Bilkova Z, Stefankova Z, Zemkova L. Adolescents with Persistent History of Maltreatment Fail in Antisaccadic Task. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2018; 11:163-171. [PMID: 32318147 PMCID: PMC7163873 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-017-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The antisaccadic task is sensitive to what is called frontal dysfunction, i.e. dysfunction of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex which are the basis for a wide range of symptoms. The present study examined saccadic eye movements in adolescents with persistent history of maltreatment. Participants included 17 female subjects with maltreatment history. The control group consisted of 54 typically developing female subjects. All participants were administered Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and saccadic eye movement tests. CBCL showed significant differences between the maltreated and control groups. The prosaccadic test revealed insignificant results between both groups. The antisaccadic test revealed a highly significant difference (longer latencies, more prosaccadic mistakes in the group of maltreated subjects). Antisaccadic eye movements may be regarded as a possible indicator of persistent maltreatment and following emotional and behavioral problems and may therefore enhance diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Jost
- Department of Special Education, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Education, Dukelska 9, CZ 370 01 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Havlisova
- Department of Special Education, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bilkova
- Department of Special Education, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Stefankova
- Department of Special Education, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Zemkova
- Department of English Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Eyetracking metrics reveal impaired spatial anticipation in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia 2017; 106:328-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Fernández G, Manes F, Politi LE, Orozco D, Schumacher M, Castro L, Agamennoni O, Rotstein NP. Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease Fail When Using Their Working Memory: Evidence from the Eye Tracking Technique. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:827-38. [PMID: 26836011 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop progressive language, visuoperceptual, attentional, and oculomotor changes that can have an impact on their reading comprehension. However, few studies have examined reading behavior in AD, and none have examined the contribution of predictive cueing in reading performance. For this purpose we analyzed the eye movement behavior of 35 healthy readers (Controls) and 35 patients with probable AD during reading of regular and high-predictable sentences. The cloze predictability of words N - 1, and N + 1 exerted an influence on the reader's gaze duration. The predictabilities of preceding words in high-predictable sentences served as task-appropriate cues that were used by Control readers. In contrast, these effects were not present in AD patients. In Controls, changes in predictability significantly affected fixation duration along the sentence; noteworthy, these changes did not affect fixation durations in AD patients. Hence, only in healthy readers did predictability of upcoming words influence fixation durations via memory retrieval. Our results suggest that Controls used stored information of familiar texts for enhancing their reading performance and imply that contextual-word predictability, whose processing is proposed to require memory retrieval, only affected reading behavior in healthy subjects. In AD patients, this loss reveals impairments in brain areas such as those corresponding to working memory and memory retrieval. These findings might be relevant for expanding the options for the early detection and monitoring in the early stages of AD. Furthermore, evaluation of eye movements during reading could provide a new tool for measuring drug impact on patients' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Orozco
- Clínica Privada Bahiense, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Schumacher
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Castro
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Agamennoni
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement Deficits in Patients With Whiplash and Neck Pain are Modulated by Target Predictability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015; 40:E1052-7. [PMID: 26418634 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to support and extend previous observations on oculomotor disturbances in patients with neck pain and whiplash-associated disorders (WADs) by systematically investigating the effect of static neck torsion on smooth pursuit in response to both predictably and unpredictably moving targets using video-oculography. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous studies showed that in patients with neck complaints, for instance due to WAD, extreme static neck torsion deteriorates smooth pursuit eye movements in response to predictably moving targets compared with healthy controls. METHODS Eye movements in response to a smoothly moving target were recorded with video-oculography in a heterogeneous group of 55 patients with neck pain (including 11 patients with WAD) and 20 healthy controls. Smooth pursuit performance was determined while the trunk was fixed in 7 static rotations relative to the head (from 45° to the left to 45° to right), using both predictably and unpredictably moving stimuli. RESULTS Patients had reduced smooth pursuit gains and smooth pursuit gain decreased due to neck torsion. Healthy controls showed higher gains for predictably moving targets compared with unpredictably moving targets, whereas patients with neck pain had similar gains in response to both types of target movements. In 11 patients with WAD, increased neck torsion decreased smooth pursuit performance, but only for predictably moving targets. CONCLUSION Smooth pursuit of patients with neck pain is affected. The previously reported WAD-specific decline in smooth pursuit due to increased neck torsion seems to be modulated by the predictability of the movement of the target. The observed oculomotor disturbances in patients with WAD are therefore unlikely to be induced by impaired neck proprioception alone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Agathos CP, Bernardin D, Huchet D, Scherlen AC, Assaiante C, Isableu B. Sensorimotor and cognitive factors associated with the age-related increase of visual field dependence: a cross-sectional study. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9805. [PMID: 26122710 PMCID: PMC4485658 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reliance on the visual frame of reference for spatial orientation (or visual field dependence) has been reported to increase with age. This has implications on old adults' daily living tasks as it affects stability, attention, and adaptation capacities. However, the nature and underlying mechanisms of this increase are not well defined. We investigated sensorimotor and cognitive factors possibly associated with increased visual field dependence in old age, by considering functions that are both known to degrade with age and important for spatial orientation and sensorimotor control: reliance on the (somatosensory-based) egocentric frame of reference, visual fixation stability, and attentional processing of complex visual scenes (useful field of view, UFOV). Twenty young, 18 middle-aged, and 20 old adults completed a visual examination, three tests of visual field dependence (RFT, RDT, and GEFT), a test of egocentric dependence (subjective vertical estimation with the body erect and tilted at 70°), a visual fixation task, and a test of visual attentional processing (UFOV®). Increased visual field dependence with age was associated with reduced egocentric dependence, visual fixation stability, and visual attentional processing. In addition, visual fixation instability and reduced UFOV were correlated. Results of middle-aged adults fell between those of the young and old, revealing the progressive nature of the age effects we evaluated. We discuss results in terms of reference frame selection with respect to ageing as well as visual and non-visual information processing. Inter-individual differences amongst old adults are highlighted and discussed with respect to the functionality of increased visual field dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine P Agathos
- R&D Optics Department, Vision Sciences Department, Essilor International, 75012, Paris, France,
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Armstrong R, Kergoat H. Oculo-visual changes and clinical considerations affecting older patients with dementia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35:352-76. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Kergoat
- École d'optométrie; Université de Montréal; Montreal Canada
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Fernández G, Castro LR, Schumacher M, Agamennoni OE. Diagnosis of mild Alzheimer disease through the analysis of eye movements during reading. J Integr Neurosci 2015; 14:121-33. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635215500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lenoble Q, Bubbico G, Szaffarczyk S, Pasquier F, Boucart M. Scene categorization in Alzheimer's disease: a saccadic choice task. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2015; 5:1-12. [PMID: 25759714 PMCID: PMC4327701 DOI: 10.1159/000366054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the performance in scene categorization of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a saccadic choice task. METHOD 24 patients with mild AD, 28 age-matched controls and 26 young people participated in the study. The participants were presented pairs of coloured photographs and were asked to make a saccadic eye movement to the picture corresponding to the target scene (natural vs. urban, indoor vs. outdoor). RESULTS The patients' performance did not differ from chance for natural scenes. Differences between young and older controls and patients with AD were found in accuracy but not saccadic latency. CONCLUSIONS The results are interpreted in terms of cerebral reorganization in the prefrontal and temporo-occipital cortex of patients with AD, but also in terms of impaired processing of visual global properties of scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lenoble
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS, Lille, France
| | - Giovanna Bubbico
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS, Lille, France
| | | | - Muriel Boucart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS, Lille, France
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Samadani U, Farooq S, Ritlop R, Warren F, Reyes M, Lamm E, Alex A, Nehrbass E, Kolecki R, Jureller M, Schneider J, Chen A, Shi C, Mendhiratta N, Huang JH, Qian M, Kwak R, Mikheev A, Rusinek H, George A, Fergus R, Kondziolka D, Huang PP, Smith RT. Detection of third and sixth cranial nerve palsies with a novel method for eye tracking while watching a short film clip. J Neurosurg 2014; 122:707-20. [PMID: 25495739 DOI: 10.3171/2014.10.jns14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Automated eye movement tracking may provide clues to nervous system function at many levels. Spatial calibration of the eye tracking device requires the subject to have relatively intact ocular motility that implies function of cranial nerves (CNs) III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), and VI (abducent) and their associated nuclei, along with the multiple regions of the brain imparting cognition and volition. The authors have developed a technique for eye tracking that uses temporal rather than spatial calibration, enabling detection of impaired ability to move the pupil relative to normal (neurologically healthy) control volunteers. This work was performed to demonstrate that this technique may detect CN palsies related to brain compression and to provide insight into how the technique may be of value for evaluating neuropathological conditions associated with CN palsy, such as hydrocephalus or acute mass effect. METHODS The authors recorded subjects' eye movements by using an Eyelink 1000 eye tracker sampling at 500 Hz over 200 seconds while the subject viewed a music video playing inside an aperture on a computer monitor. The aperture moved in a rectangular pattern over a fixed time period. This technique was used to assess ocular motility in 157 neurologically healthy control subjects and 12 patients with either clinical CN III or VI palsy confirmed by neuro-ophthalmological examination, or surgically treatable pathological conditions potentially impacting these nerves. The authors compared the ratio of vertical to horizontal eye movement (height/width defined as aspect ratio) in normal and test subjects. RESULTS In 157 normal controls, the aspect ratio (height/width) for the left eye had a mean value ± SD of 1.0117 ± 0.0706. For the right eye, the aspect ratio had a mean of 1.0077 ± 0.0679 in these 157 subjects. There was no difference between sexes or ages. A patient with known CN VI palsy had a significantly increased aspect ratio (1.39), whereas 2 patients with known CN III palsy had significantly decreased ratios of 0.19 and 0.06, respectively. Three patients with surgically treatable pathological conditions impacting CN VI, such as infratentorial mass effect or hydrocephalus, had significantly increased ratios (1.84, 1.44, and 1.34, respectively) relative to normal controls, and 6 patients with supratentorial mass effect had significantly decreased ratios (0.27, 0.53, 0.62, 0.45, 0.49, and 0.41, respectively). These alterations in eye tracking all reverted to normal ranges after surgical treatment of underlying pathological conditions in these 9 neurosurgical cases. CONCLUSIONS This proof of concept series of cases suggests that the use of eye tracking to detect CN palsy while the patient watches television or its equivalent represents a new capacity for this technology. It may provide a new tool for the assessment of multiple CNS functions that can potentially be useful in the assessment of awake patients with elevated intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus or trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Samadani
- New York Harbor Health Care System, Manhattan Veteran's Administration;
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Fernández G, Manes F, Rotstein NP, Colombo O, Mandolesi P, Politi LE, Agamennoni O. Lack of contextual-word predictability during reading in patients with mild Alzheimer disease. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Ong YL, Ong YT, Ikram MK, Chen CLH, Wong TY. Potential Applications of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) in the Study of Alzheimer's Disease. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/201010581402300112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common subtype of dementia. As the prevalence of dementia is projected to increase, the burden of the disease on society is expected to become increasingly significant. The link between eye pathology and neurodegenerative diseases has been established in multiple studies. In particular, optic nerve parameters associated with neuronal loss in AD include retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Retinal ganglion cells are similar to neurons in the cerebral cortex, and have been correlated to neurodegeneration in AD. Ocular imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) have provided a rapid and non-invasive method for quantifying optic nerve parameters in vivo. Spectral domain (SD)-OCT has shown good potential in the study of the optic nerve in AD as it enables more comprehensive assessment of RGCs. Earlier generation OCT techniques only assess the retinal nerve fibre layer, which consists of RGC axons. Spectral domain-OCT offers ultra-high scan speed and image resolution, enabling improved sampling of retinal layers. Retinal layers such as the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), which contain the dendrites and nuclei of RGCs, can be assessed with SD-OCT. This article presents a review of literature associating eye pathology with AD, and explores the potential of SD-OCT in future AD studies. Spectral domain-OCT has the potential to draw more links between optic nerve pathology and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Ong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ting Ong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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18
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Chang LYL, Lowe J, Ardiles A, Lim J, Grey AC, Robertson K, Danesh-Meyer H, Palacios AG, Acosta ML. Alzheimer's disease in the human eye. Clinical tests that identify ocular and visual information processing deficit as biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 10:251-61. [PMID: 24011928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia with progressive deterioration of memory and cognition. Complaints related to vision are common among AD patients. Several changes in the retina, lens, and in the vasculature have been noted in the AD eye that may be the cause of visual symptoms experienced by the AD patient. Anatomical changes have been detected within the eye before signs of cognitive impairment and memory loss are apparent. Unlike the brain, the eye is a unique organ that can be visualized noninvasively at the cellular level because of its transparent nature, which allows for inexpensive testing of biomarkers in a clinical setting. In this review, we have searched for candidate biomarkers that could enable diagnosis of AD, covering ocular neurodegeneration associated with functional tests. We explore the evidence that suggests that inexpensive, noninvasive clinical tests could be used to detect AD ocular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Y L Chang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Lowe
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alvaro Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julie Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus C Grey
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ken Robertson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen Danesh-Meyer
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adrian G Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Monica L Acosta
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Acciarri N, Galassi E, Giulioni M, Pozzati E, Grasso V, Palandri G, Badaloni F, Zucchelli M, Calbucci F. Cavernous malformations of the central nervous system in the pediatric age group. Pediatr Neurosurg 2009; 45:81-104. [PMID: 19307743 DOI: 10.1159/000209283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main clinico-diagnostic features, risk factors and associated diseases of cavernous malformations (CMs), also called cavernous angiomas or cavernomas, of the central nervous system (CNS) in children are described, and the most relevant differences compared to the affected adult population are pointed out, focusing on the management of pediatric patients harboring cranial and spinal CMs. MATERIALS This was a retrospective study of a series of 42 children symptomatic for CMs of the cranial and spinal compartments (35 supratentorial brain lesions, 5 infratentorial and 2 in the spinal region) operated on between 1975 and 2005, with a clinical follow-up ranging from 12 to 192 months. The results were compared with those found in the most recent literature dealing with pediatric CMs of the CNS. RESULTS Surgical treatment produced excellent or good results in 69% of our 42 children. Unchanged neurological deficits were observed in 23.8% of cases, while morbidity from surgical procedures was 7.14%. Mortality was absent in this series. These surgical results are comparable with those found in the literature, where morbidity and mortality rates from surgery are 8.8 and 1.13%, respectively, and are mostly associated with procedures for the excision of deep, critically located cavernomas. CONCLUSION CMs represent the most common CNS vascular lesion in children, although their incidence is 4 times lower than that of the adult population. The natural history of pediatric CMs throughout the neuraxis seems to be more aggressive than in adult patients; these lesions have higher rates of growth and hemorrhage, larger dimensions and often atypical radiological pictures at diagnosis. Beside the familial form of the disease, which is more often associated with multiple lesions and an earlier age of clinical presentation, the major risk factor for CMs in children seems to be radiotherapy for CNS tumors. Furthermore, a greater number of CMs coexistent with mixed angiomatous lesions have been reported in children than in adults. Surgical results are related to the preoperative neurological status of the children; symptomatic patients who are operated on early, before they develop severe neurological deficits or long-standing seizures, may achieve the best clinical outcome. Radiosurgery does not seem to be advisable in children as an alternative treatment for deep CMs or those causing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Acciarri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bellaria Hospital, Via Altura 3, Bologna, Italy.
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