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Choi GS, Yun JY, Hwang S, Kim SE, Kim JY, Im CH, Lee HW. Can Corticomuscular Coherence Differentiate between REM Sleep Behavior Disorder with or without Parkinsonism? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235585. [PMID: 34884285 PMCID: PMC8658120 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) could be a predictor of Parkinsonism even before development of typical motor symptoms. This study aims to characterize clinical features and corticomuscular and corticocortical coherence (CMC and CCC, respectively) during sleep in RBD patients with or without Parkinsonism. We enrolled a total of 105 subjects, including 20 controls, 54 iRBD, and 31 RBD+P patients, patients who were diagnosed as idiopathic RBD (iRBD) and RBD with Parkinsonism (RBD+P) in our neurology department. We analyzed muscle atonia index (MAI) and CMC between EEG and chin/limb muscle electromyography (EMG) and CCC during different sleep stages. Although differences in the CMC of iRBD group were observed only during REM sleep, MAI differences between groups were noted during both REM and NREM N2 stage sleep. During REM sleep, CMC was higher and MAI was reduced in iRBD patients compared to controls (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Interestingly, MAI was more reduced in RBD+P compared to iRBD patients. In comparison, CCC was higher in iRBD patients compared to controls whereas CCC was lower in RBD+P groups compared to control and iRBD groups in various frequency bands during both NREM N2 and REM sleep stages. Among them, increased CMC during REM sleep revealed correlation between clinical severities of RBD symptoms. Our findings indicate that MAI, CMC, and CCC showed distinctive features in iRBD and RBD+P patients compared to controls, suggesting potential usefulness to understand possible links between these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Seon Choi
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea; (G.S.C.); (J.Y.Y.); (S.H.)
- Department of Neurology, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam 13590, Korea
| | - Ji Young Yun
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea; (G.S.C.); (J.Y.Y.); (S.H.)
- Department of Medical Science, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea;
| | - Sungeun Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea; (G.S.C.); (J.Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Song E. Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University School of Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.-Y.K.); (C.-H.I.)
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University School of Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.-Y.K.); (C.-H.I.)
| | - Hyang Woon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea; (G.S.C.); (J.Y.Y.); (S.H.)
- Department of Medical Science, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea;
- Computational Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03765, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2650-2673
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Abstract
Recent applications of eye tracking for diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of therapy in age-related neurological or psychological deficits have been reviewed. The review is focused on active aging, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. The potential impacts and current limitations of using characterizing features of eye movements and pupillary responses (oculometrics) as objective biomarkers in the context of aging are discussed. A closer look into the findings, especially with respect to cognitive impairments, suggests that eye tracking is an invaluable technique to study hidden aspects of aging that have not been revealed using any other noninvasive tool. Future research should involve a wider variety of oculometrics, in addition to saccadic metrics and pupillary responses, including nonlinear and combinatorial features as well as blink- and fixation-related metrics to develop biomarkers to trace age-related irregularities associated with cognitive and neural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Z Marandi
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg E 9220, Denmark
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg E 9220, Denmark
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is an insidious disorder affecting more than 1-2% of the population over the age of 65. Understanding the etiology of PD may create opportunities for developing new treatments. Genomic and transcriptomic studies are useful, but do not provide evidence for the actual status of the disease. Conversely, proteomic studies deal with proteins, which are real time players, and can hence provide information on the dynamic nature of the affected cells. The number of publications relating to the proteomics of PD is vast. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the current proteomics literature and establish the connections between the past and the present to foresee the future. Areas covered: PubMed and Web of Science were used to retrieve the literature associated with PD proteomics. Studies using human samples, model organisms and cell lines were selected and reviewed to highlight their contributions to PD. Expert commentary: The proteomic studies associated with PD achieved only limited success in facilitating disease diagnosis, monitoring and progression. A global system biology approach using new models is needed. Future research should integrate the findings of proteomics with other omics data to facilitate both early diagnosis and the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kasap
- a Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory , Kocaeli University Medical School , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- a Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory , Kocaeli University Medical School , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Aylin Kanli
- a Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory , Kocaeli University Medical School , Kocaeli , Turkey
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and the numbers are projected to double in the next two decades with the increase in the aging population. An important focus of current research is to develop interventions to slow the progression of the disease. However, prerequisites to it include the development of reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis which would identify at-risk groups and disease progression. In this review, we present updated evidence of already known clinical biomarkers (such as hyposmia and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD)) and neuroimaging biomarkers, as well as newer possible markers in the blood, CSF, and other tissues. While several promising candidates and methods to assess these biomarkers are on the horizon, it is becoming increasingly clear that no one candidate will clearly fulfill all the roles as a single biomarker. A multimodal and combinatorial approach to develop a battery of biomarkers will likely be necessary in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal H Mehta
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
| | - Charles H Adler
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
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Lin X, Shi M, Masilamoni JG, Dator R, Movius J, Aro P, Smith Y, Zhang J. Proteomic profiling in MPTP monkey model for early Parkinson disease biomarker discovery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:779-87. [PMID: 25617661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Identification of reliable and robust biomarkers is crucial to enable early diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) and monitoring disease progression. While imperfect, the slow, chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced non-human primate animal model system of parkinsonism is an abundant source of pre-motor or early stage PD biomarker discovery. Here, we present a study of a MPTP rhesus monkey model of PD that utilizes complementary quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic, glycoproteomics and phosphoproteomics approaches. We compared the glycoprotein, non-glycoprotein, and phosphoprotein profiles in the putamen of asymptomatic and symptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys as well as saline injected controls. We identified 86 glycoproteins, 163 non-glycoproteins, and 71 phosphoproteins differentially expressed in the MPTP-treated groups. Functional analysis of the data sets inferred the biological processes and pathways that link to neurodegeneration in PD and related disorders. Several potential biomarkers identified in this study have already been translated for their usefulness in PD diagnosis in human subjects and further validation investigations are currently under way. In addition to providing potential early PD biomarkers, this comprehensive quantitative proteomic study may also shed insights regarding the mechanisms underlying early PD development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in neuroscience and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Romel Dator
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Movius
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick Aro
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Hasmann SE, Berg D, Hobert MA, Weiss D, Lindemann U, Streffer J, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Maetzler W. Instrumented functional reach test differentiates individuals at high risk for Parkinson's disease from controls. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:286. [PMID: 25386137 PMCID: PMC4208400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional reach (FR) test as a complex measure of balance including limits of stability has been proven to differentiate between patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and controls (CO). Recently, it has been shown that the instrumentation of the FR (iFR) with a wearable sensor may increase this diagnostic accuracy. This cross-sectional study aimed at investigating whether the iFR has the potential to differentiate individuals with high risk for PD (HRPD) from CO, as the delineation of such individuals would allow for, e.g., early neuromodulation. Thirteen PD patients, 13 CO, and 31 HRPD were investigated. HRPD was defined by presence of an enlarged area of hyperechogenicity in the mesencephalon on transcranial sonography and either one motor sign or two risk and prodromal markers of PD. All participants were asked to reach with their right arm forward as far as possible and hold this position for 10 s. During this period, sway parameters were assessed with an accelerometer (Dynaport, McRoberts) worn at the lower back. Extracted parameters that differed significantly between PD patients and CO in our cohort [FR distance (shorter in PD), anterior–posterior and mediolateral acceleration (both lower in PD)] as well as JERK, which has been shown to differentiate HRPD from CO and PD in a previous study, were included in a model, which was then used to differentiate HRPD from CO. The model yielded an area under the curve of 0.77, with a specificity of 85%, and a sensitivity of 74%. These results suggest that the iFR can contribute to an assessment panel focusing on the definition of HRPD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Hasmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Markus A Hobert
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - David Weiss
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ulrich Lindemann
- Department of Clinical Gerontology and Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson , Beerse , Belgium
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
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Alberio T, McMahon K, Cuccurullo M, Gethings LA, Lawless C, Zibetti M, Lopiano L, Vissers JPC, Fasano M. Verification of a Parkinson’s Disease Protein Signature in T-Lymphocytes by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3554-61. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401142p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Alberio
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria. Via Luciano Manara 7, Busto
Arsizio I-21052, Italy
- Center
of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Alberto da Giussano 12, Busto Arsizio I-21052, Italy
| | - Kelly McMahon
- Waters Corporation, Atlas Park, Simonsway, Manchester M22 5PP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lee A. Gethings
- Waters Corporation, Atlas Park, Simonsway, Manchester M22 5PP, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Lawless
- Faculty
of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Zibetti
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lopiano
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Fasano
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria. Via Luciano Manara 7, Busto
Arsizio I-21052, Italy
- Center
of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Alberto da Giussano 12, Busto Arsizio I-21052, Italy
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8
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Rodríguez-Leyva I, Calderón-Garcidueñas AL, Jiménez-Capdeville ME, Rentería-Palomo AA, Hernandez-Rodriguez HG, Valdés-Rodríguez R, Fuentes-Ahumada C, Torres-Álvarez B, Sepúlveda-Saavedra J, Soto-Domínguez A, Santoyo ME, Rodriguez-Moreno JI, Castanedo-Cázares JP. α-Synuclein inclusions in the skin of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:471-8. [PMID: 25356418 PMCID: PMC4184776 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The presence in the brain of α-synuclein containing Lewy neurites, or bodies, is the histological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The discovery of α-synuclein aggregates in nerve endings of the heart, digestive tract, and skin has lent support to the concept of PD as a systemic disease. Our goals were, first, to demonstrate the presence of α-synuclein inclusions in the skin and, second, to detect quantitative differences between patients with PD and atypical parkinsonism (AP). Methods Skin biopsies were taken from 67 patients and 20 controls. The biopsies underwent immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) testing for α-synuclein, whereupon its presence was quantified as the percentage of positive cells. Patients were divided into those with PD and those with AP. AP patients included AP with neurodegenerative disease (proteinopathies) and secondary AP. Results Sixty-seven patients (34 with PD) and 20 controls were recruited. In the PD group, α-synuclein was detected in 58% of the cells in the spinous cell layer (SCL), 62% in the pilosebaceous unit (PSU), and 58% in the eccrine glands (EG). The AP-proteinopathies group showed 7%, 7%, and 0% expression of α-synuclein, respectively. No expression was found in the skin of the control group. Conclusions The expression of α-synuclein in the skin was relatively high in the PD group, scarce in AP, and null for the individuals in the control group. While these findings require further confirmation, this minimally invasive technique may aid in the improvement of the accuracy of PD diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Rodríguez-Leyva
- Neurology Department, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - María E Jiménez-Capdeville
- Biochemistry Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Ana Arely Rentería-Palomo
- Neurology Department, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Rodrigo Valdés-Rodríguez
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Cornelia Fuentes-Ahumada
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Bertha Torres-Álvarez
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Adolfo Soto-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Martha E Santoyo
- Biochemistry Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
| | - José Ildefonso Rodriguez-Moreno
- Neurology Department, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Juan Pablo Castanedo-Cázares
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, México
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Ruonala V, Meigal A, Rissanen S, Airaksinen O, Kankaanpää M, Karjalainen P. EMG signal morphology and kinematic parameters in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease patients. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:300-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Casetta I, Vincenzi F, Bencivelli D, Corciulo C, Gentile M, Granieri E, Borea P, Varani K. A(2A) adenosine receptors and Parkinson's disease severity. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 129:276-81. [PMID: 24032478 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the last decade, increasing evidence suggests a key role of adenosine in Parkinson's disease (PD) and A2A adenosine receptors (A2A ARs) as an important pharmacological target in PD. An overexpression of A2A ARs has been found in putamen and in peripheral blood cells of PD patients. The primary aim of this study was to verify whether the alterations in A2A ARs in lymphocytes of PD subjects correlate with disease severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS A consecutive sample of PD patients was enrolled. A clinical examination and a face-to-face interview were carried out. A2A ARs were investigated to verify the affinity and receptor density in lymphocyte membranes. The data were compared with those found in healthy controls. Moreover, the correlation between A2A AR density and affinity and clinical variables was evaluated in PD patients. RESULTS In human lymphocyte membranes from PD patients, an increase in A2A AR density and a decrease in A2A AR affinity were found if compared with healthy subjects. A statistically significant correlation between the A2A AR density or affinity and specific clinical parameters as motor and cognitive impairment was detected. Patients with higher A2A AR density and lower affinity were more likely to exhibit motor complications. CONCLUSIONS Parkinson's disease patients show an A2A AR upregulation in lymphocyte membranes if compared with healthy subjects. The correlation found between A2A AR density or affinity and clinical parameters highlights the central role of A2A AR modulation in the pharmacological treatment for PD and could suggest the putative role of A2A AR as a candidate biomarker of PD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Casetta
- Section of Clinical Neurology; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - F. Vincenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - D. Bencivelli
- Section of Clinical Neurology; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - C. Corciulo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - M. Gentile
- Section of Clinical Neurology; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - E. Granieri
- Section of Clinical Neurology; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - P.A. Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - K. Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
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11
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Parkinson's disease plasma biomarkers: An automated literature analysis followed by experimental validation. J Proteomics 2013; 90:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease (recent update). Neurochem Int 2013; 63:201-29. [PMID: 23791710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder mostly affecting the aging population over sixty. Cardinal symptoms including, tremors, muscle rigidity, drooping posture, drooling, walking difficulty, and autonomic symptoms appear when a significant number of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons are already destroyed. Hence we need early, sensitive, specific, and economical peripheral and/or central biomarker(s) for the differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of PD. These can be classified as clinical, biochemical, genetic, proteomic, and neuroimaging biomarkers. Novel discoveries of genetic as well as nongenetic biomarkers may be utilized for the personalized treatment of PD during preclinical (premotor) and clinical (motor) stages. Premotor biomarkers including hyper-echogenicity of substantia nigra, olfactory and autonomic dysfunction, depression, hyposmia, deafness, REM sleep disorder, and impulsive behavior may be noticed during preclinical stage. Neuroimaging biomarkers (PET, SPECT, MRI), and neuropsychological deficits can facilitate differential diagnosis. Single-cell profiling of dopaminergic neurons has identified pyridoxal kinase and lysosomal ATPase as biomarker genes for PD prognosis. Promising biomarkers include: fluid biomarkers, neuromelanin antibodies, pathological forms of α-Syn, DJ-1, amyloid β and tau in the CSF, patterns of gene expression, metabolomics, urate, as well as protein profiling in the blood and CSF samples. Reduced brain regional N-acetyl-aspartate is a biomarker for the in vivo assessment of neuronal loss using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and T2 relaxation time with MRI. To confirm PD diagnosis, the PET biomarkers include [(18)F]-DOPA for estimating dopaminergic neurotransmission, [(18)F]dG for mitochondrial bioenergetics, [(18)F]BMS for mitochondrial complex-1, [(11)C](R)-PK11195 for microglial activation, SPECT imaging with (123)Iflupane and βCIT for dopamine transporter, and urinary salsolinol and 8-hydroxy, 2-deoxyguanosine for neuronal loss. This brief review describes the merits and limitations of recently discovered biomarkers and proposes coenzyme Q10, mitochondrial ubiquinone-NADH oxidoreductase, melatonin, α-synculein index, Charnoly body, and metallothioneins as novel biomarkers to confirm PD diagnosis for early and effective treatment of PD.
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13
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Recent advances in metabolomics in neurological disease, and future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8143-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Alberio T, Pippione AC, Zibetti M, Olgiati S, Cecconi D, Comi C, Lopiano L, Fasano M. Discovery and verification of panels of T-lymphocyte proteins as biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2012; 2:953. [PMID: 23233872 PMCID: PMC3518817 DOI: 10.1038/srep00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently based on the clinical evaluation of extrapyramidal signs with a considerable error rate. The identification of specific markers might allow PD diagnosis before the onset of classical motor symptoms. By two-dimensional electrophoresis we identified proteome alterations in T-lymphocytes of 17 control subjects and 15 PD patients. The observed changes were used to build predictive models that were verified by the leave-one-out cross-validation. We further built two functions able to stage the subjects. We chose to verify by Western blotting the identity of spots corresponding to β-fibrinogen and transaldolase, two recurrent proteins in six out of 20 spots. β-Fibrinogen levels are lowered in PD patients, whereas a heavy transaldolase set of isoforms was more abundant. Eventually, we identified a list of seven proteins showing different levels in early-onset with respect to late-onset PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Alberio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria , Busto Arsizio, Italy
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15
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Yadav S, Dixit A, Agrawal S, Singh A, Srivastava G, Singh AK, Srivastava PK, Prakash O, Singh MP. Rodent models and contemporary molecular techniques: notable feats yet incomplete explanations of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:495-512. [PMID: 22736079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models and molecular tools, mainly omics and RNA interference, have been rigorously used to decode the intangible etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although convention of contemporary molecular techniques and multiple rodent models paved imperative leads in deciphering the role of putative causative factors and sequential events leading to PD, complete and clear-cut mechanisms of pathogenesis are still hard to pin down. The current article reviews the implications and pros and cons of rodent models and molecular tools in understanding the molecular and cellular bases of PD pathogenesis based on the existing literature. Probable rationales for short of comprehensive leads and future possibilities in spite of the extensive applications of molecular tools and rodent models have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharawan Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Haas BR, Stewart TH, Zhang J. Premotor biomarkers for Parkinson's disease - a promising direction of research. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:11. [PMID: 23211054 PMCID: PMC3514104 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The second most serious neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Over the past several decades, a strong body of evidence suggests that PD can begin years before the hallmark clinical motor symptoms appear. Biomarkers for PD are urgently needed to differentiate between neurodegenerative disorders, screen novel therapeutics, and predict eventual clinical PD before the onset of symptoms. Some clinical evaluations and neuroimaging techniques have been developed in the last several years with some success in this area. Moreover, other strategies have been utilized to identify biochemical and genetic markers associated with PD leading to the examination of PD progression and pathogenesis in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or saliva. Finally, interesting results are surfacing from preliminary studies using known PD-associated genetic mutations to assess potential premotor PD biomarkers. The current review highlights recent advances and underscores areas of potential advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Haas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, HMC Box 359635, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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Alberio T, Lopiano L, Fasano M. Cellular models to investigate biochemical pathways in Parkinson’s disease. FEBS J 2012; 279:1146-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Benetti F, Gustincich S, Legname G. Gene expression profiling and therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases: a comprehensive study on potentiality and limits. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:245-59. [PMID: 22468955 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.659661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable debilitating disorders of the nervous system that affect approximately 30 million people worldwide. Despite profuse efforts attempting to define the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, many aspects of these pathologies remain elusive. The novelty of their mechanisms represents a challenge to biology, to their related biomarkers identification and drug discovery. Because of their multifactorial aspects and complexity, gene expression analysis platforms have been extensively used to investigate altered pathways during degeneration and to identify potential biomarkers and drug targets. AREAS COVERED This work offers an overview of the gene expression profiling studies carried out on Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and prion disease specimens. Therapeutic approaches are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although many therapeutic approaches have been tested, some of them acting on several altered cellular pathways, no effective cures for these neurodegenerative diseases have been identified. Microarray technology must be associated with functional proteomics and physiology in an effort to identify specific and selective biomarkers and druggable targets, thus allowing the successful discovery of disease-modifying therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Benetti
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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Litteljohn D, Hayley S. Cytokines as potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a multiplex approach. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 934:121-44. [PMID: 22933144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-071-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, which are immunological messengers facilitating both intra- and inter-system communication, are considered central players in the neuroinflammatory cascades associated with the neurodegenerative process in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurological disorders. They have also been implicated in depression and other cognitive (e.g., memory impairment, dementia) and affective disturbances (e.g., anxiety) that show high co-morbidity with neurodegenerative diseases. As such, cytokines may hold great promise as serological biomarkers in PD, with potential applications ranging from early diagnosis and disease staging, to prognosis, drug discovery, and tracking the response to treatment. Subclassification or risk stratification in PD could be based (among other things) on reliably determined cytokine panel profiles or "signatures" of particular co-morbid disease states or at-risk groups (e.g., PD alone, PD with depression and/or dementia). Researchers and clinicians seeking to describe cytokine variations in health vs. disease will benefit greatly from technologies that allow a high degree of multiplexing and thus permit the simultaneous determination of a large roster of cytokines in single small-volume samples. The need for such highly paralleled assays is underscored by the fact that cytokines do not act in isolation but rather against a backdrop of complementary and antagonistic cytokine effects; ascribing valence to the actions of any one cytokine thus requires specific knowledge about the larger cytokine milieu. This chapter provides a technological overview of the major cytokine multiplex assay platforms before discussing the implications of such tools for biomarker discovery and related applications in PD and its depressive and cognitive co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Litteljohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Gerlach M, Maetzler W, Broich K, Hampel H, Rems L, Reum T, Riederer P, Stöffler A, Streffer J, Berg D. Biomarker candidates of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease for the evaluation of disease-modifying therapeutics. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:39-52. [PMID: 21755462 PMCID: PMC3250615 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reliable biomarkers that can be used for early diagnosis and tracking disease progression are the cornerstone of the development of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). The German Society of Experimental and Clinical Neurotherapeutics (GESENT) has convened a Working Group to review the current status of proposed biomarkers of neurodegeneration according to the following criteria and to develop a consensus statement on biomarker candidates for evaluation of disease-modifying therapeutics in PD. The criteria proposed are that the biomarker should be linked to fundamental features of PD neuropathology and mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD, should be correlated to disease progression assessed by clinical rating scales, should monitor the actual disease status, should be pre-clinically validated, and confirmed by at least two independent studies conducted by qualified investigators with the results published in peer-reviewed journals. To date, available data have not yet revealed one reliable biomarker to detect early neurodegeneration in PD and to detect and monitor effects of drug candidates on the disease process, but some promising biomarker candidates, such as antibodies against neuromelanin, pathological forms of α-synuclein, DJ-1, and patterns of gene expression, metabolomic and protein profiling exist. Almost all of the biomarker candidates were not investigated in relation to effects of treatment, validated in experimental models of PD and confirmed in independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Gerlach
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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21
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Proteomics in Parkinson's disease: An unbiased approach towards peripheral biomarkers and new therapies. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:325-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rissanen SM, Kankaanpää M, Tarvainen MP, Novak V, Novak P, Hu K, Manor B, Airaksinen O, Karjalainen PA. Analysis of EMG and acceleration signals for quantifying the effects of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2011; 58:2545-53. [PMID: 21672674 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2011.2159380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective in reducing motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, objective methods for quantifying its efficacy are lacking. We present a principal component (PC)-based tracking method for quantifying the effects of DBS in PD by using electromyography (EMG) and acceleration measurements. Ten parameters capturing PD characteristic signal features were initially extracted from isometric EMG and acceleration recordings. Using a PC approach, the original parameters were transformed into a smaller number of PCs. Finally, the effects of DBS were quantified by examining the PCs in a low-dimensional feature space. The EMG and acceleration data from 13 PD patients with DBS ON and OFF, and 13 healthy age-matched controls were used for analysis. Clinical evaluation of patients showed that their motor symptoms were effectively reduced with DBS. The analysis results showed that the signal characteristics of 12 patients were more similar to those of the healthy controls with DBS ON than with DBS OFF. These observations indicate that the PC-based tracking method can be used to objectively quantify the effects of DBS on the neuromuscular function of PD patients. Further studies are suggested to estimate the clinical sensitivity of the method to different types of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara M Rissanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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