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Mahmood A, Samad A, Bano S, Umair M, Ajmal A, Ilyas I, Shah AA, Li P, Hu J. Structural and dynamics insights into the GBA variants associated with Parkinson's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:6256-6268. [PMID: 37434319 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2233617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The GBA1 gene encodes for the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which maintains glycosphingolipid homeostasis and regulates the autophagy process. Genomic variants of GBA1 are associated with Goucher disease; however, several heterozygous variants of GBA (E326K, T369M, N370S, L444P) are frequent high-risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). The underlying mechanism of these variants has been revealed through functional and patient-centered research, but the structural and dynamical aspects of these variants have not yet been thoroughly investigated. In the current study, we used a thorough computational method to pinpoint the structural changes that GBA underwent because of genomic variants and drug binding mechanisms. According to our findings, PD-linked nsSNP variants of GBA showed structural variation and abnormal dynamics when compared to wild-typ. The docking analysis demonstrated that the mutants E326K, N370S, and L444P have higher binding affinities for Ambroxol. Root means square deviation (RMSD), Root mean square fluctuation analysis (RMSF), and MM-GBSA analysis confirmed that the Ambroxol are more stable in the binding site of N370S and L444P, and that their binding affinities are stronger as compared to the wild-type and T369M variants of GBA. The evaluation of hydrogen bonds and the calculation of the free binding energy provided additional evidence in favor of this conclusion. When docked with Ambroxol, GBA demonstrated an increase in binding affinity and catalytic activity. Understanding the therapeutic efficacy and potential against the aforementioned changes in the GBA will be beneficial in order to use more efficient methods for developing novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Abdus Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Bano
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amar Ajmal
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali Shah
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junjian Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
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2
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Mubariz F, Saadin A, Lingenfelter N, Sarkar C, Banerjee A, Lipinski MM, Awad O. Deregulation of mTORC1-TFEB axis in human iPSC model of GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1152503. [PMID: 37332877 PMCID: PMC10272450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1152503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GBA1 gene are the single most frequent genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurodegenerative changes in GBA1-associated PD have been linked to the defective lysosomal clearance of autophagic substrates and aggregate-prone proteins. To elucidate novel mechanisms contributing to proteinopathy in PD, we investigated the effect of GBA1 mutations on the transcription factor EB (TFEB), the master regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). Using PD patients' induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we examined TFEB activity and regulation of the ALP in dopaminergic neuronal cultures generated from iPSC lines harboring heterozygous GBA1 mutations and the CRISPR/Cas9-corrected isogenic controls. Our data showed a significant decrease in TFEB transcriptional activity and attenuated expression of many genes in the CLEAR network in GBA1 mutant neurons, but not in the isogenic gene-corrected cells. In PD neurons, we also detected increased activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1), the main upstream negative regulator of TFEB. Increased mTORC1 activity resulted in excess TFEB phosphorylation and decreased nuclear translocation. Pharmacological mTOR inhibition restored TFEB activity, decreased ER stress and reduced α-synuclein accumulation, indicating improvement of neuronal protiostasis. Moreover, treatment with the lipid substrate reducing compound Genz-123346, decreased mTORC1 activity and increased TFEB expression in the mutant neurons, suggesting that mTORC1-TFEB alterations are linked to the lipid substrate accumulation. Our study unveils a new mechanism contributing to PD susceptibility by GBA1 mutations in which deregulation of the mTORC1-TFEB axis mediates ALP dysfunction and subsequent proteinopathy. It also indicates that pharmacological restoration of TFEB activity could be a promising therapeutic approach in GBA1-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Mubariz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Afsoon Saadin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas Lingenfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marta M. Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Straniero L, Rimoldi V, Monfrini E, Bonvegna S, Melistaccio G, Lake J, Soldà G, Aureli M, Shankaracharya, Keagle P, Foroud T, Landers JE, Blauwendraat C, Zecchinelli A, Cilia R, Di Fonzo A, Pezzoli G, Duga S, Asselta R. Role of Lysosomal Gene Variants in Modulating GBA-Associated Parkinson's Disease Risk. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1202-1210. [PMID: 35262230 PMCID: PMC9310717 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, variants in the GBA gene represent the most frequent large-effect genetic factor associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the reason why individuals with the same GBA variant may or may not develop neurodegeneration and PD is still unclear. OBJECTIVES Therefore, we evaluated the contribution of rare variants in genes responsible for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) to GBA-PD risk, comparing the burden of deleterious variants in LSD genes in PD patients versus asymptomatic subjects, all carriers of deleterious variants in GBA. METHODS We used a custom next-generation sequencing panel, including 50 LSD genes, to screen 305 patients and 207 controls (discovery cohort). Replication and meta-analysis were performed in two replication cohorts of GBA-variant carriers, of 250 patients and 287 controls, for whom exome or genome data were available. RESULTS Statistical analysis in the discovery cohort revealed a significantly increased burden of deleterious variants in LSD genes in patients (P = 0.0029). Moreover, our analyses evidenced that the two strongest modifiers of GBA penetrance are a second variation in GBA (5.6% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.023) and variants in genes causing mucopolysaccharidoses (6.9% vs. 1%, P = 0.0020). These results were confirmed in the meta-analysis, where we observed pooled odds ratios of 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10-1.83, P = 0.0063), 4.36 (95% CI = 2.02-9.45, P = 0.00019), and 1.83 (95% CI = 1.04-3.22, P = 0.038) for variants in LSD genes, GBA, and mucopolysaccharidosis genes, respectively. CONCLUSION The identification of genetic lesions in lysosomal genes increasing PD risk may have important implications in terms of patient stratification for future therapeutic trials. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Valeria Rimoldi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoNeurology UnitMilanItaly
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | | | | | - Julie Lake
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pamela Keagle
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - John E. Landers
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Roberto Cilia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaParkinson and Movement Disorders UnitMilanItaly
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoNeurology UnitMilanItaly
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson InstituteASST Gaetano Pini‐CTOMilanItaly
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di ParkinsonMilanItaly
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
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4
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Zheng W, Fan D. Glucocerebrosidase Mutations Cause Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:851135. [PMID: 35401150 PMCID: PMC8984109 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.851135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by multiple motor and non-motor symptoms. Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which hydrolyzes glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to glucose and ceramide, are the most important and common genetic PD risk factors discovered to date. Homozygous GBA mutations result in the most common lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher’s disease (GD), which is classified according to the presence (neuronopathic types, type 2 and 3 GD) or absence (non-neuronopathic type, type 1 GD) of neurological symptoms. The clinical manifestations of PD in patients with GBA mutations are indistinguishable from those of sporadic PD at the individual level. However, accumulating data have indicated that GBA-associated PD patients exhibit a younger age of onset and a greater risk for cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms. The mechanisms underlying the increased risk of developing PD in GBA mutant carriers are currently unclear. Contributors to GBA-PD pathogenesis may include mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction, altered lipid homeostasis and enhanced α-synuclein aggregation. Therapeutic strategies for PD and GD targeting mutant GCase mainly include enzyme replacement, substrate reduction, gene and pharmacological small-molecule chaperones. Emerging clinical, genetic and pathogenic studies on GBA mutations and PD are making significant contributions to our understanding of PD-associated pathogenetic pathways, and further elucidating the interactions between GCase activity and neurodegeneration may improve therapeutic approaches for slowing PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Fan,
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Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Governs a Full Program for Dopaminergic Neuron Survival, Neurorescue and Regeneration in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123743. [PMID: 30477246 PMCID: PMC6321180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) integration site (Wnt) signaling is one of the most critical pathways in developing and adult tissues. In the brain, Wnt signaling contributes to different neurodevelopmental aspects ranging from differentiation to axonal extension, synapse formation, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. Canonical Wnt signaling is mediated mainly by the multifunctional β-catenin protein which is a potent co-activator of transcription factors such as lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) and T-cell factor (TCF). Accumulating evidence points to dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in major neurodegenerative disorders. This review highlights a Wnt/β-catenin/glial connection in Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common movement disorder characterized by the selective death of midbrain dopaminergic (mDAergic) neuronal cell bodies in the subtantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and gliosis. Major findings of the last decade document that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in partnership with glial cells is critically involved in each step and at every level in the regulation of nigrostriatal DAergic neuronal health, protection, and regeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD, focusing on Wnt/β-catenin signaling to boost a full neurorestorative program in PD.
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6
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Revel-Vilk S, Szer J, Mehta A, Zimran A. How we manage Gaucher Disease in the era of choices. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:467-480. [PMID: 29808905 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Gaucher Disease (GD) is now beset with the abundance of therapeutic options for an individual patient, making the choice of therapy complex for both expert and non-expert clinicians. The pathogenesis of all disease manifestations is a gene mutation-driven deficiency of glucocerebrosidase, but the clinical expression and response of each of the clinical manifestations to different therapies can be difficult to predict. Enzyme replacement therapy has been available since 1991 and is well-established, with known efficacy and minimal toxicity. Of interest, the three available enzymes are distinct molecules and were registered as new products, not biosimilars. Oral substrate reduction therapy has undergone a revitalisation with a newly approved agent in this class for which some efficacy and toxicity questions have been raised. Herein we present our approach to the management of GD in the era of choices, including a new algorithm for how to manage a newly diagnosed patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Revel-Vilk
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jeff Szer
- Royal Melbourne Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Atul Mehta
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Imbriani P, Schirinzi T, Meringolo M, Mercuri NB, Pisani A. Centrality of Early Synaptopathy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:103. [PMID: 29545770 PMCID: PMC5837972 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the numerous mechanisms involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. The identification of PD pathogenic mutations and the use of different animal models have contributed to better elucidate the processes underlying the disease. Here, we report a brief survey of some relevant cellular mechanisms, including autophagic–lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial impairment, with the main aim to focus on their potential convergent roles in determining early alterations at the synaptic level, mainly consisting in a decrease in dopamine release at nigrostriatal terminals and loss of synaptic plasticity at corticostriatal synapses. In a number of experimental models, this synaptopathy has been shown to be an initial, central event in PD pathogenesis, preceding neuronal damage, thereby representing a valuable tool for testing potential disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Schirinzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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8
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Yun SP, Kim D, Kim S, Kim S, Karuppagounder SS, Kwon SH, Lee S, Kam TI, Lee S, Ham S, Park JH, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Lee Y, Ko HS. α-Synuclein accumulation and GBA deficiency due to L444P GBA mutation contributes to MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:1. [PMID: 29310663 PMCID: PMC5759291 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) cause Gaucher disease (GD) and increase the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). Since both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic PD, we investigated the susceptibility of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in L444P GBA heterozygous knock-in (GBA+/L444P) mice to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a selective dopaminergic mitochondrial neurotoxin. Method We used GBA+/L444P mice, α-synuclein knockout (SNCA−/−) mice at 8 months of age, and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-human GBA overexpression to investigate the rescue effect of DA neuronal loss and susceptibility by MPTP. Mitochondrial morphology and functional assay were used to identify mitochondrial defects in GBA+/L444P mice. Motor behavioral test, immunohistochemistry, and HPLC were performed to measure dopaminergic degeneration by MPTP and investigate the relationship between GBA mutation and α-synuclein. Mitochondrial immunostaining, qPCR, and Western blot were also used to study the effects of α-synuclein knockout or GBA overexpression on MPTP-induced mitochondrial defects and susceptibility. Results L444P GBA heterozygous mutation reduced GBA protein levels, enzymatic activity and a concomitant accumulation of α-synuclein in the midbrain of GBA+/L444P mice. Furthermore, the deficiency resulted in defects in mitochondria of cortical neurons cultured from GBA+/L444P mice. Notably, treatment with MPTP resulted in a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopaminergic fibers in GBA+/L444P mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. Levels of striatal DA and its metabolites were more depleted in the striatum of GBA+/L444P mice. Behavioral deficits, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial defects were more exacerbated in GBA+/L444P mice after MPTP treatment. Importantly, MPTP induced PD-like symptoms were significantly improved by knockout of α-synuclein or augmentation of GBA via AAV5-hGBA injection in both WT and GBA+/L444P mice. Intriguingly, the degree of reduction in MPTP induced PD-like symptoms in GBA+/L444Pα-synuclein (SNCA)−/− mice was nearly equal to that in SNCA−/− mice after MPTP treatment. Conclusion Our results suggest that GBA deficiency due to L444P GBA heterozygous mutation and the accompanying accumulation of α-synuclein render DA neurons more susceptible to MPTP intoxication. Thus, GBA and α-synuclein play dual physiological roles in the survival of DA neurons in response to the mitochondrial dopaminergic neurotoxin, MPTP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-017-0233-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Pil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - SangMin Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Hwan Kwon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saebom Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suhyun Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sangwoo Ham
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea. .,Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA. .,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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9
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Awad O, Panicker LM, Deranieh RM, Srikanth MP, Brown RA, Voit A, Peesay T, Park TS, Zambidis ET, Feldman RA. Altered Differentiation Potential of Gaucher's Disease iPSC Neuronal Progenitors due to Wnt/β-Catenin Downregulation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1853-1867. [PMID: 29198828 PMCID: PMC5785733 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher’s disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene, which encodes acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Severe GBA1 mutations cause neuropathology that manifests soon after birth, suggesting that GCase deficiency interferes with neuronal development. We found that neuronopathic GD induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) exhibit developmental defects due to downregulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and that GD iPSCs’ ability to differentiate to dopaminergic (DA) neurons was strikingly reduced due to early loss of DA progenitors. Incubation of the mutant cells with the Wnt activator CHIR99021 (CHIR) or with recombinant GCase restored Wnt/β-catenin signaling and rescued DA differentiation. We also found that GD NPCs exhibit lysosomal dysfunction, which may be involved in Wnt downregulation by mutant GCase. We conclude that neuronopathic mutations in GCase lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities due to a critical requirement of this enzyme for canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling at early stages of neurogenesis. Neuronopathic GBA1 mutations attenuate canonical Wnt signaling in iPSC-derived NPCs GD NPC differentiation to DA neurons impaired due to early loss of DA progenitors GBA1-mediated lysosomal alterations may be involved in Wnt signal downregulation The Wnt pathway may be a potential new therapeutic target for neuronopathic GD
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Leelamma M Panicker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rania M Deranieh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Manasa P Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Antanina Voit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tejasvi Peesay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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10
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Moran EE, Wang C, Katz M, Ozelius L, Schwartz A, Pavlovic J, Ortega RA, Lipton RB, Zimmerman ME, Saunders-Pullman R. Cognitive and motor functioning in elderly glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 58:239.e1-239.e7. [PMID: 28728889 PMCID: PMC5647652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are a strong genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy Bodies. However the penetrance of GBA mutations is low for these diseases in heterozygous carriers. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between mutation status and cognitive and motor functioning in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. Using linear mixed effects models, we examined the effect of heterozygous mutation status on 736 community-dwelling older adults (≥70 years) without dementia or Parkinson's disease assessed over an average of 6 years, 28 of whom had a single GBA mutation (primarily N370S). Verbal memory was measured using the picture version of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, and carriers showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater decline in verbal memory over time. There was no difference in motor function or any other cognitive domain. Taken together, these results suggest an effect, but an overall limited burden, of harboring a single GBA mutation in aging mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen E Moran
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mindy Katz
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Laurie Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jelena Pavlovic
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Roberto A Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Molly E Zimmerman
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
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11
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da Silva CP, de M Abreu G, Cabello Acero PH, Campos M, Pereira JS, de A Ramos SR, Nascimento CM, Voigt DD, Rosso AL, Araujo Leite MA, Vasconcellos LFR, Nicaretta DH, Della Coletta MV, da Silva DJ, Gonçalves AP, Dos Santos JM, Calassara V, Valença DCT, de M Martins CJ, Santos-Rebouças CB, Pimentel MMG. Clinical profiles associated with LRRK2 and GBA mutations in Brazilians with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2017; 381:160-164. [PMID: 28991672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by remarkable phenotypic variability. Accumulated evidence points that the manifestation of PD clinical signs might be differentially modified by genetic factors, as mutations in LRRK2 and GBA genes. In this sense, the clarification of the genotype-phenotype correlations in PD has important implications in predicting prognosis and can contribute to the development of specific therapeutic approaches. METHODS Here, we conducted the first comparative analysis of motor and non-motor features in 17 LRRK2 and 22 GBA mutation carriers and 93 non-carriers unrelated PD patients from Brazil, a highly admixed population. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the three groups. LRRK2 PD patients presented more occurrence of familiar history. Resting tremor was observed in a lower frequency in GBA mutation carries. In contrast, gait freezing and dysautonomia was present in lower frequencies in LRRK2 carriers. Besides that, LRRK2 and GBA mutation carriers showed a higher incidence of depressive symptoms and a younger age at onset, when compared to non-carriers. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that specific mutations in GBA and LRRK2 influence the clinical signs of the disease, with significant implications for handling of specific patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla P da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriella de M Abreu
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Cabello Acero
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics, School of Health Science, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mário Campos
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João S Pereira
- Movement Disorders Section, Neurology Service, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah R de A Ramos
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Nascimento
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle D Voigt
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Health Science, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Rosso
- University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco A Araujo Leite
- Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, Hospital Antônio Pedro, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe R Vasconcellos
- Institute of Neurology Deolindo Couto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal Hospital of Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Delson José da Silva
- Neuroscience Core, Hospital Clinics, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil; Integrated Neurosciences Institute, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Andressa P Gonçalves
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jussara M Dos Santos
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veluma Calassara
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina T Valença
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology (CLINEX), Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cyro J de M Martins
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology (CLINEX), Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia B Santos-Rebouças
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia M G Pimentel
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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12
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Connecting Gaucher and Parkinson Disease: Considerations for Clinical and Research Genetic Counseling Settings. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:1165-1172. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Santos DM, Tiscornia G. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Modeling of Gaucher's Disease: What Have We Learned? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040888. [PMID: 28430167 PMCID: PMC5412467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher’s disease (GD) is the most frequently inherited lysosomal storage disease, presenting both visceral and neurologic symptoms. Mutations in acid β-glucocerebrosidase disrupt the sphingolipid catabolic pathway promoting glucosylceramide (GlcCer) accumulation in lysosomes. Current treatment options are enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT). However, neither of these approaches is effective in treating the neurological aspect of the disease. The use of small pharmacological compounds that act as molecular chaperones is a promising approach that is still experimental. In recent years, an association between GD and Parkinson like synucleinopathies has been discovered. Since 1992, a number of mouse models of GD have been the developed and partially reproduce phenotype of the disease. More recently, the discovery of direct reprograming has allowed the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) from fibroblasts obtained from GD patients. iPSc can be expanded indefinitely in vitro and differentiated to macrophages and neurons, the main relevant cell types involved in GD. In this work, we review iPSc models of GD and summarize what we have learned from this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Matias Santos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Gustavo Tiscornia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Clínica EUGIN, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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14
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Kinghorn KJ, Asghari AM, Castillo-Quan JI. The emerging role of autophagic-lysosomal dysfunction in Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:380-384. [PMID: 28469644 PMCID: PMC5399707 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.202934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD), the commonest lysosomal storage disorder, results from the lack or functional deficiency of glucocerebrosidase (GCase) secondary to mutations in the GBA1 gene. There is an established association between GBA1 mutations and Parkinson's disease (PD), and indeed GBA1 mutations are now considered to be the greatest genetic risk factor for PD. Impaired lysosomal-autophagic degradation of cellular proteins, including α-synuclein (α-syn), is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD, and there is increasing evidence for this also in GD and GBA1-PD. Indeed we have recently shown in a Drosophila model lacking neuronal GCase, that there are clear lysosomal-autophagic defects in association with synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. In addition, we demonstrated alterations in mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and functional rescue of the lifespan, locomotor defects and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress on treatment of GCase-deficient flies with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Moreover, a number of other recent studies have shown autophagy-lysosomal system (ALS) dysfunction, with specific defects in both chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), as well as macroautophagy, in GD and GBA1-PD model systems. Lastly we discuss the possible therapeutic benefits of inhibiting mTOR using drugs such as rapamycin to reverse the autophagy defects in GD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri J Kinghorn
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Amir M Asghari
- London Central & West Unscheduled Care Collaborative, St. Charles Centre for Health and Wellbeing, Exmoor Street St, Charles Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.,Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Migdalska-Richards A, Schapira AHV. The relationship between glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:77-90. [PMID: 26860875 PMCID: PMC5111601 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease, whereas Gaucher disease (GD) is the most frequent lysosomal storage disorder caused by homozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene. Increased risk of developing PD has been observed in both GD patients and carriers. It has been estimated that GBA1 mutations confer a 20‐ to 30‐fold increased risk for the development of PD, and that at least 7–10% of PD patients have a GBA1 mutation. To date, mutations in the GBA1 gene constitute numerically the most important risk factor for PD. The type of PD associated with GBA1 mutations (PD‐GBA1) is almost identical to idiopathic PD, except for a slightly younger age of onset and a tendency to more cognitive impairment. Importantly, the pathology of PD‐GBA1 is identical to idiopathic PD, with nigral dopamine cell loss, Lewy bodies, and neurites containing alpha‐synuclein. The mechanism by which GBA1 mutations increase the risk for PD is still unknown. However, given that clinical manifestation and pathological findings in PD‐GBA1 patients are almost identical to those in idiopathic PD individuals, it is likely that, as in idiopathic PD, alpha‐synuclein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic impairment, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress may contribute to the development and progression of PD‐GBA1. Here, we review the GBA1 gene, its role in GD, and its link with PD.
The impact of glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) mutations on functioning of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, and mitochondria. GBA1 mutations resulting in production of misfolded glucocerebrosidase (GCase) significantly affect the ER functioning. Misfolded GCase trapped in the ER leads to both an increase in the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and the ER stress. The presence of ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) and/or endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD). The prolonged activation of UPR and ERAD subsequently leads to increased apoptosis. The presence of misfolded GCase in the lysosomes together with a reduction in wild‐type GCase levels lead to a retardation of alpha‐synuclein degradation via chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA), which subsequently results in alpha‐synuclein accumulation and aggregation. Impaired lysosomal functioning also causes a decrease in the clearance of autophagosomes, and so their accumulation. GBA1 mutations perturb normal mitochondria functioning by increasing generation of free radical species (ROS) and decreasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, oxygen consumption, and membrane potential. GBA1 mutations also lead to accumulation of dysfunctional and fragmented mitochondria.
This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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16
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Utz J, Whitley CB, van Giersbergen PLM, Kolb SA. Comorbidities and pharmacotherapies in patients with Gaucher disease type 1: The potential for drug-drug interactions. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:172-8. [PMID: 26674302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical care for patients with rare diseases may be complicated by comorbidities. Administration of medications to treat comorbidities may elicit potentially harmful drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Genetic background may also influence DDI occurrence. We investigated the range of comorbid conditions in patients with Gaucher disease type I (GD1), the pharmacotherapies prescribed and the potential for DDI with enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapies and additional medications, specifically cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolizing medications. METHODS A literature review examined comorbid conditions and pharmacotherapies reported in GD1. Analysis of two national databases reported real-world prescription practices in patients with GD1 (Germany, N=87; US, N=374). Prescribed drugs were assessed for known interactions with isoenzymes from the hepatic CYP enzyme family. RESULTS The literature reported GD1 symptomatology and comorbid conditions in broad agreement with the known clinical picture. German patients received 86 different medications whereas US patients received 329 different medications. An average of 3.2 medications (Germany) and 7 medications (US) per patient were prescribed. Moderate/strong inhibitors of CYP isoenzymes were prescribed to 20% and 57% of patients in the US and Germany, respectively. CONCLUSION This study describes the extensive number of comorbid conditions and drugs prescribed to patients with GD1, and the importance of determining CYP isoenzyme interaction to reduce DDI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Utz
- University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | | | | | - Stefan A Kolb
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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17
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Genetic Profile, Environmental Exposure, and Their Interaction in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:6465793. [PMID: 26942037 PMCID: PMC4752982 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6465793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of causative mutations for Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as their functional characterization in cellular and animal models has provided crucial insight into the pathogenesis of this disorder. Today, we know that PD pathogenesis involves multiple related processes including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative and nitrative stress, microglial activation and inflammation, and aggregation of α-synuclein and impaired autophagy. However, with the exception of a few families with Mendelian inheritance, the cause of PD in most individuals is yet unknown and the identified genetic susceptibility factors have only small effect size. Epidemiologic studies have found increased risk of PD associated with exposure to environmental toxicants such as pesticides, organic solvents, metals, and air pollutants, while reduced risk of PD associated with smoking cigarettes and coffee consumption. The role of environmental exposure, as well as the contribution of single genetic risk factors, is still controversial. In most of PD cases, disease onset is probably triggered by a complex interplay of many genetic and nongenetic factors, each of which conveys a minor increase in the risk of disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge on causal mutation for PD, susceptibility factors increasing disease risk, and the genetic factors that modify the impact of environmental exposure.
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18
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Choi S, Kim D, Kam TI, Yun S, Kim S, Park H, Hwang H, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Ko HS. Lysosomal Enzyme Glucocerebrosidase Protects against Aβ1-42 Oligomer-Induced Neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143854. [PMID: 26629917 PMCID: PMC4668030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) functions as a lysosomal enzyme and its mutations are known to be related to many neurodegenerative diseases, including Gaucher’s disease (GD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). However, there is little information about the role of GCase in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we demonstrate that GCase protein levels and enzyme activity are significantly decreased in sporadic AD. Moreover, Aβ1–42 oligomer treatment results in neuronal cell death that is concomitant with decreased GCase protein levels and enzyme activity, as well as impairment in lysosomal biogenesis and acidification. Importantly, overexpression of GCase promotes the lysosomal degradation of Aβ1–42 oligomers, restores the lysosomal impairment, and protects against the toxicity in neurons treated with Aβ1–42 oligomers. Our findings indicate that a deficiency of GCase could be involved in progression of AD pathology and suggest that augmentation of GCase activity may be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Choi
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seungpil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hyejin Park
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heehong Hwang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Vital A, Lepreux S, Vital C. Peripheral neuropathy and parkinsonism: a large clinical and pathogenic spectrum. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2015; 19:333-42. [PMID: 25582874 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) has been reported in idiopathic and hereditary forms of parkinsonism, but the pathogenic mechanisms are unclear and likely heterogeneous. Levodopa-induced vitamin B12 deficiency has been discussed as a causal factor of PN in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, but peripheral nervous system involvement might also be a consequence of the underlying neurodegenerative process. Occurrence of PN with parkinsonism has been associated with a panel of mitochondrial cytopathies, more frequently related to a nuclear gene defect and mainly polymerase gamma (POLG1) gene. Parkin (PARK2) gene mutations are responsible for juvenile parkinsonism, and possible peripheral nervous system involvement has been reported. Rarely, an association of parkinsonism with PN may be encountered in other neurodegenerative diseases such as fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome related to premutation CGG repeat expansion in the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene, Machado-Joseph disease related to an abnormal CAG repeat expansion in ataxin-3 (ATXN3) gene, Kufor-Rakeb syndrome caused by mutations in ATP13A2 gene, or in hereditary systemic disorders such as Gaucher disease due to mutations in the β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene and Chediak-Higashi syndrome due to LYST gene mutations. This article reviews conditions in which PN may coexist with parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vital
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France; Department of Pathology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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20
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Oeda T, Umemura A, Mori Y, Tomita S, Kohsaka M, Park K, Inoue K, Fujimura H, Hasegawa H, Sugiyama H, Sawada H. Impact of glucocerebrosidase mutations on motor and nonmotor complications in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3306-3313. [PMID: 26422360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous mutations of the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) cause Gaucher disease (GD), and heterozygous mutations of GBA are a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). This study examined the impact of GBA mutations on the longitudinal clinical course of PD patients by retrospective cohort design. GBA-coding regions were fully sequenced in 215 PD patients and GD-associated GBA mutations were identified in 19 (8.8%) PD patients. In a retrospective cohort study, time to develop dementia, psychosis, wearing-off, and dyskinesia were examined. Survival time analysis followed a maximum 12-year observation (median 6.0 years), revealing that PD patients with GD-associated mutations developed dementia and psychosis significantly earlier than those without mutations (p < 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively). Adjusted hazard ratios of GBA mutations were 8.3 for dementia (p < 0.001) and 3.1 for psychosis (p = 0.002). No statistically significant differences were observed for wearing-off and dyskinesia between the groups. N-isopropyl-p[(123)I] iodoamphetamine single-photon emission tomography pixel-by-pixel analysis revealed that regional cerebral blood flow was reduced in the bilateral parietal cortex, including the precuneus of GD-associated mutant PD patients, compared with matched PD controls without mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Oeda
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Mori
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tomita
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kohsaka
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kwiyoung Park
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Department of Neurology, Toneyama National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Minami-Kyoto National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sawada
- Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
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Menzies FM, Fleming A, Rubinsztein DC. Compromised autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:345-57. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Glucocerebrosidase mutations in primary parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:1215-20. [PMID: 25249066 PMCID: PMC4228056 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mutations in the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene increase the risk of Parkinson's Disease (PD). We determined the frequency and relative risk of major GBA mutations in a large series of Italian patients with primary parkinsonism. Methods We studied 2766 unrelated consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of primary degenerative parkinsonism (including 2350 PD), and 1111 controls. The entire cohort was screened for mutations in GBA exons 9 and 10, covering approximately 70% of mutations, including the two most frequent defects, p.N370S and p.L444P. Results Four known mutations were identified in heterozygous state: 3 missense mutations (p.N370S, p.L444P, and p.D443N), and the splicing mutation IVS10+1G>T, which results in the in-frame exon-10 skipping. Molecular characterization of 2 additional rare variants, potentially interfering with splicing, suggested a neutral effect. GBA mutations were more frequent in PD (4.5%, RR = 7.2, CI = 3.3–15.3) and in Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) (13.8%, RR = 21.9, CI = 6.8–70.7) than in controls (0.63%). but not in the other forms of parkinsonism such as Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP, 2%), and Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD, 0%). Considering only the PD group, GBA-carriers were younger at onset (52 ± 10 vs. 57 ± 10 years, P < 0.0001) and were more likely to have a positive family history of PD (34% vs. 20%, P < 0.001). Conclusion GBA dysfunction is relevant for synucleinopathies, such as PD and DLB, except for MSA, in which pathology involves oligodendrocytes, and the tauopathies PSP and CBD. The risk of developing DLB is three-fold higher than PD, suggesting a more aggressive phenotype. We screened a large case–control cohort with parkinsonism for common GBA mutations. GBA mutations in the Italian population are a risk factor for Lewy Bodies Diseases (PD and DLB). GBA mutations were not increased in the other forms of parkinsonism: PSP, CBD and MSA. GBA dysfunction does not seem to be involved in MSA and tauopathies.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. Several genes have been associated with AD risk for nearly 20 years. However, it was not until the recent technological advances that allow for the analysis of millions of polymorphisms in thousands of subjects that we have been able to advance our understanding of the genetic complexity of AD susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies and whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing have revealed more than 20 loci associated with AD risk. These studies have provided insights into the molecular pathways that are altered in AD pathogenesis, which have, in turn, provided insight into novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Correlation between the biochemical pathways altered by mutated parkinson-related genes and chronic exposure to manganese. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:314-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Altarescu G, Ioscovich D, Alcalay RN, Zimran A, Elstein D. α-Synuclein rs356219 polymorphisms in patients with Gaucher disease and Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:104-7. [PMID: 25111979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in β-glucocerebrosidase, the genetic defect in Gaucher disease (GD), are an important susceptibility factor for Parkinson disease (PD). A PD effector is α-synuclein (SNCA) hypothesized to selectively interact with β-glucocerebrosidase under lysosomal conditions. SNCA polymorphism rs356219 may be associated with early-age-onset PD, common among patients with GD+PD. The objective of this study was to ascertain rs356219 genotypes of GD+PD patients. All GD+PD patients at our Gaucher referral clinic were asked to participate. A GD-only sex-, age-, GD genotype-, and enzyme therapy (ERT)-matched control was found for each GD+PD participant. Student's t-test was used (p-value <0.05 as significant). There were 14 GD+PD patients: all Ashkenazi Jewish; 11 males (78.6%); mean (range) age diagnosed GD 34.2 (5-62) years; 50% N370S homozygous; mild to moderate GD; 3 asplenic and only these have osteonecrosis; 5 received ERT; mean age (range) diagnosed PD was 57.8 (43-70) years; first PD sign was tremor in 9 (64.3%); cognitive dysfunction in all. In GD+PD, frequency for AG+GG (9) was greater than AA (5); in GD only, there was equality (7). Odds Ratio risk for PD increases with number minor alleles: but not significantly greater among GD+PD than GD only; in aggregate, there was no difference between cohorts for frequency of minor alleles. The limitation of this study is few GD+PD, albeit virtually all the GD+PD cohort >500 adult GD patients in our clinic. Nonetheless, as a foray into potential genetic GD susceptibility for a synucleinopathy, this study suggests the need for collaboration to achieve larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheona Altarescu
- Genetics Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affliated with the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Ioscovich
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affliated with the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affliated with the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Deborah Elstein
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affliated with the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Gonzalez A, Valeiras M, Sidransky E, Tayebi N. Lysosomal integral membrane protein-2: a new player in lysosome-related pathology. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:84-91. [PMID: 24389070 PMCID: PMC3924958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes require the presence of many specialized proteins to facilitate their roles in cellular maintenance. One such protein that has proven to be an important player in the lysosomal field is lysosomal integral membrane protein-2 (LIMP-2), encoded by the gene SCARB2. LIMP-2 is required for the normal biogenesis and maintenance of lysosomes and endosomes and has been identified as the specific receptor for glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease. Research into LIMP-2 and the SCARB2 gene indicate that it may be a factor contributing to the clinical heterogeneity seen among patients with Gaucher disease. Mutations in SCARB2 have also been identified as the cause of action myoclonus renal failure (AMRF), and in some cases progressive myoclonic epilepsy. A total of 14 disease-causing SCARB2 mutations have been identified to date. The role of LIMP-2 in human pathology has expanded with its identification as a component of the intercalated disk in cardiac muscle and as a receptor for specific enteroviruses, two unanticipated findings that reaffirm the myriad roles of lysosomal proteins. Studies into the full impact of LIMP-2 deficiency and the LIMP2/glucocerebrosidase molecular pathway will lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis in Gaucher disease and AMRF, and to new insights into lysosomal processing, trafficking and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Gonzalez
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Valeiras
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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