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Elsahhar A, Abdelwahab SM, Nasser HM, Hassan MS. Assessment of the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma location and its response to transarterial chemoembolization. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-021-00601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the recommended treatment in intermediate stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many indices are used to predict the outcome of the TACE. The location of the HCC has not been enough studied as a prognostic variable.
Results
We evaluated 149 HCC nodules (111 patients) and analyzed the association between the response to TACE and the nodule location. There was a significant difference between the complete response (CR) and the non-CR group in the location of the HCC regarding its segment and the response to TACE with the anterior segment lesions achieving higher rates of complete response (CR) (P .03), and the distance between the tumor and the liver capsule with the subcapsular lesions showing higher rate of non-CR (P .02). However, there was no significant difference between the CR and the non-CR groups regarding the location between the right and the left lobes (P .48) and the central versus peripheral lesions (P .41).
Conclusions
The location of the HCC can improve the prediction of the tumor response to TACE. Anterior segment tumors showed a higher rate of complete response and subcapsular lesions showed a higher rate of recurrence after TACE.
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2
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Li WT, Zou AE, Honda CO, Zheng H, Wang XQ, Kisseleva T, Chang EY, Ongkeko WM. Etiology-Specific Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Transcriptome Reveals Genetic Dysregulation in Pathways Implicated in Immunotherapy Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1273. [PMID: 31480259 PMCID: PMC6769980 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged in recent years as arguably the most effective treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the failure of a large percentage of patients to respond to immunotherapy remains as the ultimate obstacle to successful treatment. Etiology-associated dysregulation of immune-associated (IA) genes may be central to the development of this differential clinical response. We identified immune-associated genes potentially dysregulated by alcohol or viral hepatitis B in HCC and validated alcohol-induced dysregulations in vitro while using large-scale RNA-sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Thirty-four clinically relevant dysregulated IA genes were identified. We profiled the correlation of all genomic alterations in HCC patients to IA gene expression while using the information theory-based algorithm REVEALER to investigate the molecular mechanism for their dysregulation and explore the possibility of genome-based patient stratification. We also studied gene expression regulators and identified multiple microRNAs that were implicated in HCC pathogenesis that can potentially regulate these IA genes' expression. Our study identified potential key pathways, including the IL-7 signaling pathway and TNFRSF4 (OX40)- NF-κB pathway, to target in immunotherapy treatments and presents microRNAs as promising therapeutic targets for dysregulated IA genes because of their extensive regulatory roles in the cancer immune landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tse Li
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Angela E Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christine O Honda
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao Qi Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, California and Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weg M Ongkeko
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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3
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Xiong Y, Wu S, Yu H, Wu J, Wang Y, Li H, Huang H, Zhang H. miR-190 promotes HCC proliferation and metastasis by targeting PHLPP1. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:185-195. [PMID: 30092222 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs regulate gene expression and enable clinicians to distinguish between benign and malignant tissues in cancers. PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) is known to be a tumour suppressor. A lentiviral overexpression system was used to stably express miR-190, leading to the enhancement of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) proliferation and metastasis as a result of inhibited PHLPP1 expression. The results showed that stable miR-190 expression increased the expression of EMT-related proteins (Snail and TCF8/ZEB1) as well as the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and the expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 1 (ADAMTS1). However, restoring PHLPP1 expression counteracted the effects of miR-190 on HCC proliferation, migration and invasion. The results of the animal experiments showed that miR-190 improved the HepG2 cell tumour formation and lung metastasis ability. Stable miR-190 overexpression leads to the downregulation of PHLPP1 protein expression. miR-190 has potential as a target in the treatment and diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Shang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Huajun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China; Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China.
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4
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Miki I, Murata S, Uchiyama F, Yasui D, Ueda T, Sugihara F, Saito H, Yamaguchi H, Murakami R, Kawamoto C, Uchida E, Kumita SI. Evaluation of the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma location and transarterial chemoembolization efficacy. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6437-6447. [PMID: 29085193 PMCID: PMC5643269 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i35.6437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the relationship between the location of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).
METHODS We evaluated 115 patients (127 nodules), excluding recurrent nodules, treated with TACE between January 2011 and June 2014. TACE efficacy was evaluated according to mRECIST. The HCC location coefficient was calculated as the distance from the central portal portion to the HCC center (mm)/liver diameter (mm) on multiplanar reconstruction images rendered (MPR) to visualize bifurcation of the right and left branches of the portal vein and HCC center. The HCC location coefficient was compared between complete response (CR) and non-CR groups in Child-Pugh grade A and B patients.
RESULTS The median location coefficient of HCC among all nodules, the right lobe, and the medial segment was significantly higher in the CR group than in the non-CR group in the Child-Pugh grade A patients (0.82 vs 0.62, P < 0.001; 0.71 vs 0.59, P < 0.01; 0.81 vs 0.49, P < 0.05, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the median location coefficient of the HCC in the lateral segment between in the CR and in the non-CR groups (0.67 vs 0.65, P > 0.05). On the other hand, in the Child-Pugh grade B patients, the HCC median location coefficient in each lobe and segment was not significantly different between in the CR and in the non-CR groups.
CONCLUSION Improved TACE efficacy may be obtained for HCC in the peripheral zone of the right lobe and the medial segment in Child-Pugh grade A patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Miki
- Department of Radiology, Center of Advanced Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Satoru Murata
- Department of Radiology, Center of Advanced Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Fumio Uchiyama
- Department of Radiology, Ebina-Sogo Hospital, Ebina-shi 243-0433, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yasui
- Department of Radiology, Center of Advanced Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ueda
- Department of Radiology, Center of Advanced Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Fumie Sugihara
- Department of Radiology, Center of Advanced Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Saito
- Department of Radiology, Center of Advanced Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamaguchi
- Department of Radiology, Tamanagayama Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Tama-shi, Tokyo 206-8523, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Murakami
- Department of Radiology, Center of Advanced Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kawamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Uchida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kumita
- Department of Radiology, Center of Advanced Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Lab. of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis, National Cancer Institute "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.
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- Lab. of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis, National Cancer Institute "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
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6
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Longo V, Gnoni A, Gardini AC, Pisconti S, Licchetta A, Scartozzi M, Memeo R, Palmieri VO, Aprile G, Santini D, Nardulli P, Silvestris N, Brunetti O. Immunotherapeutic approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:33897-33910. [PMID: 28420805 PMCID: PMC5464921 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a cancer with a high mortality rate due to the fact that the diagnosis usually occurs at anadvanced stage. Even in case of curative surgical treatment, recurrence is common. Sorafenib and regorafenib are the only therapeutic agents that have been demonstrated to be effective in advanced HCC, thus novel curative approaches are urgently needed. Recent studies focus on the role of immune system in HCC. In fact, the unique immune response in the liver favors tolerance, which can represent a real challenge for conventional immunotherapy in these patients. Spontaneous immune responses against tumor antigens have been detected, and new immune therapies are under investigation: dendritic cell vaccination, immune-modulator strategy, and immune checkpoint inhibition. In recent years different clinical trials examining the use of immunotherapy to treat HCC have been conducted with initial promising results. This review article will summarize the literature data concerning the potential immunotherapeutic approaches in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Longo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | - Antonio Gnoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Gallipoli, Gallipoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Casadei Gardini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Riccardo Memeo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ospedale Regionale “F.Miulli”, Strada Pr. Acquaviva - Santeramo, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ostilio Palmieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprile
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo Hospital ULSS 6, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nardulli
- Pharmacy Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Viale Orazio Flacco, Bari, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Viale Orazio Flacco, Bari, Italy
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7
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Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Cancer vaccines for hepatocellular carcinoma: future directions. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:391-3. [PMID: 26973120 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2015-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Franco M Buonaguro
- Lab of Molecular Biology & Viral Oncology, Department Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, 'Fondazione Pascale' - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Lab of Molecular Biology & Viral Oncology, Department Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, 'Fondazione Pascale' - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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8
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Recurrence-free survival of a hepatocellular carcinoma patient with tumor thrombosis of the inferior vena cava after treatment with sorafenib and hepatic resection. Int Surg 2016; 100:908-14. [PMID: 26011214 DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00133.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib (Nexabar, Bayer, Berlin, Germany), one of multikinase inhibitors, can infrequently downstage advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are some reports that sorafenib in combination with other modalities, such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) or radiation therapy, could represent a bridge to surgery. We have observed a progressive HCC case with hepatic vein tumor thrombosis proceeding to the inferior vena cava (IVC-HVTT) convert to a state of feasible curative resection after a multidisciplinary treatment which included sorafenib. The patient underwent a successful resection in consequence of this therapy. A 45-year-old male with Hepatitis B Virus-associated chronic hepatitis was diagnosed as HCC with IVC-HVTT. To obtain oncological curative resection, we performed TACE, radiation therapy followed by administration of sorafenib (800 mg per day, total 72 g). The tumor including IVC-HVTT remarkably shrank, therefore, an extended posterior sectionectomy and total removal of the IVC-HVTT was successfully performed. The operation time was 736 minutes and the amount of intraoperative hemorrhage was 805 mL. No postoperative complication occurred. Adjuvant therapy with sorafenib was started four weeks after the operation and continued for 6 months (800 mg per day, total 144 g). The patient is alive without recurrence for about 4 years from the initial therapy. Multidisciplinary therapy including sorafenib, TACE, radiation, and hepatic resection may be an effective strategy to treat HCC patients with IVC-HVTT.
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9
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Li H, Miao Q, Xu CW, Huang JH, Zhou YF, Wu MJ. OTX1 Contributes to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Regulation of ERK/MAPK Pathway. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:1215-23. [PMID: 27478331 PMCID: PMC4951550 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.8.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodenticlehomeobox 1 (OTX1) overexpression had previously been associated with the progression of several tumors. The present study aimed to determine the expression and role of OTX1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression level of OTX1 was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 10 samples of HCC and paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis in 128 HCC samples and matched controls. The relationship between OTX1 expression and the clinicopathological features werealso analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of OTX1 knockdown on cell proliferation and migration were determined in HCC cell lines. Axenograft mouse model was also established to investigate the role of OTX1 in HCC tumor growth. TheqRT-PCR and IHC analyses revealed that OTX1 was significantly elevated in HCC tissues compared with the paired non-cancerous controls. Expression of OTX1 was positively correlated with nodal metastasis status (P = 0.009) and TNM staging (P = 0.001) in HCC tissues. In addition, knockdown of OTX1 by shRNA significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest in S phase in vitro. Tumor growth was markedly inhibited by OTX1 silencing in the xenograft. Moreover, OTX1 silencing was causable for the decreased phosphorylation level of ERK/MAPK signaling. In conclusion, OTX1 contributes to HCC progression possibly by regulation of ERK/MAPK pathway. OTX1 may be a novel target for molecular therapy towards HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Oncology, Quzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Quzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun-wei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-hui Huang
- Department of Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue-fen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei-juan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
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10
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Identification and Validation of HCC-specific Gene Transcriptional Signature for Tumor Antigen Discovery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29258. [PMID: 27387388 PMCID: PMC4937235 DOI: 10.1038/srep29258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel two-step bioinformatics strategy was applied for identification of signatures with therapeutic implications in hepatitis-associated HCC. Transcriptional profiles from HBV- and HCV-associated HCC samples were compared with non-tumor liver controls. Resulting HCC modulated genes were subsequently compared with different non-tumor tissue samples. Two related signatures were identified, namely “HCC-associated” and “HCC-specific”. Expression data were validated by RNA-Seq analysis carried out on unrelated HCC samples and protein expression was confirmed according to The Human Protein Atlas" (http://proteinatlas.org/), a public repository of immunohistochemistry data. Among all, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10, and IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 3 were found strictly HCC-specific with no expression in 18/20 normal tissues. Target peptides for vaccine design were predicted for both proteins associated with the most prevalent HLA-class I and II alleles. The described novel strategy showed to be feasible for identification of HCC-specific proteins as highly potential target for HCC immunotherapy.
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11
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Personalized therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Where are we now? Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 45:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Tagliamonte M, Petrizzo A, Tornesello ML, Ciliberto G, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Combinatorial immunotherapy strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:103-13. [PMID: 26851637 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy. The prognosis for HCC patients greatly varies according to the stage at diagnosis. Overall it is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 5-6%. Immunotherapeutic interventions represent a novel and effective therapeutic tool. However, only few immunotherapy trials for HCC have been conducted so far with contrasting results, suggesting that significant improvements are needed. Indeed, the liver is characterized by a strong intrinsic immune suppressive microenvironment which needs to be counterbalanced with immune stimulatory approaches. Therefore, the implementation of combinatorial protocols combining immune stimulatory strategies with specific immunotherapy approaches could result in a dramatic improvement of efficacy and clinical outcome in HCC patients. The present review aims at describing the state of the art in immunotherapy strategies for HCC and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tagliamonte
- Lab of Molecular Biology & Viral Oncology, Dept Experimental Oncology
| | | | | | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Lab of Molecular Biology & Viral Oncology, Dept Experimental Oncology.
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13
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Buonaguro L. Developments in cancer vaccines for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:93-9. [PMID: 26093657 PMCID: PMC11028447 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for about 6 % of all new cancers diagnosed worldwide and represents one of the leading causes of cancer-related death globally in men and women, respectively. The overall prognosis for HCC patients is poor, especially in the majority of patients with more advanced stage of disease. Indeed, in such cases immunotherapeutic strategies may represent a novel and effective tool. A few immunotherapy trials conducted for HCC have provided divergent results, urging the scientific community to explore additional paths to improve efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches. The "Cancer Vaccine development for Hepatocellular Carcinoma"-HEPAVAC Consortium has been funded by the EU within the FP7 with the goal of developing a novel therapeutic peptide-based cancer vaccine strategy for HCC including both "off-the-shelf" and personalized antigens. This will be one of the very few vaccine trials for HCC and the first multi-epitope, multi-target and multi-HLA allele therapeutic cancer vaccine for such a frequent and aggressive disease with a hitherto high unmet medical need. Feasibility, safety and biological efficacy will be evaluated in a randomized, controlled European multicenter phase I/II clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Naples, Italy.
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14
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Gahr S, Mayr C, Kiesslich T, Illig R, Neureiter D, Alinger B, Ganslmayer M, Wissniowski T, Fazio PD, Montalbano R, Ficker JH, Ocker M, Quint K. The pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat affects angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma models via modulation of CTGF expression. Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26202945 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin components are significantly involved in the regulation of tumor suppressor gene and oncogene expression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is an epigenetically regulated growth factor with functions in angiogenesis and cell-matrix interactions and plays a pivotal role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pharmacologic inhibition of histone and protein deacetylases represents a new approach to interfere with pathways of apoptosis and angiogenesis. We investigated the effect of the pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589) on human HCC cell lines HepG2 (p53wt) and Hep3B (p53null) and in a subcutaneous xenograft model and explored the influence on angiogenesis. Specimens were characterized by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein was separated for western blotting against CTGF, VEGF, VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1/FLT-1), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2/KDR), MAPK and phospho-MAPK. In vivo, HepG2 cells were xenografted to NMRI mice and treated with daily i.p. injections of 10 mg/kg panobinostat. After 1, 7 and 28 days, real-time PCR was performed. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were examined after 28 days. An increased significant expression of CTGF was only seen after 24 h treatment with 0.1 µM panobinostat in HepG2 cells and Hep3B cells, whereas after 72 h treatment CTGF expression clearly decreased. In the xenografts, treatment with panobinostat showed a minimal CTGF expression after 1 day and 4 weeks, respectively. In vitro as well as in vivo, VEGF was not affected by panobinostat treatment at any time. In conclusion, panobinostat influences extracellular signaling cascades via CTGF-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gahr
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayr
- Laboratory for Tumour Biology and Experimental Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Laboratory for Tumour Biology and Experimental Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Romana Illig
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Beate Alinger
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marion Ganslmayer
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Till Wissniowski
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Montalbano
- Institute for Surgical Research, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joachim H Ficker
- Klinikum Nuernberg, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Quint
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Murata S, Mine T, Sugihara F, Yasui D, Yamaguchi H, Ueda T, Onozawa S, Kumita SI. Interventional treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13453-13465. [PMID: 25309076 PMCID: PMC4188897 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. The Barcelona clinic liver cancer classification is the current standard classification system for the clinical management of patients with HCC and suggests that patients with intermediate-stage HCC benefit from transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Interventional treatments such as TACE, balloon-occluded TACE, drug-eluting bead embolization, radioembolization, and combined therapies including TACE and radiofrequency ablation, continue to evolve, resulting in improved patient prognosis. However, patients with advanced-stage HCC typically receive only chemotherapy with sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, or palliative and conservative therapy. Most patients receive palliative or conservative therapy only, and approximately 50% of patients with HCC are candidates for systemic therapy. However, these patients require therapy that is more effective than sorafenib or conservative treatment. Several researchers try to perform more effective therapies, such as combined therapies (TACE with radiotherapy and sorafenib with TACE), modified TACE for HCC with arterioportal or arteriohepatic vein shunts, TACE based on hepatic hemodynamics, and isolated hepatic perfusion. This review summarizes the published data and data on important ongoing studies concerning interventional treatments for unresectable HCC and discusses the technical improvements in these interventions, particularly for advanced-stage HCC.
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16
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Fornaro L, Vivaldi C, Caparello C, Sacco R, Rotella V, Musettini G, Luchi S, Baldini EE, Falcone A, Masi G. Dissecting signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma: new perspectives in medical therapy. Future Oncol 2014; 10:285-304. [PMID: 24490614 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor and is largely influenced by associated liver comorbidities. Moreover, effective treatment alternatives are limited; with the exception of the multitargeted inhibitor sorafenib, established options in the treatment of advanced HCC no longer amenable with ablative or locoregional procedures are lacking. In light of the limited efficacy of chemotherapy in this setting, great efforts have been made in the definition of targetable molecular pathways with a central role in the progression of HCC. Targeting angiogenesis, growth factor receptors, intracellular transduction pathways, or mechanisms of gene-expression regulation represents the main way to improve patient outcome. At the same time, identifying clinical and biological factors, which may help selecting patients with higher chances of benefit, is essential in order to hasten drug development and maximize treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Fornaro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Ospedale Campo di Marte, Azienda USL2 Lucca, Lucca, Italy
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Graf D, Vallböhmer D, Knoefel WT, Kröpil P, Antoch G, Sagir A, Häussinger D. Multimodal treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:430-7. [PMID: 24666568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the most common liver cancer with an increasing incidence and it accounts for the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Even though the clinical diagnosis and management of HCC improved significantly in the last decades, this malignant disease is still associated with a poor prognosis. It has to be distinguished between patients with HCCs, which developed from liver cirrhosis, and patients without underlying liver cirrhosis as classification systems, prognosis estimation and therapy recommendations differ in-between. In case of HCC in patients with liver cirrhosis in Europe, treatment allocation and prognosis estimation are mainly based on the Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system. Based on this staging system different surgical, interventional radiological/sonographical and non-interventional procedures have been established for the multimodal treatment of HCC. The BCLC classification system represents a decision guidance; however because of its limitations in selected patients treatment allocation should be determined on an individualized rather than a guideline-based medicine by a multidisciplinary board in order to offer the best treatment option for each patient. This review summarizes the current management of HCC and illustrates controversial areas of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Graf
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Germany.
| | - Daniel Vallböhmer
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Germany
| | - Wolfram Trudo Knoefel
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Germany
| | - Patric Kröpil
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Germany
| | - Gerald Antoch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Germany
| | - Abdurrahaman Sagir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Germany
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Idée JM, Guiu B. Use of Lipiodol as a drug-delivery system for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:530-49. [PMID: 23921081 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major public health problem. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is recognized as the standard of care for patients with unresectable, asymptomatic, noninvasive and multinodular HCC. This procedure is based on percutaneous administration of a cytotoxic drug emulsified with Lipiodol followed by embolization of the tumour-feeding arteries. The standard procedure involves Lipiodol, an oily contrast medium which consists of a mixture of long-chain di-iodinated ethyl esters of poppy seed fatty acids. The aim of this review is to discuss the physical properties, tumour uptake behaviour and drug delivery effects of Lipiodol, the parameters influencing tumour uptake and future prospects. Lipiodol has a unique place in TACE as it combines three specific characteristics: drug delivery, transient and plastic embolization and radiopacity properties. Substantial heterogeneity in the physicochemical characteristics of Lipiodol/cytotoxic agent emulsions might reduce the efficacy of this procedure and justifies the current interest in Lipiodol for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Idée
- Guerbet, Research and Innovation Division, BP 57400, 95943 Roissy-Charles de Gaulle cedex, France.
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Chan SL, Yeo W. Selecting the right patients for testing novel agents in hepatocellular carcinoma: who, when and how? Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2013; 9:2-5. [PMID: 23418846 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Ruan SJ, Wu LQ, Zhou F. Relationship between vascular endothelial growth factors and liver diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1191-1196. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i13.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors play an important role in the processes of cell differentiation and maturation. As a kind of multi-functional factor, they are closely related to the occurrence and progression of liver diseases. They can not only promote postoperative liver regeneration but also repress the propagation of chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis. In addition, they have a role in cancer diagnosis and treatment and graft rejection in liver transplantation. In this paper, we will give a brief introduction of vascular growth factors and their role in liver regeneration, cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver transplantation.
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Chan SL, Wong CH, Lau CPY, Zhou Q, Hui CWC, Lui VWY, Ma BBY, Chan ATC, Yeo W. Preclinical evaluation of combined TKI-258 and RAD001 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:1417-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization based on hepatic hemodynamics for hepatocellular carcinoma. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:479805. [PMID: 23606815 PMCID: PMC3628498 DOI: 10.1155/2013/479805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) classification has recently emerged as the standard classification system for clinical management of patients with HCC. According to the BCLC staging system, curative therapies (resection, transplantation, and percutaneous ablation) can improve survival in HCC patients diagnosed at an early stage and offer potential long-term curative effects. Patients with intermediate-stage HCC benefit from transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and those diagnosed at an advanced stage receive sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, or conservative therapy. Most patients receive palliative or conservative therapy only, and approximately 50% of patients with HCC are candidates for systemic therapy. TACE is often recommended for advanced-stage HCC patients all over the world because these patients desire therapy that is more effective than systemic chemotherapy or conservative treatment. This paper aims to summarize both the published data and important ongoing studies for TACE and to discuss technical improvements in TACE for advanced-stage HCC.
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Xu LF, Ni JY, Sun HL, Chen YT, Wu YD. Effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α silencing on the proliferation of CBRH-7919 hepatoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1749-1759. [PMID: 23555163 PMCID: PMC3607751 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i11.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) silencing on the proliferation of hypoxic CBRH-7919 rat hepatoma cells.
METHODS: The CBRH-7919 rat hepatoma cell line was used in this study and the hypoxic model was constructed using CoCl2. The HIF-1α-specific RNAi sequences were designed according to the gene coding sequence of rat HIF-1α obtained from GeneBank. The secondary structure of the HIF-1α gene sequence was analyzed using RNA draw software. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection mixture was produced by mixing the siRNA and Lipofectamine2000TM, and transfected into the hypoxic hepatoma cells. Real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting assay were used to detect the expression levels of mRNA and protein. HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA was determined using real time RT-PCR; the protein expression levels of AKT, p-AKT, p21 and cyclinD1 were determined using Western blotting. The proliferation of hepatoma cells was observed using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation cell proliferation assay.
RESULTS: Under induced hypoxia, the viability of the hepatoma cells reached a minimum at 800 μmol/L CoCl2; the viability of the cells was relatively high at CoCl2 concentrations between 100 μmol/L and 200 μmol/L. Under hypoxia, the mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF-1α and VEGF were significantly higher than that of hepatoma cells that were cultured in normaxia. HIF-1α-specific RNAi sequences were successfully transfected into hepatoma cells. The transfection of specific siRNAs significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF-1α and VEGF, along with the protein expression levels of p-AKT and cyclinD1; the protein expression of p21 was significantly increased, and there was no significant difference in the expression of AKT. The MTT assay showed that the amount of hepatoma cells in S phase in the siRNA transfection group was obviously smaller than that in the control group; in the siRNA transfection group, the amount of hepatoma cells in G1 phase was more than that in the control group. The BrdU incorporation assay showed that the number of BrdU positive hepatoma cells in the siRNA transfection group was less than that in the control group. The data of the MTT assay and BrdU incorporation assay suggested that HIF-1α silencing using siRNAs significantly inhibited the proliferation of hepatoma cells.
CONCLUSION: Hypoxia increases the expression of HIF-1α, and HIF-1α silencing significantly inhibits the proliferation of hypoxic CBRH-7919 rat hepatoma cells.
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Elbaz T, Kassas ME, Esmat G. Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Updated Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2013.42067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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CHAN SL, JOHNSON P. Intra-arterial infusion of chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: An Asian perspective. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012; 8:111-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2012.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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