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Al-Khazali HM, Ashina H, Iljazi A, Al-Sayegh Z, Lipton RB, Ashina M, Ashina S, Schytz HW. Psychiatric Sequelae Following Whiplash Injury: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:814079. [PMID: 35530017 PMCID: PMC9072624 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disturbance are reported following whiplash injury. However, the prevalence of these condition varies among studies. In this review, anxiety, depression, PTSD, and sleep disturbance will be referred as psychiatric outcomes. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed and Embase (from database inception until March 20, 2021) to identify studies reporting on the relative frequency of these psychiatric outcomes. Three independent investigators screened titles, abstracts and full-texts. Studies including patients with whiplash injury and where the number of patients with whiplash and anxiety, depression, PTSD, or sleep disturbances could be extrapolated, were included. Furthermore, to be included, studies had to defined psychiatric outcomes in accordance with diagnostic criteria [i.e., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)] or by use of a validated instrument with cut-off scores for assessing psychiatric symptoms. Quality rating was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) on the included studies. A protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021232037). RESULTS The literature search identified 5,068 citations, of which five articles were eligible for inclusion. The relative frequency of depressive symptoms following whiplash injury was 32.8% at 6 months, and 34.0% at 6-12 months. The relative frequency of PTSD symptoms after whiplash injury was 9.0-22.3% at 3 months, 15.8% at 6 months and 14.6-17.1% at 12 months. No studies evaluating the relative frequency of anxiety and sleep disturbances were eligible for inclusion. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results suggest that there are persistent psychiatric outcomes following whiplash trauma. However, we found considerable heterogeneity among the studies. Thus, we have focused on the most notable limitations of the included studies: 1) small sample sizes, 2) differences in enrollment criteria, 3) lack of control groups, 4) considerable variation in the method used for outcome assessment, 5) directionality of association is difficult to determine and 6) incomplete assessment of compensation factors. We highlight these methodological limitations and outline recommendations for future research. Since psychiatric outcomes are potentially modifiable, future studies should optimize and address the identified methodological limitations so psychiatric sequelae following whiplash injury may be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidar Muhsen Al-Khazali
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurorehabilitation / Traumatic Brain Injury, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Afrim Iljazi
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zainab Al-Sayegh
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sait Ashina
- BIDMC Comprehensive Headache Center, Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Henrik W Schytz
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lee CI, Son BC. Decompression of the Greater Occipital Nerve for Persistent Headache Attributed to Whiplash Accompanying Referred Facial Trigeminal Pain. World Neurosurg 2021; 155:e814-e823. [PMID: 34509676 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persistent headache attributed to whiplash (PHAW) is defined as a headache that occurs for the first time in close temporal relation to whiplash lasting more than 3 months. We investigated the results of decompression of the greater occipital nerve (GON) in patients with PHAW who presented with referred trigeminal facial pain caused by sensitization of the trigeminocervical complex) along with occipital headache. METHODS A 1-year follow-up study of GON decompression was conducted in 7 patients with PHAW manifesting referred facial trigeminal pain. The degree of pain reduction was analyzed using the numeric rating scale (NRS-11) and percent pain relief before and 1 year after surgery. Success was defined by at least 50% reduction in pain measured via NRS-11. To assess the degree of subjective satisfaction, a 10-point Likert scale was used. Clinical characteristics of headache and facial pain and surgical findings were studied. RESULTS GON decompression was effective in all 7 patients with PHAW manifesting referred trigeminal pain, with a percent pain relief of 83.06 ± 17.30. The pain had disappeared in 3 of 7 patients (42.9%) within 6 months and no further treatment was needed. Patients' assessment of subjective improvement based on a 10-point Likert scale was 7.23 ± 1.25. It was effective in both occipital and facial pain. CONCLUSIONS Although chronic GON entrapment itself is an individual constitutional issue, postwhiplash inflammatory changes seem to trigger chronic occipital headaches in GON distribution and unexplained referred trigeminal pain caused by sensitization of the trigeminocervical complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ik Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Son
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Headache is a frequent and debilitating symptom after mild traumatic brain injury, yet little is known about its pathophysiology and most effective treatments. The goal of this review is to summarize findings from imaging studies used during the clinical evaluation and research investigation of post-traumatic headache (PTH). RECENT FINDINGS There are no published recommendations or guidelines for when to acquire imaging studies of the head or neck in patients with PTH. Clinical acumen is required to determine if imaging is needed to assess for a secondary cause of headache which may have been precipitated or unmasked by the trauma. Several guidelines for when to image the patient with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the emergency setting consider headache among the deciding factors. In the research arena, imaging techniques including proton spectroscopy magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance morphometry, and functional neck x-rays have been employed with the goal of identifying diagnostic and prognostic factors for PTH and to help understand its underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Results indicate that changes in regional cortical thickness and damage to specific white matter tracts warrant further research. Future research should interrogate whether these imaging findings contribute to the classification and prognosis of PTH. Current research provides evidence that imaging findings associated with PTH may be distinct from those attributable to mTBI. A variety of imaging techniques have potential to further our understanding of the pathophysiologic processes underlying PTH as well as to provide diagnostic and prognostic indicators. However, considerable work must be undertaken for this to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Rau
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Gina M Dumkrieger
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Catherine D Chong
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Todd J Schwedt
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
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Peña-Salinas M, Oliva-Pascual-Vaca J, Heredia-Rizo AM, Rodriguez-Blanco C, Ricard F, Oliva-Pascual-Vaca Á. No immediate changes on neural and muscular mechanosensitivity after first rib manipulation in subjects with cervical whiplash: A randomized controlled trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2018; 30:921-928. [PMID: 28372320 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-160645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper rib manipulative therapy appears to be effective on primary complaint of shoulder pain, but its efficacy has not been evaluated in subjects with whiplash-associated disorders. OBJECTIVE To assess the immediate changes on neural and muscular mechanosensitivity after first-rib manipulation in patients with neck or cervicobrachial pain secondary to cervical whiplash (CW). METHODS A single-blind (evaluators were blinded to subject allocation) randomized trial was conducted. Fifty-three (N = 53) subjects, 34.7 (SD 10.8 years; 56.6% females), with cervical or cervicobrachial pain following CW, were distributed into two groups. The experimental group (n = 27) underwent a single first-rib high-velocity low-amplitude manipulation technique, while the control group (n = 26) received a sham placebo intervention. Outcome measures were taken at baseline and immediately after intervention, of the pressure pain threshold over the trigeminal, median and ulnar nerves, and over the area described for the location of tense bands in the upper trapezius, masseter, biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles. RESULTS No significant differences in mechanosensitivity values were observed after intervention in the between-groups comparison (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of a sole first-rib thrust technique has no immediate effect on neural or muscular mechanosensitivity, when compared to placebo, in subjects with cervical or cervicobrachial pain after CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peña-Salinas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Oliva-Pascual-Vaca
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Physical Therapy, Universitary School of Osuna, Sevilla, Spain.,Madrid Osteopathic School, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cleofás Rodriguez-Blanco
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Madrid Osteopathic School, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Oliva-Pascual-Vaca
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Madrid Osteopathic School, Madrid, Spain
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Acute headache attributed to whiplash in arcuate foramen and non-arcuate foramen subjects. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016; 26:1262-1265. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-016-4856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
CGH is a common entity that has been assessed historically in various medical disciplines. Currently, CGH is a controversial topic whose existence has supporters and naysayers. The difficulty evaluating CGH is caused by a lack of objective findings on imaging and biologic tests. Patients present with pain but often with a lack of hard, concrete physical findings. Other clinical diagnoses may confound the clinical presentation of patients. The concomitant presence of ON and migraine headaches has been noted in the literature. Positive analgesia after interventional techniques remains the major way to consider the diagnosis in potential patients with headaches. Although the IHS has acknowledged CGH as a secondary headache in its diagnostic schema, more research, specifically randomized double-blinded evaluations of patients with CGH, are required. These data would be deemed as objective gold-standard evidence to lead us from controversy to collaborative agreement regarding the fate of CGH. What is certain regarding CGH is that a cooperative effort should be considered in the treatment of the patients between evaluating physicians, interventional pain physicians, surgeons, and physical therapy providers. This multidisciplinary effort can lead to the effective management of CGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maunak V Rana
- Chicago Anesthesia Pain Specialists, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Gladstone J. From psychoneurosis to ICHD-2: an overview of the state of the art in post-traumatic headache. Headache 2009; 49:1097-111. [PMID: 19583599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is an important public health issue - head injuries are common, headache is the most common sequelae of head injuries, and PTH can be particularly disabling. Fortunately, for most individuals with PTH, the headache gradually dissipates over a period of several days, weeks, or months either spontaneously or aided by non-pharmacologic and/or pharmacologic management. Regrettably, for a minority of head-injured individuals, the PTH is intractable and disabling despite aggressive and comprehensive treatment. Unfortunately, there are many prejudices against individuals with PTH. Frequently, the presence or absence of litigation and/or the mechanism of head injury (sports-related trauma, slip-and-fall injury, motor vehicle accident, or military service-related injury) biases physicians' views on the legitimacy of the patient's PTH. Accordingly, this review attempts to summarize the state of the art of our understanding of PTH. This clinical review highlights: (a) views on PTH throughout the last few centuries, (b) the ICHD-2 classification of PTH, (c) the epidemiology of head injuries and PTH, (d) the clinical characteristics of PTH, (e) PTH related postconcussive symptoms, (f) pathophysiology of PTH, (g) evaluation of PTH, and (h) management of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gladstone
- Gladstone Headache Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Canada, 1333 Sheppard Ave. E, Suite 122, Toronto, Ontario M2J 1V1, Canada
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