Somatization, secondary gain, and chronic pain: Is there a relationship?

The Relationship Between Depression and Pain During Acute Electroconvulsive Therapy and Follow-Up Period for Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression

OBJECTIVES

We explored the relationships between depression and pain during acute electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the follow-up period for patients with treatment-resistant depression and concomitant pain.

METHODS

During the acute ECT phase, treatment-resistant depression patients (N = 97) were randomized to receive ECT plus agomelatine 50 mg/d, or ECT plus placebo. Depression and pain severities were measured using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), and the pain subscale of the Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale at baseline, after every 3 ECT treatments, and after acute ECT. If patients achieved response (ie, a ≥ 50 % reduction in HAMD-17) or received at least 6 ECT treatments, they were prescribed agomelatine 50 mg/d and participated in a 12-week follow-up trial. The HAMD-17 and pain subscale were assessed at 4-week intervals. Both HAMD-17 and pain subscale scores were converted to T score units to compare the degrees of changes between depression and pain during acute ECT and the follow-up period.

RESULTS

Eighty-two patients completing at least the first 3 ECT treatments entered the analysis. Both HAMD-17 and pain subscale decreased significantly after acute ECT. Changes of HAMD-17 T scores were significantly greater than changes of pain subscale T scores during acute ECT and follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS

Pain changed more slowly than did depression while measuring both during acute ECT and the follow-up period. Pain can, therefore, be considered a separate entity from depression.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Benign Chronic Pain Syndrome in Substance Abusing Patients

This article presents a model for combined treatment of benign chronic pain and substance abuse. The combined treatment program illustrated draws resources from a comprehensive pain treatment center and an addictions program, which affiliated to better serve these challenging patients. Three illustrative cases are presented. Potentially divisive conceptual issues, such as lack of understanding of the biopsychosocial model of benign chronic pain, and the debate over the role of long-term opioid medication in the treatment of addiction and chronic pain disorders, are discussed.