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Naveen R, Guleria S, Aggarwal A. Recent updates in enthesitis-related arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2023; 43:409-420. [PMID: 36629936 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is a category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis which belongs to the spectrum of diseases that are included in juvenile spondyloarthropathy. In recent years, there have been significant advances in understanding pathogenesis, tools to assess disease activity, early recognition of the axial disease, and targeted therapy using IL-17 inhibitors and small molecule inhibitors. The current narrative review highlights these new advances. Among many hypotheses linking HLA B27 to ERA, one of them is the effect of HLA B27 on gut dysbiosis. However, recent data suggest that gut dysbiosis is probably not determined by HLA B27. Though children present with arthritis and enthesitis, axial disease is present in 50-60% on MRI. Using data-driven approach, discriminative MRI finding for active and chronic diseases has been defined for children. This will help in the early recognition of disease. An abridged version of juvenile spondyloarthropathy disease activity (JSpADA) score without the need for acute phase reactants and Schober test performed as well as the original score may increase its acceptance in routine practice. Secukinumab (anti-IL-17 antibody) has shown a more than 75% response rate in children with ERA and may be a good alternative to anti-TNF therapy. Initial data with tofacitinib also look promising. All these will translate into better outcomes for children with ERA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Naveen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Shivika Guleria
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
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Vega-Fernandez P, Ting TV, Pratt L, Bacha CM, Oberle EJ. Ultrasonography in Pediatric Rheumatology. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2021; 48:217-231. [PMID: 34798948 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the increasing evidence from the last few years supporting the use of musculoskeletal ultrasonography (MSUS) in the evaluation and management of patients with pediatric rheumatic diseases, particularly focusing on juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Recently developed definitions for the sonographic appearance of healthy and pathologic joints in children are discussed. Further topics explored include how MSUS enhances the diagnosis of inflammatory joint disease (synovitis, enthesitis, tenosynovitis), including the detection of subclinical synovitis. There is a brief summary on the use of ultrasonography in the evaluations of myositis, Sjögren syndrome, and scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vega-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 4010, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tracy V Ting
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 4010, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Laura Pratt
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985520 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5520, USA
| | - Christine M Bacha
- Division of Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, ED 3013, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Edward J Oberle
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985520 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5520, USA.
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Advances in Juvenile Spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:70. [PMID: 34255209 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide an overview of recent studies on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of juvenile spondyloarthritis (JSpA). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show differences in gut microbiome in patients with JSpA in comparison to healthy controls. There is increased recognition of the impact of the innate immune system on disease pathology. Normative reference on MRI of sacroiliac (SI) joints in children is now available. However, there is significant variability in interpretation of MRI of SI joints in children and a need for standardization. NSAIDs, physical therapy, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors (TNFi) remain the mainstay of management for patients with JIA who have polyarthritis, sacroiliitis, and/or enthesitis as per recent ACR guidelines. Newer therapeutic options beyond TNFi are needed to manage patients who fail TNFi. This review highlights some of the recent advances in our knowledge of JSpA pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. It also identifies areas in need of further research and standardization to improve our understanding and outcomes in JSpA.
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Kaeley GS, Roth J. Imaging in rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions: State of the art and challenges. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2020; 34:101643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Weiss PF, Roth J. Juvenile-Versus Adult-Onset Spondyloarthritis: Similar, but Different. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2020; 46:241-257. [PMID: 32340699 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of juvenile spondyloarthritis and important differences in the classification criteria, clinical presentation, outcomes, and pathology in juvenile versus adult-onset disease. Key differences in classification criteria between children and adults with spondyloarthritis are important to understand, as they can make transition from pediatric to adult care challenging. MRI and ultrasonography are increasingly relied on for the assessment of adult-onset disease activity and change over time in the pediatric population. The unique features of the maturing axial and peripheral skeleton are described for each modality, as they are key to understand for accurate interpretation of pathology in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela F Weiss
- Perelman School of Medicine UPENN, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Johannes Roth
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent international efforts on standardization and validation of pediatric musculoskeletal ultrasound and determine its role in diagnosis and monitoring of disease in pediatric rheumatology. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past decade, significant progress has been made on building the evidence base for musculoskeletal ultrasound in pediatric rheumatology. This includes the clear definition of the sonographic appearance of the normal pediatric joint and enthesis on ultrasonography, definitions for pathology, and the establishment of a specific scoring system for the pediatric knee. Ultrasonography has been shown to have an important role in the detection of subclinical synovitis and can predict flares in children considered to be in remission clinically. Musculoskeletal ultrasound is likely going to play an important role in complementing the clinical exam especially in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Given the powerful therapeutic tools available, it will support early diagnosis and precisely determine remission status. In a treat to target approach, it will greatly help to define the targets that need to be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Roth
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,Division of Pediatric Dermatology & Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
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Roth J, Stinson SE, Chan J, Barrowman N, Di Geso L. Differential pattern of Doppler signals at lower-extremity entheses of healthy children. Pediatr Radiol 2019; 49:1335-1343. [PMID: 31289909 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonography might be an important imaging method for assessing the pediatric enthesis. To diagnose pathology, knowledge of physiological findings is essential but limited. OBJECTIVE To provide a detailed ultrasonographic assessment of four lower-extremity entheses in healthy adolescents as a reference for the correct interpretation of findings in children with rheumatic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The quadriceps tendon, proximal and distal patella tendon, and Achilles enthesis were examined in B-mode, Power and color Doppler in 41 boys and girls ages 11-14 years in neutral position and 30° flexion. We assessed Doppler signals at various distances from the enthesis and analyzed the data using a marginal logistic regression model with generalized estimating equation. We assessed agreement between observers using weighted kappa and we determined agreement on repeat scans using prevalence- and bias-adjusted kappa. RESULTS Doppler signals were predominantly in the quadriceps and distal patella tendon with odds ratios of 50.85 and 21.35 (P<0.001) compared to the Achilles tendon. They were within 2 mm or 5 mm of the enthesis (odds ratios [ORs] of 4.58 and 4.24, P<0.001), without significant difference between flexion and neutral position and between the right and the left legs. Agreement between first and second assessment was good, with aggregate kappas from 0.79 to 0.90. The inter-reader agreement was also good, with aggregate kappas ranging from 0.75 to 0.95. CONCLUSION We found a differential Doppler pattern in lower-extremity entheses, with signals present mostly in the quadriceps and distal patella entheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Roth
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Sara E Stinson
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jason Chan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nick Barrowman
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Di Geso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Provinciale Madonna del Soccorso, San Benedetto del Tronto, Marche, Italy
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Safdar NM, Rigsby CK, Iyer RS, Alazraki AL, Anupindi SA, Bardo DME, Brown BP, Chan SS, Chandra T, Dillman JR, Dorfman SR, Garber MD, Lam HFS, Nguyen JC, Siegel A, Widmann RF, Karmazyn B. ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Acutely Limping Child Up To Age 5. J Am Coll Radiol 2018; 15:S252-S262. [PMID: 30392594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Imaging plays in important role in the evaluation of the acutely limping child. The decision-making process about initial imaging must consider the level of suspicion for infection and whether symptoms can be localized. The appropriateness of specific imaging examinations in the acutely limping child to age 5 years is discussed with attention in each clinical scenario to the role of radiography, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Common causes of limping such as toddler's fracture, septic arthritis, transient synovitis, and osteomyelitis are discussed. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia K Rigsby
- Panel Chair, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ramesh S Iyer
- Panel Vice-Chair, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | - Brandon P Brown
- Riley Hospital for Children Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew D Garber
- Wolfson Children's Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida; American Academy of Pediatrics
| | - H F Samuel Lam
- Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, Sacramento, California; American College of Emergency Physicians
| | - Jie C Nguyen
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan Siegel
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Roger F Widmann
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
| | - Boaz Karmazyn
- Specialty Chair, Riley Hospital for Children Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Ultrasound imaging of synovial inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Radiol 2017; 47:1160-1170. [PMID: 28779188 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic entity of childhood. The hallmark feature of all subtypes is joint inflammation. Imaging is used to evaluate the extent and severity of inflammation, degree of joint damage and response to treatment, which in turn impacts patient management. Ultrasound has become a useful adjunct to clinical examination because it shows promise in evaluating clinical and subclinical inflammation (synovitis, enthesitis) as well as cartilage and bone erosive changes. However more collaborative research is needed to help define the normal appearance of the growing skeleton, clarify the significance of subclinical findings and develop useful definitions, imaging protocols and scoring systems of disease.
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