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Zhang Y, Li Z, Chen C, Wei W, Li Z, Zhou H, He W, Xia J, Li B, Yang Y. SRGN promotes macrophage recruitment through CCL3 in osteoarthritis. Connect Tissue Res 2024; 65:330-342. [PMID: 39067006 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2024.2380313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that affects synovial joints and leads to significant pain and disability, particularly in older adults. Infiltration of macrophages plays a key role in the progression of OA. However, the mechanisms underlying macrophage recruitment in OA are not fully understood. METHODS The Serglycin (SRGN) expression pattern was analyzed, along with its association with macrophage infiltration in OA, using bioinformatic methods. SRGN expression in chondrocytes was altered by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and plasmids. Conditioned media (CM) was obtained from transfected chondrocytes to establish a co-culture model of chondrocytes and THP-1 derived macrophages. The impact of SRGN on macrophage recruitment was evaluated using a transwell assay. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of SRGN on CCL3 was validated through qPCR, WB, and ELISA experiments. RESULTS In OA patients, the upregulation of SRGN positively correlated with K-L grade and macrophage infiltration. It was found that SRGN expression and secretion were up-regulated in OA and that it can promote macrophage migration in vitro. Further investigation showed that SRGN affects macrophage migration by regulating the expression of CCL3. CONCLUSION SRGN in chondrocytes plays a role in promoting the recruitment of THP-1 derived macrophages in vitro by regulating production of CCL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Wei
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhendong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbao He
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Halloun B, Hashai K, Pinto N, Musai N, Klein Y, Polak D. Neutrophils modulate natural killer-mediated osteoclastogenesis during Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans (JP2 clone) infection. iScience 2023; 26:106430. [PMID: 37588165 PMCID: PMC10425674 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigates the interplay of neutrophils and natural-killer cells (NK) in mediating osseoresorption during infection of molar-incisor-pattern-periodontitis (MIPP). Human neutrophils from periodontally healthy and MIPP patients were inoculated with the periopathogen Aggregatibacter-actinomycetemcomitans (JP2) and their supernatants were exposed to NK to study their function and osteoclastogenesis promotion. A mouse MIPP model was used to compare disease progression following NK versus neutrophils depletion. The exposure of primary NK to supernatants of neutrophils inoculated with JP2 led to NK cell arrest and activation with enhanced osteoprotegerin expression. Incubation of monocytes with NK led to osteoclastogenesis, whereas NK that were pre-exposed to healthy neutrophil supernatant showed reduced osteoclastogenesis. In mice, NK depletion led to the similar bone phenotype as the neutrophil's depletion highlighting their role on osseoprotection. The present study portrays a key crosstalk between neutrophils and NK cells during JP2 infection as a central mechanism that regulates bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bshara Halloun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hebrew University–Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Koren Hashai
- Department of Periodontology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Israel
| | - Noy Pinto
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Israel
| | - Nadav Musai
- Department of Periodontology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Israel
| | - Yehuda Klein
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Israel
| | - David Polak
- Department of Periodontology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Israel
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Fonseca Peixoto R, Ewerton Maia Rodrigues C, Henrique de Sousa Palmeira P, Cézar Comberlang Queiroz Davis Dos Santos F, Keesen de Souza Lima T, de Sousa Braz A. Immune hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis management: A brief review. Cytokine 2022; 158:156007. [PMID: 35985174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to examine current evidence on immunomodulation mediated by conventional drugs and the use of novel biological agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently, treatment is focused on maximizing quality of life through sustained clinical remission and/or attenuating disease activity. To do so, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, especially methotrexate, are used alone or in combination with other drugs, including leflunomide, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs). The most recent strategies modulate the immune response of the individual RA patient using tsDMARDs such as JAK inhibitors and bDMARDs such as ig-CTLA-4, anti- IL6R, anti-TNF-α and anti-CD20. To better understand current immunopharmacological interventions, we also looked at documented mechanisms of RA-mediated immunomodulation, highlighting perspectives potentially boosting RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rephany Fonseca Peixoto
- Laboratory of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ewerton Maia Rodrigues
- Post‑Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Henrique de Sousa Palmeira
- Laboratory of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tatjana Keesen de Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
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Nitro-fatty acids decrease type I interferons and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in ex vivo models of inflammatory arthritis. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:77. [PMID: 34920714 PMCID: PMC8684285 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) is characterized by inflammation and destruction of the joints. Approximately one third of patients do not respond to first-line treatments. Nitro-fatty acids are bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory properties and tissue-protective functions. The nitro-fatty acid 10-NO2-oleic acid (10-NO2-OA) is being tested in clinical trials for patients with fibrotic and inflammatory conditions. Here, we tested whether 10-NO2-OA could inhibit immune reactions involved in the inflammatory and joint destructive processes in inflammatory arthritis. METHODS Synovial fluid and blood samples were obtained from 14 patients with active RA or SpA. The in vitro models consisted of synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) cultured for 48 h, SFMCs cultured for 21 days, and fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLSs) co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for 48 h. Cells were treated with or without 10-NO2-OA or the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitor etanercept. Supernatants were analyzed for type I interferon, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). RESULTS In SFMCs cultured for 48 h, 10-NO2-OA dose-dependently decreased the secretion of bioactive type I interferons and MCP-1 but not MMP3 (P = 0.032, P = 0.0001, and P = 0.58, respectively). Both MCP-1 and MMP3 were decreased by etanercept (P = 0.0031 and P = 0.026, respectively). In SFMCs cultured for 21 days, 10-NO2-OA significantly decreased the production of MCP-1 but not TRAP (P = 0.027 and P = 0.1523, respectively). Etanercept decreased the production of TRAP but not MCP-1 (P < 0.001 and P = 0.84, respectively). In co-cultures of FLSs and PBMCs, 10-NO2-OA decreased the production of MCP-1 (P < 0.0001). This decrease in MCP-1 production was not seen with etanercept treatment (P = 0.47). CONCLUSION 10-NO2-OA decreased the release of MCP-1 in three models of inflammatory arthritis. Of particular interest, 10-NO2-OA inhibited type I interferon, and 10-NO2-OA was more effective in reducing MCP-1 production in cultures dominated by FLSs compared with etanercept. Our results encourage clinical investigations of 10-NO2-OA in patients with inflammatory arthritis.
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Basal and IL-1β enhanced chondrocyte chemotactic activity on monocytes are co-dependent on both IKKα and IKKβ NF-κB activating kinases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21697. [PMID: 34737366 PMCID: PMC8568921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IKKα and IKKβ are essential kinases for activating NF-κB transcription factors that regulate cellular differentiation and inflammation. By virtue of their small size, chemokines support the crosstalk between cartilage and other joint compartments and contribute to immune cell chemotaxis in osteoarthritis (OA). Here we employed shRNA retroviruses to stably and efficiently ablate the expression of each IKK in primary OA chondrocytes to determine their individual contributions for monocyte chemotaxis in response to chondrocyte conditioned media. Both IKKα and IKKβ KDs blunted both the monocyte chemotactic potential and the protein levels of CCL2/MCP-1, the chemokine with the highest concentration and the strongest association with monocyte chemotaxis. These findings were mirrored by gene expression analysis indicating that the lowest levels of CCL2/MCP-1 and other monocyte-active chemokines were in IKKαKD cells under both basal and IL-1β stimulated conditions. We find that in their response to IL-1β stimulation IKKαKD primary OA chondrocytes have reduced levels of phosphorylated NFkappaB p65pSer536 and H3pSer10. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed co-localized p65 and H3pSer10 nuclear signals in agreement with our findings that IKKαKD effectively blunts their basal level and IL-1β dependent increases. Our results suggest that IKKα could be a novel OA disease target.
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Walters M, Skovgaard K, Andersen PH, Heegaard PMH, Jacobsen S. Dynamics of local gene regulations in synovial fluid leukocytes from horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 241:110325. [PMID: 34562797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of resident cells such a synoviocytes and chondrocytes in intra-articular inflammation is well-characterized, however the in vivo gene expression patterns of cells (predominantly leukocytes) in the synovial fluid (SF) of an inflamed joint have never previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate gene expression in SF leukocytes from the inflamed joint cavity after intra-articular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in horses to improve our understanding of the temporal regulation of the intra-articular inflammatory response. Gene expression was investigated in SF samples available from six horses 2, 4, 8 16 and 24 h after experimental induction of inflammation in the radiocarpal joint by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Leukocytic expression of 43 inflammation-related genes was studied using microfluidic high throughput qPCR (Fluidigm®). Expression of 26 genes changed significantly over the 24 h study period, including pro- and anti-inflammatory genes such as interleukin (IL)1, IL6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), IL10, and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), chemokine genes, apoptosis-related genes, and genes related to cartilage turnover (matrix metalloproteinase 8 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1). The inflammatory responses appeared to be regulated, as an early increase (at 2 h) in expression of the pro-inflammatory genes IL1, IL6, TNF and COX2 was rapidly followed by increased expression (at 4 h) of several anti-inflammatory genes (IL10, IL1RN and SOD2). Similarly, both pro- and anti-apoptotic gene expression as well as expression of chondrodegenerative and chondroprotective genes were activated in SF leukocytes. Thus, the inflammatory response in leukocytes infiltrating the joint in the acute stage of arthritis was well orchestrated in this single-hit LPS-induced arthritis model. This study is the first to describe gene expression patterns in SF-derived leukocytes in vivo during severe joint inflammation, and the results thus expand our knowledge of basic inflammatory mechanisms in the early local response in an inflamed joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Walters
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, DK- 2630, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-04, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, DK- 2630, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mosquera N, Rodriguez-Trillo A, Blanco FJ, Mera-Varela A, Gonzalez A, Conde C. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Inhibits Migration and Invasiveness of Rheumatoid Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 372:185-192. [PMID: 31801802 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.261370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are pivotal in inflammation and joint damage of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They acquire an active and aggressive phenotype, displaying increased migration and invasiveness and contributing to perpetuate synovial inflammation and destruction of cartilage and bone. The main current therapies of RA are focused against inflammatory factors and immune cells; however, a significant percentage of patients do not successfully respond. Combined treatments with drugs that control inflammation and that reverse the pathogenic phenotype of FLS could improve the prognosis of these patients. An unexplored area includes the retinoic acid, the main biologic retinoid, which is a candidate drug for many diseases but has reached clinical use only for a few. Here, we explored the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the aggressive phenotype of FLS from patients with RA. RA FLSs were treated with ATRA, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or TNF+ATRA, and cell migration and invasion were analyzed. In addition, a microarray analysis of expression, followed by gene-set analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation, was performed. We showed that ATRA induced a notable decrease in FLS migration and invasion that was accompanied by complex changes in gene expression. At supraphysiological doses, many of these effects were overridden or reverted by the concomitant presence of TNF. In conclusion, these results have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of retinoic acid on RA FLS provided TNF could be counterbalanced, either with high ATRA doses or with TNF inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) reduced the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocyte migration and invasiveness and down-regulated gene expression of cell motility and migration genes. At supraphysiological doses, some of these effects were reverted by tumor necrosis factor. Therefore, ATRA could be an RA drug candidate that would require high doses or combined treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Mosquera
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (N.M., A.R.-T., A.G., C.C.); Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de A Coruña (INIBIC)-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Xubias 84, A Coruña, Spain (F.J.B.); and Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.M.-V.)
| | - Angela Rodriguez-Trillo
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (N.M., A.R.-T., A.G., C.C.); Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de A Coruña (INIBIC)-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Xubias 84, A Coruña, Spain (F.J.B.); and Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.M.-V.)
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (N.M., A.R.-T., A.G., C.C.); Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de A Coruña (INIBIC)-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Xubias 84, A Coruña, Spain (F.J.B.); and Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.M.-V.)
| | - Antonio Mera-Varela
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (N.M., A.R.-T., A.G., C.C.); Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de A Coruña (INIBIC)-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Xubias 84, A Coruña, Spain (F.J.B.); and Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.M.-V.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (N.M., A.R.-T., A.G., C.C.); Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de A Coruña (INIBIC)-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Xubias 84, A Coruña, Spain (F.J.B.); and Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.M.-V.)
| | - Carmen Conde
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (N.M., A.R.-T., A.G., C.C.); Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de A Coruña (INIBIC)-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Xubias 84, A Coruña, Spain (F.J.B.); and Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.M.-V.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Mounting evidence supports a role of low-grade inflammation in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). We review and discuss the role of synovitis, complement activation, cytokines, and immune cell population in OA. RECENT FINDINGS Using newer imaging modalities, synovitis is found in the majority of knees with OA. Complement activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in the development of cartilage destruction and synovitis. Immune cell infiltration of OA synovial tissue by sub-populations of T cells and activated macrophages correlates with OA disease progression and pain. The innate and acquired immune system plays a key role in the low-grade inflammation found associated with OA. Targets of these pathways my hold promise for future disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Filiberti
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E. 10th St, BRC 256, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Syed Ali Husain
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E. 10th St, BRC 256, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Mary Beth Humphrey
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E. 10th St, BRC 256, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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