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Moran C, Tapp RJ, Hughes AD, Magnussen CG, Blizzard L, Phan TG, Beare R, Witt N, Venn A, Münch G, Amaratunge BC, Srikanth V. The Association of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Cerebral Gray Matter Volume Is Independent of Retinal Vascular Architecture and Retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:6328953. [PMID: 27314049 PMCID: PMC4897713 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6328953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is uncertain whether small vessel disease underlies the relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and brain atrophy. We aimed to study whether retinal vascular architecture, as a proxy for cerebral small vessel disease, may modify or mediate the associations of T2DM with brain volumes. In this cross-sectional study using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans and retinal photographs in 451 people with and without T2DM, we measured brain volumes, geometric measures of retinal vascular architecture, clinical retinopathy, and MRI cerebrovascular lesions. There were 270 people with (mean age 67.3 years) and 181 without T2DM (mean age 72.9 years). T2DM was associated with lower gray matter volume (p = 0.008). T2DM was associated with greater arteriolar diameter (p = 0.03) and optimality ratio (p = 0.04), but these associations were attenuated by adjustments for age and sex. Only optimality ratio was associated with lower gray matter volume (p = 0.03). The inclusion of retinal measures in regression models did not attenuate the association of T2DM with gray matter volume. The association of T2DM with lower gray matter volume was independent of retinal vascular architecture and clinical retinopathy. Retinal vascular measures or retinopathy may not be sufficiently sensitive to confirm a microvascular basis for T2DM-related brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Moran
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Neurosciences, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Aged Care, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3162, Australia
| | - R. J. Tapp
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751
| | - A. D. Hughes
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Hospital and Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - C. G. Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventative Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20700 Turku, Finland
| | - L. Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - T. G. Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Neurosciences, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - R. Beare
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 7000, Australia
| | - N. Witt
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Hospital and Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - A. Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - G. Münch
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - B. C. Amaratunge
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 7000, Australia
| | - V. Srikanth
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Neurosciences, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
- *V. Srikanth:
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Cao S, Bharath AA, Parker KH, Ng J. Patch-based automatic retinal vessel segmentation in global and local structural context. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:4942-5. [PMID: 23367036 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we extend our published work [1] and propose an automated system to segment retinal vessel bed in digital fundus images with enough adaptability to analyze images from fluorescein angiography. This approach takes into account both the global and local context and enables both vessel segmentation and microvascular centreline extraction. These tools should allow researchers and clinicians to estimate and assess vessel diameter, capillary blood volume and microvascular topology for early stage disease detection, monitoring and treatment. Global vessel bed segmentation is achieved by combining phase-invariant orientation fields with neighbourhood pixel intensities in a patch-based feature vector for supervised learning. This approach is evaluated against benchmarks on the DRIVE database [2]. Local microvascular centrelines within Regions-of-Interest (ROIs) are segmented by linking the phase-invariant orientation measures with phase-selective local structure features. Our global and local structural segmentation can be used to assess both pathological structural alterations and microemboli occurrence in non-invasive clinical settings in a longitudinal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoying Cao
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ.
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Hughes AD, Wong TY, Witt N, Evans R, Thom SAM, Klein BE, Chaturvedi N, Klein R. Determinants of retinal microvascular architecture in normal subjects. Microcirculation 2009; 16:159-66. [PMID: 19206002 DOI: 10.1080/10739680802353868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that changes in the retinal microvasculature predict cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, little is known regarding influences on the retinal microvasculature in healthy people without overt cardiovascular or metabolic disease. METHODS We used a semiautomated computerized technique to analyze digitized retinal photographs from a total of 167 healthy people (age range, 45-75 years; 83 female), without clinical CVD, diabetes, or hypertension, randomly sampled from the population-based Beaver Dam Eye Study. We assessed arteriolar and venular narrowing, arteriolar optimality deviation, and other quantitative aspects of the retinal microvasculature. RESULTS Arterioles were significantly narrower and longer, had wider branching angles, and were more tortuous than venules. Increased arteriolar length to diameter ratio (an index of ratio arteriolar narrowing) was positively and independently associated with older age and elevated systolic blood pressure. Arteriolar optimality deviation (an index of microvascular endothelial dysfunction) increased with greater body mass index. Current smoking and increased white blood cell (WBC) count was associated with wider venules. After controlling for smoking, WBC was no longer a significant predictor of venular diameter. CONCLUSIONS CVD risk factors are associated with retinal microvascular changes in healthy individuals without evidence of CVD, diabetes, or hypertension. CVD risk factors have different influences on the arteriolar and venular bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alun D Hughes
- Clinical Pharmacology, NHLI Division, International Centre for Circulatory Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.
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