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Zhang H, Yang S, Zeng J, Li X, Chuai R. A Genosensor Based on the Modification of a Microcantilever: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:427. [PMID: 36838127 PMCID: PMC9959632 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
When the free end of a microcantilever is modified by a genetic probe, this sensor can be used for a wider range of applications, such as for chemical analysis, biological testing, pharmaceutical screening, and environmental monitoring. In this paper, to clarify the preparation and detection process of a microcantilever sensor with genetic probe modification, the core procedures, such as probe immobilization, complementary hybridization, and signal extraction and processing, are combined and compared. Then, to reveal the microcantilever's detection mechanism and analysis, the influencing factors of testing results, the theoretical research, including the deflection principle, the establishment and verification of a detection model, as well as environmental influencing factors are summarized. Next, to demonstrate the application results of the genetic-probe-modified sensors, based on the classification of detection targets, the application status of other substances except nucleic acid, virus, bacteria and cells is not introduced. Finally, by enumerating the application results of a genetic-probe-modified microcantilever combined with a microfluidic chip, the future development direction of this technology is surveyed. It is hoped that this review will contribute to the future design of a genetic-probe-modified microcantilever, with further exploration of the sensitive mechanism, optimization of the design and processing methods, expansion of the application fields, and promotion of practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-024-2549-6401
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2
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Kotsiri Z, Vidic J, Vantarakis A. Applications of biosensors for bacteria and virus detection in food and water-A systematic review. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:367-379. [PMID: 34949365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors for sensitive and specific detection of foodborne and waterborne pathogens are particularly valued for their portability, usability, relatively low cost, and real-time or near real-time response. Their application is widespread in several domains, including environmental monitoring. The main limitation of currently developed biosensors is a lack of sensitivity and specificity in complex matrices. Due to increased interest in biosensor development, we conducted a systematic review, complying with the PRISMA guidelines, covering the period from January 2010 to December 2019. The review is focused on biosensor applications in the identification of foodborne and waterborne microorganisms based on research articles identified in the Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus search engines. Efforts are still in progress to overcome detection limitations and to provide a rapid detection system which will safeguard water and food quality. The use of biosensors is an essential tool with applicability in the evaluation and monitoring of the environment and food, with great impact in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Kotsiri
- Environmental and Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, University of Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental and Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras 26504, Greece.
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Parmeggiani M, Verna A, Ballesio A, Cocuzza M, Piatti E, Fra V, Pirri CF, Marasso SL. P3HT Processing Study for In-Liquid EGOFET Biosensors: Effects of the Solvent and the Surface. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4497. [PMID: 31627267 PMCID: PMC6832883 DOI: 10.3390/s19204497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In-liquid biosensing is the new frontier of health and environment monitoring. A growing number of analytes and biomarkers of interest correlated to different diseases have been found, and the miniaturized devices belonging to the class of biosensors represent an accurate and cost-effective solution to obtaining their recognition. In this study, we investigate the effect of the solvent and of the substrate modification on thin films of organic semiconductor Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in order to improve the stability and electrical properties of an Electrolyte Gated Organic Field Effect Transistor (EGOFET) biosensor. The studied surface is the relevant interface between the P3HT and the electrolyte acting as gate dielectric for in-liquid detection of an analyte. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations were employed to study the effect of two solvents (toluene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene) and of a commercial adhesion promoter (Ti Prime) on the morphological structure and electronic properties of P3HT film. Combining the results from these surface characterizations with electrical measurements, we investigate the changes on the EGOFET performances and stability in deionized (DI) water with an Ag/AgCl gate electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parmeggiani
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessio Verna
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ballesio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Erik Piatti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Fra
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy.
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Stassi S, Chiadò A, Cauda V, Palmara G, Canavese G, Laurenti M, Ricciardi C. Functionalized ZnO nanowires for microcantilever biosensors with enhanced binding capability. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2615-2625. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Protein Chips for Detection of Salmonella spp. from Enrichment Culture. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16040574. [PMID: 27110786 PMCID: PMC4851088 DOI: 10.3390/s16040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Food pathogens are the cause of foodborne epidemics, therefore there is a need to detect the pathogens in food productions rapidly. A pre-enrichment culture followed by selective agar plating are standard detection methods. Molecular methods such as qPCR have provided a first rapid protocol for detection of pathogens within 24 h of enrichment culture. Biosensors also may provide a rapid tool to individuate a source of Salmonella contamination at early times of pre-enrichment culture. Forty mL of Salmonella spp. enrichment culture were processed by immunoseparation using the Pathatrix, as in AFNOR validated qPCR protocols. The Salmonella biosensor combined with immunoseparation showed a limit of detection of 100 bacteria/40 mL, with a 400 fold increase to previous results. qPCR analysis requires processing of bead-bound bacteria with lysis buffer and DNA clean up, with a limit of detection of 2 cfu/50 μL. Finally, a protein chip was developed and tested in screening and identification of 5 common pathogen species, Salmonella spp., E. coli, S. aureus, Campylobacter spp. and Listeria spp. The protein chip, with high specificity in species identification, is proposed to be integrated into a Lab-on-Chip system, for rapid and reproducible screening of Salmonella spp. and other pathogen species contaminating food productions.
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Resonating Behaviour of Nanomachined Holed Microcantilevers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17837. [PMID: 26643936 PMCID: PMC4672296 DOI: 10.1038/srep17837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The nanofabrication of a nanomachined holed structure localized on the free end of a microcantilever is here presented, as a new tool to design micro-resonators with enhanced mass sensitivity. The proposed method allows both for the reduction of the sensor oscillating mass and the increment of the resonance frequency, without decreasing the active surface of the device. A theoretical analysis based on the Rayleigh method was developed to predict resonance frequency, effective mass, and effective stiffness of nanomachined holed microresonators. Analytical results were checked by Finite Element simulations, confirming an increase of the theoretical mass sensitivity up to 250%, without altering other figures of merit. The nanomachined holed resonators were vibrationally characterized, and their Q-factor resulted comparable with solid microcantilevers with same planar dimensions.
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Mehrabani S, Maker AJ, Armani AM. Hybrid integrated label-free chemical and biological sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:5890-928. [PMID: 24675757 PMCID: PMC4029679 DOI: 10.3390/s140405890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Label-free sensors based on electrical, mechanical and optical transduction methods have potential applications in numerous areas of society, ranging from healthcare to environmental monitoring. Initial research in the field focused on the development and optimization of various sensor platforms fabricated from a single material system, such as fiber-based optical sensors and silicon nanowire-based electrical sensors. However, more recent research efforts have explored designing sensors fabricated from multiple materials. For example, synthetic materials and/or biomaterials can also be added to the sensor to improve its response toward analytes of interest. By leveraging the properties of the different material systems, these hybrid sensing devices can have significantly improved performance over their single-material counterparts (better sensitivity, specificity, signal to noise, and/or detection limits). This review will briefly discuss some of the methods for creating these multi-material sensor platforms and the advances enabled by this design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Mehrabani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Ashley J Maker
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Andrea M Armani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Development of a microcantilever-based immunosensing method for mycotoxin detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Single-pipetting microfluidic assay device for rapid detection of Salmonella from poultry package. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:342-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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An overview of transducers as platform for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1829-40. [PMID: 23329385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The driving advent of portable, integrated biosensing ways for pathogen detection methods offers increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques. The miniaturization and automation of integrated detection systems present a significant advantage for rapid, portable detection of foodborne microbes. In this review, we have highlighted current developments and directions in foodborne pathogen detection systems. Recent progress in the biosensor protocols toward the detection of specific microbes has been elaborated in detail. It also includes strategies and challenges for the implementation of a portable platform toward rapid foodborne sensing systems.
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Ricciardi C, Ferrante I, Castagna R, Frascella F, Marasso SL, Santoro K, Gili M, Pitardi D, Pezzolato M, Bozzetta E. Immunodetection of 17β-estradiol in serum at ppt level by microcantilever resonators. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 40:407-11. [PMID: 22964384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To date control strategies in detecting anabolic agents for promoting growth of food producing animals are mainly related to screening techniques based on immunochemical and physiochemical methods, whose major limit is represented by relative low analytical sensitivity. As a consequence, consumers are currently exposed to molecules with potential carcinogenic effects such as 17β-estradiol, the most powerful substance with estrogenic effect. Therefore, high analytical sensitivity screening and confirmatory methods are required, coupling easiness of use and efficiency. We here report on the immunodetection of 17β-estradiol in serum by antibody-immobilized microcantilever resonators, an innovative biosensing platform able to quantify an adsorbed target mass (such as cells, nucleic acids, biomolecules, etc.) thanks to a shift in resonance frequency. Our tool based on microcantilever resonator arrays has shown to be capable of discriminating treated and untreated animals, showing the ability of detecting traces of 17β-estradiol in serum at concentrations lower than the present accepted physiological serum concentration threshold value (40 ppt) and commercial ELISA tests (25 ppt). The method exhibits a limit of detection of 20 ppt and a limited cross-reactivity with high concentrations (10 ppb) of similar molecules (testosterone).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ricciardi
- Politecnico di Torino-LATEMAR Unit, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy.
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Yoon JY, Kim B. Lab-on-a-chip pathogen sensors for food safety. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:10713-41. [PMID: 23112625 PMCID: PMC3472853 DOI: 10.3390/s120810713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There have been a number of cases of foodborne illness among humans that are caused by pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, etc. The current practices to detect such pathogenic agents are cell culturing, immunoassays, or polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). These methods are essentially laboratory-based methods that are not at all real-time and thus unavailable for early-monitoring of such pathogens. They are also very difficult to implement in the field. Lab-on-a-chip biosensors, however, have a strong potential to be used in the field since they can be miniaturized and automated; they are also potentially fast and very sensitive. These lab-on-a-chip biosensors can detect pathogens in farms, packaging/processing facilities, delivery/distribution systems, and at the consumer level. There are still several issues to be resolved before applying these lab-on-a-chip sensors to field applications, including the pre-treatment of a sample, proper storage of reagents, full integration into a battery-powered system, and demonstration of very high sensitivity, which are addressed in this review article. Several different types of lab-on-a-chip biosensors, including immunoassay- and PCR-based, have been developed and tested for detecting foodborne pathogens. Their assay performance, including detection limit and assay time, are also summarized. Finally, the use of optical fibers or optical waveguide is discussed as a means to improve the portability and sensitivity of lab-on-a-chip pathogen sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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