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Pei J, Palanisamy CP, Srinivasan GP, Panagal M, Kumar SSD, Mironescu M. A comprehensive review on starch-based sustainable edible films loaded with bioactive components for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133332. [PMID: 38914408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Biopolymers like starch, a renewable and widely available resource, are increasingly being used to fabricate the films for eco-friendly packaging solutions. Starch-based edible films offer significant advantages for food packaging, including biodegradability and the ability to extend shelf life. However, they also present challenges such as moisture sensitivity and limited barrier properties compared to synthetic materials. These limitations can be mitigated by incorporating bioactive components, such as antimicrobial agents or antioxidants, which enhance the film's resistance to moisture and improve its barrier properties, making it a more viable option for food packaging. This review explores the emerging field of starch-based sustainable edible films enhanced with bioactive components for food packaging applications. It delves into fabrication techniques, structural properties, and functional attributes, highlighting the potential of these innovative films to reduce environmental impact and preserve food quality. Key topics discussed include sustainability issues, processing methods, performance characteristics, and potential applications in the food industry. The review provides a comprehensive overview of current research and developments in starch-based edible films, presenting them as promising alternatives to conventional food packaging that can help reduce plastic waste and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Pei
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 2011 QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Guru Prasad Srinivasan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Mani Panagal
- Department of Biotechnology, Annai College of Arts and Science, Kovilacheri, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu 612503, India
| | | | - Monica Mironescu
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Bv. Victoriei 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania.
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Martins VFR, Pintado ME, Morais RMSC, Morais AMMB. Recent Highlights in Sustainable Bio-Based Edible Films and Coatings for Fruit and Vegetable Applications. Foods 2024; 13:318. [PMID: 38275685 PMCID: PMC10814993 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The present review paper focuses on recent developments in edible films and coatings made of base compounds from biological sources, namely plants, animals, algae, and microorganisms. These sources include by-products, residues, and wastes from agro-food industries and sea products that contribute to sustainability concerns. Chitosan, derived from animal biological sources, such as crustacean exoskeletons, has been the most studied base compound over the past three years. Polysaccharides typically constitute no more than 3-5% of the film/coating base solution, with some exceptions, like Arabic gum. Proteins and lipids may be present in higher concentrations, such as zein and beeswax. This review also discusses the enrichment of these bio-based films and coatings with various functional and/or bioactive compounds to confer or enhance their functionalities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-enzymatic properties, as well as physical properties. Whenever possible, a comparative analysis among different formulations was performed. The results of the applications of these edible films and coatings to fruit and vegetable products are also described, including shelf life extension, inhibition of microbial growth, and prevention of oxidation. This review also explores novel types of packaging, such as active and intelligent packaging. The potential health benefits of edible films and coatings, as well as the biodegradability of films, are also discussed. Finally, this review addresses recent innovations in the edible films and coatings industry, including the use of nanotechnologies, aerogels, and probiotics, and provides future perspectives and the challenges that the sector is facing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alcina M. M. B. Morais
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (V.F.R.M.); (M.E.P.); (R.M.S.C.M.)
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You Y, Zhou Y, Duan X, Mao X, Li Y. Research progress on the application of different preservation methods for controlling fungi and toxins in fruit and vegetable. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12441-12452. [PMID: 35866524 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables are susceptible to fungal infections during picking, transportation, storage and processing, which have a high potential to produce toxins. Fungi and toxins can cause acute or chronic poisoning after entering the body. In the field of fruit and vegetable preservation, technologies such as temperature control, modified atmosphere, irradiation, application of natural or chemical preservatives, and edible films are commonly used. In practical applications, according to the types, physiological differences and actual needs of fruits and vegetables, suitable preservation methods can be selected to achieve the effect of preservation and control of fungi and toxins. The starting point of fresh-keeping technology is to delay post-harvest senescence of fruits and vegetables, inhibit the respiratory intensity, and control the reproduction of microorganisms, which is important to control the reproduction of fungi and the production of toxins. From the three directions of physical, chemical and biological means, the article analyses and explores the effects of different external factors on the production of toxins and the effects of different preservation techniques on fungal growth and toxin production in fruits and vegetables, in order to provide new ideas for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and the control of harmful substances in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli You
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunna Zhou
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Department of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Mao
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Chettri S, Sharma N, Mohite AM. Edible coatings and films for shelf-life extension of fruit and vegetables. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213632. [PMID: 37742558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The execution of the edible coatings and films for food preservation; vegetables, fruits, meat, and dry fruits has been ladened in history. The study of literature portrays enough pieces of evidence dating back from centuries of coatings or films being utilized for the conservation of numerous fruits and vegetables to stretch their average shelf-life. The mechanism that remains operative in extending the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables beyond the normal shelf-life is the controlled entry and exit of moisture and gases. The non- biodegradable packaging which is also non-sustainable can be substituted with compostable and edible coatings and films made up of natural biopolymers. Therefore, keeping in mind the environment and consumer safety, a score of research has been going on from former decades for the development of edible coatings and films with efficient shelf life-extending qualities. The films composed of proteins exhibit a good mechanical strength while the polysaccharide composed films and coatings show efficient gas blocking qualities, however, both lack moisture shielding attributes. These shortcomings can be fixed by combining them with lipids and or some appropriate hydrocolloids. The edible coatings and films have been integrated with various food products; however, they haven't been completely successful in substitution of the total fraction of their non-edible counterparts. The implementation of edible coatings and films have shown to serve an immense value in extending the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables along with being a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristy Chettri
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India
| | - Ashish M Mohite
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India.
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Shah YA, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Afzaal M, Saeed F, Anwer MK, Khan MR, Jawad M, Akram N, Faisal Z. Mechanical Properties of Protein-Based Food Packaging Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071724. [PMID: 37050337 PMCID: PMC10097132 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality and safety of food products greatly depend on the physiochemical properties of the food packaging material. There is an increasing trend in the utilization of protein-based biopolymers for the preparation of edible films and coating due to their film-forming properties. Various studies have reported the preparation of protein-based edible films with desirable mechanical and barrier properties. The mechanical attributes of the protein-based food packaging materials can be enhanced by incorporating various components in the film composition such as plasticizers, surfactants, crosslinkers, and various bioactive compounds, including antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. This review article summarizes the recent updates and perspective on the mechanical attributes such as Tensile Strength (TS), Elongation at Break (EAB), and Young’s Modulus (YM) of edible films based on different proteins from plants and animal sources. Moreover, the effects of composite materials such as other biopolymers, bioactive compounds, essential oils, and plasticizers on the mechanical properties of protein-based edible films are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Abbas Shah
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman; (Y.A.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman; (Y.A.S.); (M.J.)
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai 600077, India
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman; (Y.A.S.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.); (F.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.); (F.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahbubur Rahman Khan
- Department of Food Processing and Preservation, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh;
| | - Muhammad Jawad
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman; (Y.A.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Noor Akram
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.); (F.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Zargham Faisal
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
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Characterization of Rice Protein Hydrolysate/Chitosan Composite Films and Their Bioactivities Evaluation When Incorporating Curcumin: Effect of Genipin Concentration. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Antimicrobial Active Packaging Containing Nisin for Preservation of Products of Animal Origin: An Overview. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233820. [PMID: 36496629 PMCID: PMC9735823 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of food represents one of the greatest challenges in the food industry. Active packaging materials are obtained through the incorporation of antimicrobial and/or antioxidant compounds in order to improve their functionality. Further, these materials are used for food packaging applications for shelf-life extension and fulfilling consumer demands for minimal processed foods with great quality and safety. The incorporation of antimicrobial peptides, such as nisin, has been studied lately, with a great interest applied to the food industry. Antimicrobials can be incorporated in various matrices such as nanofibers, nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, or nanoparticles, which are further used for packaging. Despite the widespread application of nisin as an antimicrobial by directly incorporating it into various foods, the use of nisin by incorporating it into food packaging materials is researched at a much smaller scale. The researchers in this field are still in full development, being specific to the type of product studied. The purpose of this study was to present recent results obtained as a result of using nisin as an antimicrobial agent in food packaging materials, with a focus on applications on products of animal origin. The findings showed that nisin incorporated in packaging materials led to a significant reduction in the bacterial load (the total viable count or inoculated strains), maintained product attributes (physical, chemical, and sensorial), and prolonged their shelf-life.
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Biodegradable Active Packaging Material Containing Grape Seed Ethanol Extract and Corn Starch/κ-Carrageenan Composite Film. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224857. [PMID: 36432984 PMCID: PMC9697555 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An active film composed of corn starch/κ-carrageenan and ethanolic grape seed extract (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt% of GSE on corn starch basis) were successfully prepared using the solvent casting technique. The effects of the different concentrations of ethanolic grape seed extract (GSE) on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial properties of CS/κC films were analyzed. The results showed that the addition of GSE inhibited the recrystallization of starch in the composite film. The glass transition temperature of composite film is 121.65 °C. With the addition of GSE, the surface roughness of the composite film increased, and the cross-section displayed a stratification phenomenon. Meanwhile, when GSE was added to the composite film, the tensile strength of the composite film decreased (3.50 ± 0.27 MPa), the elongation at break increased (36.87 ± 2.08%), and the WVP increased (1.58 ± 0.03 g mm/m2·d· kPa). With the increase of the concentration of GSE in the composite film, the a* value and b* value of the composite film increase, the L* value decreases, and the opacity increases. The lipid oxidation test proved that the composite films containing 1% GSE has a significant inhibitory effect on the oxidation of lard (p < 0.05). The above results indicate that the GSE can be used as a food-grade packaging material and has a good application prospect in the food industry.
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Emir AA, Yildiz E, Aydogdu Y, Sumnu G. Active Films Based on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Flour Incorporated with Sumac (Rhus coriaria): Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Performances of Packaging for Shelf Life of Chicken Breast. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Active Composite Packaging Reinforced with Nisin-Loaded Nano-Vesicles for Extended Shelf Life of Chicken Breast Filets and Cheese Slices. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022; 15:1284-1298. [PMID: 35495090 PMCID: PMC9033524 DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To meet the demands for more effective and ecofriendly food packaging strategies, the potential of nisin-loaded rhamnolipid functionalized nanofillers (rhamnosomes) has been explored after embedding in hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose (HPMC) and κ-carrageenan (κ-CR)-based packaging films. It was observed that intrinsically active rhamnosomes based nanofillers greatly improved the mechanical and optical properties of nano-active packaging (NAP) films. Incorporation of rhamnosomes resulted in higher tensile strength (5.16 ± 0.06 MPa), Young’s modulus (2777 ± 0.77 MPa), and elongation (2.58 ± 0.03%) for NAP than active packaging containing free nisin (2.96 ± 0.03 MPa, 1107 ± 0.67 MPa, 1.48 ± 0.06%, respectively). NAP demonstrated a homogenous distribution of nanofillers in the biopolymer matrix as elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that NAP prepared with nisin-loaded rhamnosomes was thermally stable even above 200 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed that addition of nisin in nanofillers resulted in a slight increase in Tg (108.40 °C), indicating thermal stability of NAP. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed slight shift in all characteristic bands of nano-active packaging, which indicated the embedding of rhamnosomes inside the polymer network without any chemical interaction. Finally, when tested on chicken breast filets and cheese slices under refrigerated storage conditions, NAP demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (up to 4.5 log unit reduction) and inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. These results suggest that HPMC and κ-CR-based NAP containing functionalized nanofillers can serve as an innovative packaging material for the food industry to improve the safety, quality, and shelf-life of dairy and meat products.
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Rahnama M, Anvar SA, Ahari H, Kazempoor R. Antibacterial effects of extracted corn zein with garlic extract-based nanoemulsion on the shelf life of Vannamei prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei) at refrigerated temperature. J Food Sci 2021; 86:4969-4990. [PMID: 34622450 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most perishable foods due to microorganism growth. Using essential oil-based nanoemulsion as a biodegradable and edible coating can enhance the shelf life of shrimp at refrigerated temperature through retarding microbial growth compared to synthetic coatings. METHODS Zein was extracted from 50 g dry milled corn with ethanol. Garlic essential oil was prepared by mixing with Tween 80. Nanoemulsion was prepared in an ultrasonic bath. DLS analysis, turbidity, and stability of nanoemulsions were performed. Radical scavenging activity, and total phenol content were done for evaluation of garlic essential oil and nanoemulsion. A 10% zein solution was prepared using ethanol 95% and glycerol plasticizer (2.5%). In the end, various microbial analysis, peroxide value, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value, the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values, and sensory evaluations of different shrimp samples were determined. RESULTS Corn zein along with garlic-based nanoemulsion, had a great impact on the TVB-N, TBARS, and peroxide value (which indicated that z+24% garlic nanoemulsion group was the lowest among other groups on days 3, 7, and 14 (p < 0.05) as well as microbial properties (garlic EO nanoemulsion had significantly better antibacterial effectiveness compared to other groups (p < 0.05)), and sensory evaluation (the z+24% garlic nanoemulsion sample received a significantly higher score than other groups (p < 0.05)) of Litopenaeus vannamei. CONCLUSIONS Corn zein nanoemulsion functioned as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, increasing the shelf life of Litopenaeus vannamei at refrigerated temperature. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Emerging nanotechnology-based approaches with no side-effects on immune system of consumers plays a vital role in bioactive packaging, and on reduction of food spoilage or food poisoning in the transportation, exporting, and distribution stages of food products, especially marine-based products with cold chain transportation. Additionally, it can reduce aquaculture and environmental risks due to the usage of chemical agents used in packaging. Our results showed that administration of a corn zein with nanoemulsion of garlic extract can prolong shelf life of Litopenaeus vannamei. The paper should be of interest to readers such as food microbiologists, aquaculture scientists, fisheries scientists, marine biologists, biomaterial scientists, food packaging industrialists, medical microbiologists, public health managers, and health system managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Rahnama
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amirali Anvar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ahari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kazempoor
- Department of Biology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
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Cui C, Ji N, Wang Y, Xiong L, Sun Q. Bioactive and intelligent starch-based films: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Effect of Rice Bran Addition on Physical Properties of Antimicrobial Biocomposite Films Based on Starch. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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