Total hip arthroplasty in patients with active tuberculosis of the hip with advanced arthritis

A major pain in the hip - Destruction of the left acetabulum and femoral head secondary to Tuberculosis: A case report and review of the literature

A 68-year-old-gentleman presented with left hip pain, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. He had previously experienced pain with white discharge until he underwent an arthroscopic washout and reduction. The left lower limb was shortened and wasted with limited hip movements. He had recently travelled to Zambia, his country of origin. Imaging demonstrated a large mass with chronic erosions of the acetabulum and femoral head. Synovial biopsy grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which was treated with rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 2 months then 4 months of rifampicin and isoniazid. Whole genome sequencing indicated full sensitivity. Complex reconstructive surgery is scheduled, with a custom femoral head and acetabulum. This case illustrates the importance of considering tuberculosis in patients with erosive joint pathology and a multidisciplinary approach as delayed diagnosis results in high morbidity. Prompt diagnosis using newer modalities such as whole genome sequencing on synovial fluid can enable timely treatment.

Tuberculous Septic Arthritis of the Hip Following the Incision and Drainage of a Groin Abscess: A Case Report

Tuberculosis of the hip is a relatively rare type of septic arthritis that is seldom seen in the developed world today. While pyogenic septic arthritis may present with clear features that help in early diagnosis and treatment, many of these features are absent or overlap significantly with tuberculous arthritis, making the diagnosis a clinical challenge. Here, we present a case of tuberculous septic arthritis seen in our clinic following the surgical incision and drainage of a groin abscess with minimal hip symptoms. We discuss the therapeutic approach for the patient and briefly review other reported cases of tuberculous septic arthritis in the literature.

Functional outcome of total hip arthroplasty in tubercular hip arthritis: A prospective study

Background

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a well-established procedure to cure tubercular hip arthritis in patients with healed tuberculosis while its role in active tuberculosis is still debatable. The aim of the study is to investigate the functional outcomes of THA in active tuberculosis with advanced hip arthritis. The reactivation of tuberculosis and complications postoperatively has also been assessed.

Materials and methods

The current open-ended prospective cohort study was carried out at a tertiary center from 2018 to 2020. Twenty patients of active tubercular hip arthritis (8 females and 12 males) were taken with a follow-up period ranging from 1 year to 3 years, with a mean of 14 months.Biochemical investigations were done both preoperatively and postoperatively. Preoperative anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) regimen was administered, as per standard norms, to patients for a minimum period of 6 weeks, and postoperatively for 6 months-12 months. Postero-lateral and Hardinge approaches were employed in all cases. Clinical and radiological parameters were assessed and functional outcomes were evaluated using the Harris Hip score (HHS).

Results

The mean age of patients was 37.6 ± 11.38 years. Biochemical parameters were also found to improve postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The mean flexion, extension, abduction, external and internal rotation were found to increase postoperatively (p < 0.001). The mean flexion deformity in the preoperative period was 12.35 ± 4.716, whereas none of the patients had flexion deformities post operatively. The mean shortening was 2.12 ± 0.60 and 1 ± 0 at preoperative and postoperative respectively. The Total hip arthroplasty implant was found stable in all patients. The mean Harris score increased subsequently throughout the follow-up interval and differences were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). None of the patients had reactivation of tuberculosis infection postoperatively.

Conclusion

Total hip arthroplasty is a reliable option to treat active advanced tubercular hip arthritis and gives good functional outcome with proper preoperative and postoperative ATT regimen.

Total hip arthroplasty in active and advanced tubercular arthritis: a systematic review of the current evidence

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic review.

INTRODUCTION

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a well-acknowledged surgical intervention to restore a painless and mobile joint in patients with osteoarticular tubercular arthritis of the hip joint. However, there is still substantial uncertainty about the ideal management, clinical and functional outcomes following THA undertaken in patients with acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) hip infections.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To undertake a systematic review and evaluate existing literature on patients undergoing THA for acute mycobacterium tuberculosis arthritis of the hip.

METHODS

A systematic review of electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library was performed on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search focused on "arthroplasty in cases with tuberculosis of hip joint" since inception of databases until July 2023. Data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment administered, surgical interventions and outcome, as reported in the included studies, were recorded. Median (range) and mean (standard deviation) were used to summarise the data for continuous variables (as reported in the original studies); and frequency/percentage was employed for categorical variables. Available data on Harris hip scores and complications were statistically pooled using random-effects meta-analysis or fixed-effect meta-analysis, as appropriate RESULTS: Among a total of 1695 articles, 15 papers were selected for qualitative summarisation and 12 reporting relevant data were included for proportional meta-analysis. A total of 303 patients (mean age: 34 to 52 years; mean follow-up: 2.5 to 10.5 years) were included in our systematic review. In a majority of included studies, postero-lateral approach and non-cemented prosthesis were employed. Fourteen studies described a single-staged procedure in the absence of sinus, abscess and tubercular infection syndrome (TIS). All surgeries were performed under cover of prolonged course of multi-drug anti-tubercular regimen. The mean Harris hip score (HHS) at final follow-up was 91.36 [95% confidence interval (CI): 89.56-93.16; I2:90.44%; p<0.001]. There were 30 complications amongst 174 (9.9%) patients (95% CI: 0.06-0.13; p=0.14; I2=0%).

CONCLUSION

THA is a safe and effective surgical intervention in patients with active and advanced TB arthritis of hip. It is recommended that the surgery be performed under cover of multi-drug anti-tubercular regimen. In patients with active sinus tracts, abscesses and TIS, surgery may be accomplished in a multi-staged manner. The clinical (range of motion, deformity correction, walking ability and pain scores), radiological (evidence of radiological reactivation and implant incorporation) and function outcome (as assessed by HHS) significantly improve after THA in these patients.

Total hip arthroplasty in different types of advanced tubercular hip arthritis: is it justified

PURPOSE

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) provides a good treatment option for the patients in late arthritis stage. We present our experience of THA in various spectrums of disease.

METHODS

Retrospective study including 23 advanced tubercular hip arthritis patients over a period of 13 years. The patients with active discharging sinus were excluded from the study. The patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (healed TB), group 2 (active TB), and group 3 (intraoperative surprise). The preoperative and postoperative antitubercular treatment (ATT) was administered to all the patients as per the protocol for various duration. All patients underwent THA (cementless or hybrid) after investigations including MRI. The patients were followed up with clinic-radiological and laboratory investigations.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 58.2 years with 16 males and seven females. There were 14 healed TB hips, eight active TB hips, and one intraoperative TB hip patient. Preoperative ATT duration in group 1 varied from one to two weeks and in group 2 patient's average was 9.6 weeks (range: 6-12weeks). Postoperatively, ATT was given for a minimum of ten months extending to 16 months. Cementless THA was performed in 17 patients and hybrid THA (cemented stem) in six patients. Only one patient had aseptic loosening of the stem and revision arthroplasty was done.

CONCLUSION

THA is a viable option and provides mobile, stable hip in tubercular hip arthritis even in active TB hip patients. ATT is important in the management and prevent the reactivation of the disease.

[Effectiveness of one-stage total knee arthroplasty in treatment of advanced active knee tuberculosis]

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of one-stage total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the treatment of advanced active knee tuberculosis.

Methods

The clinical data of 38 patients with advanced active knee tuberculosis who received one-stage TKA between January 2011 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 20 males and 18 females. The age ranged from 20 to 84 years, with an average of 52.8 years. The body mass index ranged from 17 to 36 kg/m 2, with an average of 23.05 kg/m 2. The preoperative C reactive protein (CRP) was (23.49±4.72) mg/L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was (45.95±8.82) mm/1 h. The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score was 48.8±9.1. During the operation, the infected lesions of the knee joint were completely removed, and the operative area was repeatedly soaked with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and 0.5% povidone iodine solution. The intraoperative pathological examination confirmed the tuberculosis of the knee joint, and systemic anti-tuberculosis treatment was performed. The operation time, postoperative hospitalization stay, postoperative anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy time, and complications were recorded. CRP and ESR were recorded and compared before and after operation. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the knee joint were taken to evaluate whether the prosthesis had signs of loosening and sinking, and to determine whether there was recurrence of tuberculosis. The knee joint function was evaluated by HSS score. With treatment failure due to any reason as the end event, the survival time of prosthesis was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve.

Results

All operations were successfully completed without fracture, vascular and nerve injury, deep vein thrombosis, and other complications. All incisions healed by first intention after operation. The operation time ranged from 80 to 135 minutes, with an average of 102.76 minutes; postoperative hospitalization stay was 5-16 days, with an average of 9.7 days; the duration of postoperative anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy ranged from 1 to 18 months, and the median duration was 12 months. All 38 cases were followed up 3-133 months (mean, 63.7 months). At last follow-up, CRP was (4.88±1.24) mg/L and ESR was (13.00±2.97) mm/1 h, both of which were significantly lower than those before operation ( t=20.647, P<0.001; t=20.886, P<0.001). During the follow-up, 3 patients (7.89%) had tuberculosis recurrence. Two patients had tuberculosis recurrence due to withdrawal of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy at 1 and 2 months after operation, respectively. One patient was cured after debridement, preservation of prosthesis and anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy for 12 months, and 1 patient was cured after oral administration of anti-tuberculosis drugs for 12 months. Another 1 patient had recurrent tuberculosis and mixed infection ( Corynebacterium gehreni) at 2 months after operation, and the infection was not controlled after debridement, and finally the thigh was amputated. Except for the patients with recurrent infection, no complications such as prosthesis loosening, periprosthetic fracture, and periprosthetic infection were found. At last follow-up, the HSS score of the knee joint was 86.8±4.8, and the knee joint function significantly improved when compared with that before operation ( t=-31.198, P<0.001). Prosthesis survival time was (122.57±5.77) months [95% CI (111.25, 133.88) months], and the 10-year survival rate was 92.1%.

Conclusion

One-stage TKA combined with postoperative antituberculous chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced active knee tuberculosis can achieve satisfactory infection control and joint function.

A Subacute Presentation of Isolated Tuberculous Septic Hip Arthritis

Tuberculous septic arthritis is a rare type of septic arthritis that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, it can lead to devastating complications if not diagnosed and treated correctly. We hereby report a 41-year-old female with no medical history who presented with a three-week history of right hip pain and inability to bear weight, found to have moderate to severe tenderness at the right anterior hip and gluteal area and limitation of joint movement. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hip showed features of right hip septic arthritis with synovitis and anteromedial and posteromedial small collections. She was diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) after joint fluid aspiration, and she was started on anti-TB treatment including isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide directly after. Considering the case and the subacute presentation that can mimic bacterial septic arthritis, clinicians should always consider TB infection in their differential diagnosis upon assessing a suspected patient with septic arthritis even with a subacute presentation to achieve the correct diagnosis and start appropriate treatment to avoid its harmful complications.

Total Hip Replacement in Active and Inactive Tuberculosis Hip: A Systematic Review

Introduction

Tuberculosis of the hip joint is a debilitating disease that can result in severe joint destruction, eventually leading to painful arthritis of the hip. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with advanced arthritis offers a painless and mobile joint with good functional outcome but some aspects of THA in TB hip have been controversial in the past due to the concerns of disease reactivation, especially when disease activity is factored in. Various factors like timing of surgery, Antitubercular therapy (ATT) initiation timing, reactivation, complications etc needs to be evaluated very carefully before planning for such cases.

Methods

Electronic databases like MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Clinicaltrials gov and OpenGrey were searched. The key words used were "Tuberculosis", "Tuberculosis of hip", Hip tuberculosis, "TB", "THR", "total hip replacement", "total hip arthroplasty","THA", "ankylosed hip", "fused hip", "arthrodesis" along with boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Out of a total of 1634 articles, 38 were selected for full text review and 22 articles were finally included in the study.

Results

For the timing of surgery most authors relied on the inflammatory markers to settle down with ATT before performing THA. 15 authors advocated use of pre-operative ATT with 6 studies recommending at least 2 weeks and 3 studies advocating atleast 3 months of ATT pre surgery.Single stage THA was performed in most studies(214 hips vs 18 hips) as opposed to 2 or 3 stage surgery. In the active disease 72.8% of the hips had uncemented prosthesis, 25.6% hips underwent cemented and 1.5% hips had hybrid THA fixation. Overall reactivation of the infection was seen in 2.47% cases. All authors reported excellent clinical improvement (mean HHS improvement 37.17 to 88.62).

One-stage total hip arthroplasty for advanced hip tuberculosis combined with developmental dysplasia of the hip: A case report

BACKGROUND

A patient with advanced tuberculosis of the hip joint combined with Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and a drainage sinus is a rare condition. There are no previous reports of this condition, and it is a complex challenge for surgeons to develop a treatment scheme.

CASE SUMMARY

We report a 73-year-old male patient with severe hip pain and drainage sinus of the left hip for one month. Approximately 40 years ago, a drainage sinus occurred at the lateral left hip was healed at the local hospital with anti-infectious therapy. After the sinus healed, gradual pain occurred in the left hip for 40 years. Approximately one month prior, hip pain was sharply aggravated, and a drainage sinus reoccurred in the left hip. The X-ray and computed tomography examinations showed destruction of the head and neck of the left femur, as well as an acetabular deformity. The results of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody and Xpert were positive. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with advanced TH combined with Crowe type IV DDH. After 22 d of treatment with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, the sinus healed, and the patient underwent one-stage total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery consisting of debridement, osteotomy, and joint replacement. After surgery, the patient received anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy drugs for nine months, with no recurrent infection. After one year of follow-up, the Harris score of the patient increased from 21 pre-THA to 86.

CONCLUSION

Although drainage sinuses are a contraindication to one-stage THA, one-stage THA is still an effective and safe surgical method after the sinus heals.

Early clinical outcomes of one-stage total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of advanced hip tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical efficacy of one-stage total hip arthroplasty (THA) for treating the advanced hip tuberculosis.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted from July 2013 to June 2018, including 19 patients with advanced hip tuberculosis. All patients underwent total hip arthroplasty through posterior approach, and the surgical efficacy was evaluated.

RESULTS

Nineteen patients were followed up from 24 months to 48 months, the mean follow-up were 32.1 months. All the incisions healed in grade A. There were no aseptic loosening, dislocation or recurrence of hip tuberculosis after operation. At the last follow-up, the Harris score of the patients was (89.3 ± 6.7), which was significantly higher than (38.2 ± 10.5) of the patients before operation (P < 0.05); the flexion-extension range of motion was (93.6° ± 12.1°), which was significantly larger than (38.2° ± 10.5°) of the patients before operation (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The one-stage total hip arthroplasty with regular antituberculosis treatment can attain satisfactory clinical efficacy in the treatment of advanced hip tuberculosis, which can relieve the joint pain and improve the joint function, without recurrence of hip tuberculosis.

Total hip arthroplasty in tubercular arthritis of the hip - Surgical challenges and choice of implants

Osteoarticular tuberculosis of the hip joint can be a debilitating disease that can result in severe cartilage degeneration, destruction, and eventual painful arthritis of the hip. Usually, a secondary affliction to a primary lung disease, Tuberculosis (TB) of the hip can be difficult to diagnose due to its indolent natural history and deep-seated nature of the hip joint itself. Untreated, ultimately TB hip leads to disabling arthritis of the hip with limitation of activities of daily living, livelihood, and socio-economic consequences. Historic surgical options such as arthrodesis and excision arthroplasty of TB hip have limitations and several disadvantages. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a viable option to restore mobility and relieve pain in patients with severe post-tuberculous arthritis but has been controversial in the past due to the concerns of disease reactivation. We evaluate the current role of THA in TB of the hip, its various applications in different presenting scenarios with a guide to surgical tips and tricks for managing this challenging condition.

Total Hip Arthroplasty in 52 Active Advanced Tubercular Arthritic Hips

BACKGROUND

The role of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in healed tuberculosis (TB) of the hip has been reported with success in the past. However, the role and success of THA in active TB of the hip has remained controversial.

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated a prospective study of 52 THAs done for active TB of the hip in 51 patients. The protocol includes 3-6 months of effective preoperative and 9-18 months postoperative anti-TB therapy. All THAs were performed by the same surgeon (author 1). The selection criteria excluded patients with poor immunity, HIV +ve patient, and presence of discharging sinus. The type of THA implant includes 12 cemented, 38 uncemented, and 2 hybrid fixations.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up was 10.5 years (2-29). Six patients were (6 THAs) lost to follow up after 4 years, including 2 deaths unrelated to TB or THA. There was no reactivation of TB. Mean Harris Hip Score improved from preop 31.77 (20-51) to postop 88 (72-100) in the last follow-up. Two patients had delayed wound healing up to 21 days postop with no evidence of subsequent episode till last follow-up. There was no case of dislocation, neurological complication in any patient. Seven THAs underwent revision for aseptic loosening unrelated to TB.

CONCLUSION

Single-stage THA is safe in active advanced tubercular arthritic hips with good immunity status under cover of effective anti-TB therapy using strict preop selection protocol.

Tubercular arthritis presenting as osteonecrosis of the femoral head: A case report

A tuberculosis hip that presents as osteonecrosis of the femoral head is an extremely rare condition. There are no previous reports of this condition, and there is no consensus on the method of total hip arthroplasty for this group of patients. We present a case of a 72-year-old man who had clinical gradual hip pain in both hips for 1 year. He was diagnosed with post-collapsed osteonecrosis of the femoral head in both hips and was scheduled for total hip arthroplasty of the left hip. During his clinical follow-up, he suddenly experienced excruciating acute pain. Investigation to rule out infection was positive for only C-reactive proteins, but his synovial fluid work-up was negative. An intraoperative finding revealed that there was collapse of the femoral head with eroded acetabular cartilage and rice body–like synovitis. Total hip arthroplasty was performed, and the tissue was sent for diagnosis. Tissue acid-fast bacilli were positive, so the patient received anti-tuberculosis drugs for 9 months, with no recurrent infection. Tuberculosis arthritis presenting as osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a complex condition that is difficult to diagnose due to the radiographic pictures of femoral head collapse and arthritic change being similar in both diseases. Acute pain onset with rapid collapse of the femoral head should be a consideration or suspect for this infectious condition. Hence, investigation to rule out infection is important. Anti-tuberculosis drugs are the standard treatment for early or advanced arthritis, and one-stage or two-stage total hip arthroplasty is the choice of treatment for advanced arthritis.

Total hip arthroplasty in the setting of tuberculosis infection of the hip: a systematic analysis of the current evidence

INTRODUCTION

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a viable option to restore mobility and relieve pain in patients with severe post-tuberculous arthritis, but has been controversial due to concerns of disease reactivation. Over the past several decades, a number of authors have reported outcomes of THA for tuberculosis (TB) infections. However, there is marked heterogeneity in regard to disease activity, surgical approaches, and the use of chemoprophylaxis in these studies.

AREAS COVERED

The purpose of this review was to critically assess: 1) patient characteristics; 2) perioperative planning; 3) clinical outcomes; 4) radiographic outcomes; and 5) complications of THA in the setting of tuberculosis of the hip.

EXPERT OPINION

THA is an effective treatment for post-TB hip arthritis. There has been controversy regarding its safety during the past several decades, as it has been thought to increase the risk of disease reactivation. While studies thus far have shown generally favorable results, they have been limited by small sample sizes and their design as retrospective case series. Comparison of these studies reveals marked heterogeneity in the clinical management of this complex disease. However, synthesis of their findings demonstrates favorable outcomes and low rates of complication, including disease reactivation particularly when perioperative anti-tuberculosis therapy is instituted.

Mycobacterial Musculoskeletal Infections

Although less common as causes of musculoskeletal infection than pyogenic bacteria, both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria can infect bones and joints. Although tuberculous arthritis and osteomyelitis have been recognized for millennia, infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria are being identified more often, likely because of a more susceptible host population and improvements in diagnostic capabilities. Despite advances in modern medicine, mycobacterial infections of the musculoskeletal system remain particularly challenging to diagnose and manage. This article discusses clinical manifestations of musculoskeletal infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Pathogenesis, unique risk factors, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are reviewed.

Two-stage revision arthroplasty for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis periprosthetic joint infection: An outcome analysis

BACKGROUND

Mycobacterium tuberculosis periprosthetic joint infection (TBPJI) is a rare complication of hip/knee joint arthroplasty. The outcomes of hip/knee TBPJI treatment are still unreported. The objective of this study was to investigate the outcomes of hip/knee TBPJI following treatment with two-stage exchange arthroplasty.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From 2003 to 2013, 11 patients with TBPJI (six hips and five knees) were treated with two-stage exchange arthroplasty at our institution. We collected and analyzed variables including demographic data, comorbidities, microbiological data, duration of symptoms, and types of antibiotic used in bone cement.

RESULTS

At the most recent follow-up, the success rate of two-stage exchange arthroplasty was 63.3% (7 of 11). All five knee treatments resulted in infection eradication and successful prosthesis reimplantation. However, only two hip TBPJI treatments resulted in successful outcomes; two patients died and two experienced chronic infection. Overall, secondary bacterial infections were common in patients with TBPJI (5 of 11 cases, 45.5%). Streptomycin in bone cement increased the success rate (83.33% vs. 40%).

CONCLUSION

More than one third of the patients treated with two-stage exchange arthroplasty for TBPJI showed infection relapse or uncontrolled infection. Streptomycin-loaded interim cement spacers appeared to help ensure successful treatment. Routine M. tuberculosis culture is recommended when treating TBPJI in areas of high tuberculosis prevalence.

A deceptive presentation of Tuberculosis hip as Staphylococcal infection, its successful management and literature review

A 71-year-old man presented with septic arthritis of the hip with an initial culture growth of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) masking the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Based on joint aspirate culture and sensitivity results, the patient was first diagnosed with MSSA arthritis. He was started on intravenous antibiotics and underwent washout and debridement of hip. During the procedure, the surgeons observed characteristic tubercular changes and samples were sent for tubercular testing. The reports of cultures for acid-fast bacilli and synovial biopsies confirmed our intraoperative suspicion of TB. Antitubercular medication was started and it helped patient to improve quickly. He completed 9 months of tubercular treatment regimen and at completion total hip replacement was offered. At 8-year follow-up, the patient was doing fine with no recurrence of infection in his hip. High index of suspicion for skeletal TB was raised based on clinical and radiological signs especially if there was a delay or absence of response to appropriate therapy.

Hip Surgery in Quiescent or Active Tubercular Hip Arthritis; Is Reactivation Risk Really a Matter

About 15 % of all musculoskeletal tuberculosis (TB) have hip involvement. Early anti-tubercular drug therapy and other conservative treatment including short-term traction and mobilization programs could prevent hip joint destruction. Reactivation of TB accounts for a significant of active TB incidence, especially in the developed countries with a low TB prevalence. The risk of TB activation for population with the latent form of disease is about 5-10%. According to the existing literature surgery in tubercular hip arthritis would be safe once sufficient debridement and precise anti tubercular chemotherapy has been done.

Direct Leverage for Reducing the Femoral Head in Total Hip Arthroplasty Without Femoral Shortening Osteotomy for Crowe Type 3 to 4 Dysplasia of the Hip

BACKGROUND

A number of methods for reduction in high hip dislocation in total hip arthroplasty (THA) are time-consuming and laborious, and require great surgical skills. This study aimed to introduce a new reduction technique to achieve rapid, safe, and easy reduction in high hip dislocation.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 74 THA patients (82 hips; 44 women, 30 men) with severe hip dysplasia who underwent direct leverage using a Hohmann retractor into the anatomical acetabulum without femoral shortening osteotomy between September 2007 and January 2014. Forty-nine hips were classified as Crowe III and 33 hips were classified as Crowe IV. The mean follow-up period was 5.1 years (range 2-8).

RESULTS

Mean Harris Hip Score increased from 42.1 (range 24-71) before surgery to 89.9 (range 76-100) at final follow-up examination. The legs were lengthened by a mean of 3.0 cm (range 1.1-5.5) and 2.5 cm (range 1.1-3.5) in Crowe III hips and 3.6 cm (range 1.9-5.5) in Crowe IV hips postoperatively. The average leg-length discrepancy at the final follow-up examination was 0.4 cm (standard deviation 0.5 cm). One greater trochanteric fracture occurred during the hip reduction process. One patient developed femoral nerve palsies and recovered completely at 3 weeks postoperatively.

CONCLUSION

Direct leverage using the Hohmann retractor for the reduction in high hip dislocation in THA without femoral shortening osteotomy is simple, safe, and effective.

Total hip replacement in tuberculosis of hip: A systematic review

Total hip replacement (THR) in patients with tuberculous arthritis of the hip is controversial. The timing of surgery, type of prosthesis, reactivation of the disease, high complication rates and the long-term survival of the reconstruction are the major conc erns. There is little information regarding this concern in the literature. We conducted a systematic review of published studies on Total Hip Replacement in patients with Tuberculosis of the hip. A search of Pubmed and Google Scholar database articles published between January 2000 and July 2017 was performed. Thirteen articles were identified, comprising 226 patients. The mean follow-up was 5.48 years. Antituberculosis treatment was given for atleast 2 weeks pre-operatively and continued post-operatively for between six and 18 months after THR. Three patients had reactivation of infection. At the final follow-up, the mean Harris hip score was 89.98. Total Hip Replacement in tuberculosis of hip is safe and efficient way to save the joint function. The most important factors to achieve success include the accurate diagnosis, efficient pre- and postoperative anti-tuberculosis therapy, thorough debridement, two stage procedure for patients with sinus(es).

Total Hip Arthroplasty Indicated for a Tuberculous Coxitis Complicating a Controlled Acquired Imunodefficiency Syndrom Condition: A Preliminary Report Concerning a Case

Introduction:

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains controversial in active tuberculosis (TB) infection because of the risks of septic loosening and reactivation of the infection. We present a rare case of THA in a patient positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with active tuberculous coxitis. The aim of this work is to share our experience and our preliminary results.

Case Report:

The patient was a 53-year-old Black African woman, positive for the HIV, who was operated for implantation of a THA via the Hardinge approach indicated for a severe painful hip with restriction of joint movement and limp. A creamy-white liquid was noticed in the hip joint which was negative for urgent Gram-staining. The surgery was completed with the implantation of a hybrid THA. The post-operative period was uneventful, and she was put on antituberculous drugs following a positive histology result for TB, and to continue her antiretroviral drugs. She still has a satisfactory result for 3 years since her surgery.

Conclusion:

On condition that the patient is put simultaneously on triple antibiotics and antituberculous drugs, we propose that THA could be an option in patient presenting with the association of HIV infection and active tuberculous coxitis.

Mycobacterial Musculoskeletal Infections

Although less common as causes of musculoskeletal infection than pyogenic bacteria, both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria can infect bones and joints. Although tuberculous arthritis and osteomyelitis have been recognized for millennia, infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria are being identified more often, likely because of a more susceptible host population and improvements in diagnostic capabilities. Despite advances in modern medicine, mycobacterial infections of the musculoskeletal system remain particularly challenging to diagnose and manage. This article discusses clinical manifestations of musculoskeletal infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Pathogenesis, unique risk factors, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are reviewed.

[Total hip replacement as a result of coxalgia: about 10 cases]

La coxalgie entraine des destructions ostéo-cartilagineuses de l'articulation de la hanche, ces lésions sont responsables de douleurs intenses provoquant des gènes fonctionnelles et des limitations dans la vie quotidienne. Leur traitement chirurgical est encore mal codifié. Notre objectif est de montrer à travers cette étude l'intérêt de l'arthroplastie totale de hanche associée à la chimiothérapie antituberculeuse pour l'amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients. Nous rapportons une étude rétrospective portant sur 10 cas de prothèses totales de hanche posées sur séquelles de coxalgie au service de traumatologie-orthopédie du centre hospitalier universitaire Rabat de 2002 à 2011. L’âge moyen de nos patients est de 38 ans. La découverte de la coxalgie s'est faite dans des circonstances différentes en fonction des patients. La voie d'abord que nous avons utilisé est exclusivement postéro-externe de Moore. Les prothèses posées ont toute été cimentées. Quatre patients ont nécessité la reconstruction du cotyle. La biopsie peropératoire est positive chez un patient, négative chez les neuf restants. Tous les patients ont été mis sous traitement antituberculeux. Aucune récidive n'a été notée après un recul minimal de 3 ans. Les résultats selon la cotation de Merle d'Aubigné sont jugés bons. En cas de destruction osseuse avancée avec retentissement fonctionnel très mal supporté chez le sujet d’âge mûr, l'arthroplastie totale demeure le traitement de choix des séquelles de coxalgie sous couverture systématique d'une chimiothérapie antituberculeuse efficace.

Two-stage total hip arthroplasty for patients with advanced active tuberculosis of the hip

Background

Treatment of advanced active tuberculosis (TB) of the hip is confronted with great challenges. Although one-stage total hip arthroplasty (THA) is considered as a safe procedure for most patients by some authors, there are still exceptions. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of two-stage THA for selected patients with advanced active TB of the hip.

Methods

Nine consecutive patients with advanced active tuberculous arthritis of the hip were reviewed in this study. Out of these nine patients, the hips of five were destroyed extensively with difficulties of thorough debridement at one operation, and the hips of the other four were detected of sinus tracts. Nine patients received the two-stage total hip arthroplasty (THA) protocol and the perioperative antituberculous medication between January 2008 and December 2013. During the first stage, a debridement was carried out after at least 2 weeks of antituberculous chemotherapy to remove abscesses and infected and necrotic tissues as thoroughly as possible, followed by antituberculous chemotherapy for a minimum of 3 months (average 4.2 months). During the second stage, hip prosthesis was implanted if the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the C-reactive protein (CRP) were normal and the wound was well healed. Antituberculous chemotherapy was continued for 6–9 months postoperatively to constitute a total duration of a minimum of 12 months after the first operation. The patients were then evaluated based on the reactivation of infection, the Harris hip score system, X-ray, ESR, and CRP.

Results

The average follow-up was 40 months (range, 18–72 months). No reactivation of TB or superimposed infection was observed in all patients. The ESR and CRP returned to the normal level with no liver injury. The average Harris hip score was increased from 35 (range, 15–55) preoperatively to 91.5 (range, 83–97) at the final follow-up. The X-ray film showed no prosthesis shift or loosening.

Conclusions

Two-stage THA is an alternative treatment option for patients with advanced active tuberculosis of the hip under some difficult conditions. The hip with sinus tracts or destroyed extensively with difficulties of thorough debridement at one operation may be regarded as indications.

Total hip replacement for arthritis following tuberculosis of hip

AIM: To present the results of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for post tubercular arthritis of the hip joint.

METHODS: Sixty-five patients (45 male, 20 female) with previously treated tuberculosis of the hip joint underwent cementless THA for post tubercular arthritis. The average age at the time of THA was 48 years (range 29 to 65 years). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein, chest X-ray and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging were done preoperatively to confirm resolution of the disease and to rule out any residual disease. Intra-operative samples were taken for microbiological examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histological examination. Patients were started on anti-tubercular drugs one week before the operation and continued for 6 mo post operatively. The patients were followed up clinically using the Harris hip score as well as radiologically for any loosening of the implants, osteolysis and any recurrence of tuberculosis. Any complications especially the recurrence of the infection was also recorded.

RESULTS: The mean interval from completion of antitubercular therapy for tuberculosis to surgery was 4.2 years (range, 2-6 years). Preoperatively, 17 patients had ankylosis whereas 48 patients had functional but painful range of motion. The mean surgical time was 97 min (range, 65-125) whereas the mean blood loss was 600 mL (range, 400-900 mL). The average follow up was 8.3 years (range 6-11 years). The average Harris Hip score improved from 27 preoperatively to 91 at the final follow up. Seventeen patients had acetabular protrusion which was managed with impaction grafting and cementless acetabular cup. The bone graft had consolidated in all these 17 patients at the follow up. Two patients developed discharging sinuses at 9 and 11 mo postoperatively respectively. The discharge tested positive for tuberculosis on the PCR. Both these patients were put on antitubercular therapy for another year. Both of them recovered and had no evidence of any loosening or osteolysis on X-rays. There were no other complications recorded.

CONCLUSION: Total hip replacement restores good function to patients suffering from post tubercular arthritis of the hip.

Tuberculosis of hip: A current concept review

Tuberculosis (TB) of the hip is second to spine only hence a good number of cases are visiting the medical facilities every year. Many present in the advanced stage of the disease due to delayed diagnosis. In early stages of TB of hip, there is a diagnostic dilemma when plain X-rays are negative. In the present time, diagnostic modalities have improved from the days when diagnosis was based essentially on clinicoradiological presentation alone. By the time definite radiological changes appear on plain X-ray, the disease has moderately advanced. The modern diagnostic facilities like ultrasonography (USG) or magnetic resonance imaging of the hip joint, USG guided aspiration of synovial fluid and obtaining the material for polymerase chain reaction and tissue diagnosis must be utilized. In the treatment, current emphasis is more on mobility with stability at hip. Joint debridement, skeletal traction, and mobilization exercises may give more satisfying results as compared to the immobilization by hip spica. Adults with advanced arthritis and healed infection should be informed and discussed the various treatment modalities including the joint replacement. More and more surgeons are taking up the challenge of putting the total hip replacement in the active stage of the disease. Until the long term results in active disease are well established, we recommend it for the healed disease only in selected cases.

Total knee arthroplasty for the management of joint destruction in tuberculous arthritis

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate our experience to clarify the suggestion that there should be a significant disease-free interval before total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to determine the correct timing of surgery for reconstruction of the joint destruction in patients suffering from tuberculous arthritis.

METHODS

Twelve patients with advanced joint destruction and tuberculous arthritis of the knee with recent onset were reviewed in this study. The time interval from our diagnosis of active infection to arthroplasty averaged 4 ± 1.5 months. Histopathology of the biopsy specimens revealing granulomatous lesions, including epithelioid histiocytes surrounded by lymphocytes, confirmed the diagnosis of each patient. A primary knee prosthesis was performed in seven knees. In five knees, there was severe bone loss after the extensive debridement of the entire joint, and thereafter, revision prosthesis was preferred to preserve the joint line. Patients were given post-operative antituberculous treatment for a total of 1 year, whereas for three patients, whose erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) values remained above normal by the sixth month, the chemotherapy was continued for up to 18 months. The Knee Society TKA roentgenographic evaluation and scoring system was used for radiological evaluation of the knees. Clinical evaluation of the knees was done preoperatively and at the time of the most recent follow-up using the American Knee Society Scoring System.

RESULTS

Within the average follow-up period of 6.1 ± 1.8 years, no reactivation of tuberculous infection was found in any of the patients. ESR was normal, less than 20 mm/h, after a mean time of 5.5 ± 2.0 months. The CRP was normal, less than 0.8 mg/dl, after a mean time of 4.6 ± 1.3 months. At the most recent follow-up, the average knee score improved from 32.4 ± 19.4 to 83.4 ± 14.0 points (p < 0.05), and the average function score improved from 33.3 ± 11.9 to 86.6 ± 7.7 points (p < 0.05). Ten knees showed good integrity, and no radiolucent lines were found in the bone-prosthesis interface in relation to any component. Radiolucent lines were apparent on the tibial side in two knees. They were less than 1 mm thick and non-progressive, and clinically, there was no evidence of loosening of the component. Culture specimens were positive for five patients.

CONCLUSIONS

TKA is a safe procedure for tuberculous arthritis with recent onset providing symptomatic relief, functional improvement and early return to activity when performed in correct time. A long disease-free interval should not be a prerequisite for arthroplasty. Wide surgical debridement is the mainstay to eradicate the disease, and post-operative antituberculous chemotherapy controls the residual foci.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Immediate cementless hemiarthroplasty for severe destructive glenohumeral tuberculous arthritis

The glenohumeral joint tuberculosis (TB) is rare as compared with other joints. Plaster immobilization, arthrodesis, and resection arthroplasty have been proposed as the additional treatments with anti-TB medications in severe destructive arthritis. To our knowledge, however, the surgical treatment with shoulder arthroplasty has never been reported. We present two cases of active TB with unsalvageable glenohumeral joint. The cementless hemishoulder arthroplasties were performed immediately following the radical debridement. Anti-TB medications were given for 12 months after the surgery. Postoperatively, the patients were satisfied with the rapid symptomatic relief and significant functional recovery. With the follow-up period of 5 years, the operative results were still satisfactory and the reactivation of the infection was not detected.

Total hip replacement for patients with active tuberculosis of the hip: a systematic review and pooled analysis

The timing of total hip replacement (THR) in patients with active tuberculosis (TB) of the hip is controversial, because of the potential risk of reactivation of infection. There is little information about the outcome of THR in these patients. We conducted a systematic review of published studies that evaluated the outcome of THR in patients with active TB of the hip. A review of multiple databases referenced articles published between 1950 and 2012. A total of six articles were identified, comprising 65 patients. TB was confirmed histologically in all patients. The mean follow-up was 53.2 months (24 to 108). Antituberculosis treatment continued post-operatively for between six and 15 months, after debridement and THR. One non-compliant patient had reactivation of infection. At the final follow-up the mean Harris hip score was 91.7 (56 to 98). We conclude that THR in patients with active TB of the hip is a safe procedure, providing symptomatic relief and functional improvement if undertaken in association with extensive debridement and appropriate antituberculosis treatment.

Tuberculous arthritis revisited as a forgotten cause of monoarticular arthritis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major concern for health care workers. The number of reported cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, particularly osteoarticular tuberculosis, is increasing. This fact is attributed to different factors such as underestimating the disease and difficulty in diagnosis, which requires tissue sampling and can lead to a delay in the diagnosis, and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to highlight the difficulties and delay in diagnosis of articular tuberculosis, raising the need to create awareness about the importance of early diagnosis to avoid major complications of joint destruction.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Retrospective review of patients presenting to a tertiary care center between 2003 and 2009.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We reviewed cases who presented with monoarticular joint pain and swelling that failed to respond to treatment elsewhere and were eventually diagnosed as having articular tuberculosis. We collected the demographic data, history, data on clinical examination and the relevant laboratory investigations, in addition to the data on radiological studies. All patients were treated medically with antituberculosis chemotherapy and surgically according to the severity of joint destruction.

RESULTS

Thirteen patients had a mean age was 40 years (range, 17-70 years). The average delay in diagnosis was 2 years. Only 1 patient had pulmonary TB. The hip, knee and elbow were the most common joints involved. Bacteriology was positive in 69% of the cases; and histopathology, in 92%. Fifteen percent of the patients had arthrodesis. None showed recurrence after follow-up of 4 years.

CONCLUSION

A high level of clinical suspicion is essential for early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarticular TB to reduce its significant morbidity.

Cementless total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of advanced tuberculosis of the hip

The question of whether a total hip arthroplasty (THA) should be attempted in a patient with a current or previous tuberculosis infection continues to cause controversy. The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical result of cementless THA for the treatment of advanced tuberculosis of the hip. Eight patients with advanced tuberculosis of the hip treated by cementless THA were retrospectively analyzed. None of the patients had draining sinus preoperatively. For patients with a confirmed preoperative diagnosis of tuberculosis and elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antituberculous medication was prescribed for at least 2 weeks preoperatively. Inflamed soft tissues and destroyed bones were completely curetted out intraoperatively. All 8 patients received 1-stage cementless THA after thorough debridement. Antituberculous medications were prescribed for all patients for the first 6 months postoperatively. No patient experienced wound-healing complications. Mean Harris Hip Score was 35 (range, 30-43) preoperatively and 91 (range, 87-95) at last follow-up. At an average 46-month follow-up (range, 34-59 months), no reactivation of tuberculosis was detected. All 8 patients revealed stability by bone ingrowth on both the socket and femoral stem. Cementless THA is a safe and effective procedure for advanced tuberculosis of the hip. With thorough debridement followed by a complete course of antituberculous chemotherapy, active tuberculous infection should not be considered a contraindication for THA.