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Wu M, Wu S, Chen W, Li YP. The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease. Cell Res 2024; 34:101-123. [PMID: 38267638 PMCID: PMC10837209 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage commitment and differentiation, skeletal development, and homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs transduce signals through SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways; specifically, they recruit different receptor heterotetramers and R-Smad complexes, resulting in unique biological readouts. BMPs promote osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and chondrogenesis at all differentiation stages, while TGF-βs play different roles in a stage-dependent manner. BMPs and TGF-β have opposite functions in articular cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, TGF-β has a specific role in maintaining the osteocyte network. The precise activation of BMP and TGF-β signaling requires regulatory machinery at multiple levels, including latency control in the matrix, extracellular antagonists, ubiquitination and phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, nucleus-cytoplasm transportation, and transcriptional co-regulation in the nuclei. This review weaves the background information with the latest advances in the signaling facilitated by TGF-βs and BMPs, and the advanced understanding of their diverse physiological functions and regulations. This review also summarizes the human diseases and mouse models associated with disordered TGF-β and BMP signaling. A more precise understanding of the BMP and TGF-β signaling could facilitate the development of bona fide clinical applications in treating bone and cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shali Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Sachse A, Hasenbein I, Hortschansky P, Schmuck KD, Maenz S, Illerhaus B, Kuehmstedt P, Ramm R, Huber R, Kunisch E, Horbert V, Gunnella F, Roth A, Schubert H, Kinne RW. BMP-2 (and partially GDF-5) coating significantly accelerates and augments bone formation close to hydroxyapatite/tricalcium-phosphate/brushite implant cylinders for tibial bone defects in senile, osteopenic sheep. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:31. [PMID: 37378714 PMCID: PMC10307740 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral defects (diameter 8 mm) in the medial tibial head of senile, osteopenic female sheep (n = 48; 9.63 ± 0.10 years; mean ± SEM) were treated with hydroxyapatite (HA)/beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD; brushite) cylinders coated with BMP-2 (25 or 250 micrograms) or growth differentiation factor (GDF)-5 (125 or 1250 micrograms; left side); cylinders without BMP served as controls (right side). Three, 6, and 9 months post-operation (n = 6 each group), bone structure and formation were analyzed in vivo by X-ray and ex vivo by osteodensitometry, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at 3 and 9 months. Semi-quantitative X-ray evaluation showed significantly increasing bone densities around all implant cylinders over time. High-dose BMP-2-coated cylinders (3 and 9 months) and low-dose GDF-5-coated cylinders (3 and 6 months) demonstrated significantly higher densities than controls (dose-dependent for BMP-2 at 3 months). This was confirmed by osteodensitometry at 9 months for high-dose BMP-2-coated cylinders (and selected GDF-5 groups), and was again dose-dependent for BMP-2. Osteoinduction by BMP-2 was most pronounced in the adjacent bone marrow (dynamic histomorphometry/micro-CT). BMP-2 (and partially GDF-5) significantly increased the bone formation in the vicinity of HA/TCP/DCPD cylinders used to fill tibial bone defects in senile osteopenic sheep and may be suitable for surgical therapy of critical size, non-load-bearing bone defects in cases of failed tibial head fracture or defect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Sachse
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
- Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Ines Hasenbein
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
- Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Schmuck
- Johnson & Johnson Medical GmbH, DePuy Synthes, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - Stefan Maenz
- Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Illerhaus
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kuehmstedt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Ramm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
| | - René Huber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Kunisch
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Horbert
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Gunnella
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Roth
- Bereich Endoprothetik/Orthopädie, Klinik für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Plastische Chirurgie, Uniklinik Leipzig AöR, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Schubert
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Welfare, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany.
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Pathophysiology and Emerging Molecular Therapeutic Targets in Heterotopic Ossification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136983. [PMID: 35805978 PMCID: PMC9266941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term heterotopic ossification (HO) describes bone formation in tissues where bone is normally not present. Musculoskeletal trauma induces signalling events that in turn trigger cells, probably of mesenchymal origin, to differentiate into bone. The aetiology of HO includes extremely rare but severe, generalised and fatal monogenic forms of the disease; and as a common complex disorder in response to musculoskeletal, neurological or burn trauma. The resulting bone forms through a combination of endochondral and intramembranous ossification, depending on the aetiology, initiating stimulus and affected tissue. Given the heterogeneity of the disease, many cell types and biological pathways have been studied in efforts to find effective therapeutic strategies for the disorder. Cells of mesenchymal, haematopoietic and neuroectodermal lineages have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of HO, and the emerging dominant signalling pathways are thought to occur through the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and retinoic acid receptor pathways. Increased understanding of these disease mechanisms has resulted in the emergence of several novel investigational therapeutic avenues, including palovarotene and other retinoic acid receptor agonists and activin A inhibitors that target both canonical and non-canonical signalling downstream of the BMP type 1 receptor. In this article we aim to illustrate the key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HO and outline recent advances in emerging molecular therapies to treat and prevent HO that have had early success in the monogenic disease and are currently being explored in the common complex forms of HO.
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Administration of Human Non-Diabetic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to a Murine Model of Diabetic Fracture Repair: A Pilot Study. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061394. [PMID: 32503335 PMCID: PMC7348854 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals living with type 1 diabetes mellitus may experience an increased risk of long bone fracture. These fractures are often slow to heal, resulting in delayed reunion or non-union. It is reasonable to theorize that the underlying cause of these diabetes-associated osteopathies is faulty repair dynamics as a result of compromised bone marrow progenitor cell function. Here it was hypothesized that the administration of non-diabetic, human adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) would enhance diabetic fracture healing. Human MSCs were locally introduced to femur fractures in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and the quality of de novo bone was assessed eight weeks later. Biodistribution analysis demonstrated that the cells remained in situ for three days following administration. Bone bridging was evident in all animals. However, a large reparative callus was retained, indicating non-union. µCT analysis elucidated comparable callus dimensions, bone mineral density, bone volume/total volume, and volume of mature bone in all groups that received cells as compared to the saline-treated controls. Four-point bending evaluation of flexural strength, flexural modulus, and total energy to re-fracture did not indicate a statistically significant change as a result of cellular administration. An ex vivo lymphocytic proliferation recall assay indicated that the xenogeneic administration of human cells did not result in an immune response by the murine recipient. Due to this dataset, the administration of non-diabetic bone marrow-derived MSCs did not support fracture healing in this pilot study.
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Xu Y, Ren C, Zhao X, Wang W, Zhang N. microRNA-132 inhibits osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells via GDF5 and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152722. [PMID: 31718857 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) could differentiate into osteoblasts and have a great prospect in treating bone diseases. microRNAs (miRs) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway have proved pivotal in regulating osteogenic differentiation. This study intended to discuss the mechanism of miR-132 and NF-κB in PDLSC osteogenesis. METHODS PDLSCs were firstly cultured, induced, and identified by detecting the surface markers and observing cell morphology. Levels of osteogenic markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic proteins 2 (BMP2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin (OCN), along with miR-132 expression were measured. The osteoblast activity and mineral deposition were detected by ALP and alizarin red S (ARS) stainings. The targeting relationship between miR-132 and growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) was verified. The gain-and loss-of-function was performed to discuss roles of miR-132 and GDF5 in osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Besides, levels of NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins were measured. RESULTS In osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, levels of ALP, BMP2, Runx2 and OCN were upregulated while miR-132 was downregulated. Overexpressing miR-132 reduced levels of osteogenic markers, osteoblast activity, ALP and ARS intensity and the activation of NF-κB axis. GDF5 is a target of miR-132 and GDF5 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of overexpressed miR-132 on PDLSC osteogenesis. CONCLUSION Together, miR-132 could inhibit PDLSC osteogenesis via targeting GDF5 and activating NF-κB axis. These data provide useful information for PDLSC application in periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - Chaochao Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of General Dentistry, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomotological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China.
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Chen Z, Deng S, Yuan DC, Liu K, Xiang XC, Cheng L, Xiao DQ, Deng L, Feng G. Novel nano-microspheres containing chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate deliver growth and differentiation factor-5 plasmid for osteoarthritis gene therapy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 19:910-923. [PMID: 30507075 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a novel non-viral vector loaded with growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) plasmid using chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate for osteoarthritis (OA) gene therapy. METHODS Nano-microspheres (NMPs) were prepared by mixing chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate. GDF-5 plasmid was encapsulated in the NMPs through electrostatic adsorption. The basic characteristics of the NMPs were observed, and then they were co-cultured with chondrocytes to observe their effects on extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression. Finally, NMPs loaded with GDF-5 were injected into the articular cavities of rabbits to observe their therapeutic effects on OA in vivo. RESULTS NMPs exhibited good physicochemical properties and low cytotoxicity. Their average diameter was (0.61±0.20) μm, and encapsulation efficiency was (38.19±0.36)%. According to Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, relative cell viability was 75%-99% when the total weight of NMPs was less than 560 μg. Transfection efficiency was (62.0±2.1)% in a liposome group, and (60.0±1.8)% in the NMP group. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results suggested that NMPs can successfully transfect chondrocytes and stimulate ECM protein expression in vitro. Compared with the control groups, the NMP group significantly promoted the expression of chondrocyte ECM in vivo (P<0.05), as shown by analysis of the biochemical composition of chondrocyte ECM. When NMPs were injected into OA model rabbits, the expression of ECM proteins in chondrocytes was significantly promoted and the progression of OA was slowed down. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, we think that these NMPs with excellent physicochemical and biological properties could be promising non-viral vectors for OA gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Shang Deng
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 637000, China
| | - De-Chao Yuan
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Zigong No. 4 People's Hospital, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Xiao-Cong Xiang
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Nanchong, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Dong-Qin Xiao
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Li Deng
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
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Winkler T, Sass FA, Duda GN, Schmidt-Bleek K. A review of biomaterials in bone defect healing, remaining shortcomings and future opportunities for bone tissue engineering: The unsolved challenge. Bone Joint Res 2018; 7:232-243. [PMID: 29922441 PMCID: PMC5987690 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.73.bjr-2017-0270.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its intrinsic ability to regenerate form and function after injury, bone tissue can be challenged by a multitude of pathological conditions. While innovative approaches have helped to unravel the cascades of bone healing, this knowledge has so far not improved the clinical outcomes of bone defect treatment. Recent findings have allowed us to gain in-depth knowledge about the physiological conditions and biological principles of bone regeneration. Now it is time to transfer the lessons learned from bone healing to the challenging scenarios in defects and employ innovative technologies to enable biomaterial-based strategies for bone defect healing. This review aims to provide an overview on endogenous cascades of bone material formation and how these are transferred to new perspectives in biomaterial-driven approaches in bone regeneration. Cite this article: T. Winkler, F. A. Sass, G. N. Duda, K. Schmidt-Bleek. A review of biomaterials in bone defect healing, remaining shortcomings and future opportunities for bone tissue engineering: The unsolved challenge. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:232–243. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.73.BJR-2017-0270.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Winkler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - F A Sass
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Wu T, Zhang J, Wang B, Sun Y, Liu Y, Li G. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 promotes osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and accelerates fracture healing. Bone Joint Res 2018; 7:179-186. [PMID: 29682284 PMCID: PMC5895947 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.72.bjr-2017-0229.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives As one of the heat-stable enterotoxins, Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) is synthesized by Staphylococcus aureus, which has been proved to inhibit the growth of tumour cells, and is used as an antitumour agent in cancer immunotherapy. Although SEC2 has been reported to promote osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the in vivo function of SCE2 in animal model remains elusive. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the in vivo effect of SCE2 on fracture healing. Materials and Methods Rat MSCs were used to test the effects of SEC2 on their proliferation and osteogenic differentiation potentials. A rat femoral fracture model was used to examine the effect of local administration of SEC2 on fracture healing using radiographic analyses, micro-CT analyses, biomechanical testing, and histological analyses. Results While SEC2 was found to have no effect on rat MSCs proliferation, it promoted the osteoblast differentiation of rat MSCs. In the rat femoral fracture model, the local administration of SEC2 accelerated fracture healing by increasing fracture callus volumes, bone volume over total volume (BV/TV), and biomechanical recovery. The SEC2 treatment group has superior histological appearance compared with the control group. Conclusion These data suggest that local administration of SEC2 may be a novel therapeutic approach to enhancing bone repair such as fracture healing. Cite this article: T. Wu, J. Zhang, B. Wang, Y. Sun, Y. Liu, G. Li. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 promotes osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and accelerates fracture healing. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:179–186. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.72.BJR-2017-0229.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, TianLin, Xuhui Qu, Shanghai 200235, China and Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - B Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - G Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China and Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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GDF5 significantly augments the bone formation induced by an injectable, PLGA fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming cement in a sheep defect model of lumbar osteopenia. Spine J 2017. [PMID: 28642196 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Biodegradable calcium phosphate cement (CPC) represents a promising option for the surgical treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Because of augmented local bone catabolism, however, additional targeted delivery of bone morphogenetic proteins with the CPC may be needed to promote rapid and complete bone regeneration. PURPOSE In the present study, an injectable, poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming cement (CPC) containing the bone morphogenetic protein GDF5 was tested in a sheep lumbar osteopenia model. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING This is a prospective experimental animal study. METHODS Defined bone defects (diameter 5 mm) were placed in aged, osteopenic female sheep. Defects were treated with fiber-reinforced CPC alone (L4; CPC+fibers) or with CPC containing different dosages of GDF5 (L5; CPC+fibers+GDF5; 1, 5, 100, and 500 µg GDF5; n=5 or 6 each). The results were compared with those of untouched controls (L1). Three and 9 months postoperation, structural and functional effects of the CPC (±GDF5) were assessed ex vivo by measuring (1) bone mineral density (BMD); (2) bone structure, that is, bone volume/total volume (assessed by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometry), trabecular thickness, and trabecular number; (3) bone formation, that is, osteoid volume/bone volume, osteoid surface/bone surface, osteoid thickness, mineralized surface/bone surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate/bone surface; (4) bone resorption, that is, eroded surface/bone surface; and (5) compressive strength. RESULTS Compared with untouched controls (L1), both CPC+fibers (L4) and CPC+fibers+GDF5 (L5) numerically or significantly improved all parameters of bone formation, bone resorption, and bone structure. These significant effects were observed both at 3 and 9 months, but for some parameters they were less pronounced at 9 months. Compared with CPC without GDF5, additional significant effects of CPC with GDF5 were demonstrated for BMD and parameters of bone formation and structure (bone volume/total volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number, as well as mineralized surface/bone surface). The GDF5 effects were dose-dependent (predominantly in the 5-100 µg range) at 3 and 9 months. CONCLUSIONS GDF5 significantly enhanced the bone formation induced by a PLGA fiber-reinforced CPC in sheep lumbar osteopenia. The results indicated that a local dose as low as ≤100 µg GDF5 may be sufficient to augment middle to long-term bone formation. The novel CPC+GDF5 combination may thus qualify as an alternative to the bioinert, supraphysiologically stiff poly(methyl methacrylate) cement currently applied for vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty of osteoporotic vertebral fractures.
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Kleinschmidt K, Wagner-Ecker M, Bartek B, Holschbach J, Richter W. Superior angiogenic potential of GDF-5 and GDF-5(V453/V456) compared with BMP-2 in a rabbit long-bone defect model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96:1699-707. [PMID: 25320196 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical application of bone morphogenetic proteins such as BMP-2 and GDF-5 (growth and differentiation factor-5) may improve the outcome of bone defect repair. In addition to the osteoinductivity of BMPs, their angiogenic potential is important as an adequate blood supply is a prerequisite for bone-healing. We used a rabbit long-bone defect model to investigate whether angiogenicity and osteogenicity were correlated features of a BMP molecule by comparing the induction of blood vessel and bone formation by BMP-2, GDF-5, and a previously created swap mutant GDF-5V453/V456 (BB-1) with elevated BMP receptor-IA binding. METHODS Microcomputed tomography and immunohistochemistry were used to assess early bone formation and neovascularization in 15-mm (critical-sized) rabbit radius defects treated with a growth factor-loaded collagen carrier. RESULTS Blood vessel volume and surface area on days 7 and 14 after surgery were significantly greater in defects treated with GDF-5 and with BB-1 compared with controls (p < 0.05); BMP-2 enhanced vascularization on day 14 (p < 0.05). Cumulative data including both time points reflected increased vessel volume, intersection surface area, and number of vessels after treatment with GDF-5 and BB-1 compared with BMP-2 (p < 0.05), corresponding to the histology results. Each of the growth factors resulted in enhanced bone formation compared with controls on day 14 (p < 0.01), with BB-1 resulting in significantly more bone compared with GDF-5 as indicated by bone volume and surface area (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Both GDF-5 and BB-1 had high angiogenicity, and BB-1 outperformed GDF-5 with respect to osteogenicity. Strong induction of bone formation by BMP-2 and BB-1 was thus associated with BMP receptor-IA-dependent signaling, whereas the vascularization outcome was not. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although both BMP-2 and the GDF-5 variant BB-1 are good inducers of bone formation, BB-1 is especially promising for long-bone healing if high angiogenicity is desired along with high osteogenicity to promote recreation of optimal bone architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kleinschmidt
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail address for W. Richter:
| | - Mechthild Wagner-Ecker
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail address for W. Richter:
| | - Benjamin Bartek
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail address for W. Richter:
| | - Jeannine Holschbach
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail address for W. Richter:
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail address for W. Richter:
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Wang RN, Green J, Wang Z, Deng Y, Qiao M, Peabody M, Zhang Q, Ye J, Yan Z, Denduluri S, Idowu O, Li M, Shen C, Hu A, Haydon RC, Kang R, Mok J, Lee MJ, Luu HL, Shi LL. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases. Genes Dis 2014; 1:87-105. [PMID: 25401122 PMCID: PMC4232216 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling molecules that belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Initially discovered for their ability to induce bone formation, BMPs are now known to play crucial roles in all organ systems. BMPs are important in embryogenesis and development, and also in maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Mouse knockout models of various components of the BMP signaling pathway result in embryonic lethality or marked defects, highlighting the essential functions of BMPs. In this review, we first outline the basic aspects of BMP signaling and then focus on genetically manipulated mouse knockout models that have helped elucidate the role of BMPs in development. A significant portion of this review is devoted to the prominent human pathologies associated with dysregulated BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Wang
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jordan Green
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Youlin Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Michael Peabody
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sahitya Denduluri
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olumuyiwa Idowu
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melissa Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christine Shen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan Hu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard Kang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Mok
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue L. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Reynard LN, Bui C, Syddall CM, Loughlin J. CpG methylation regulates allelic expression of GDF5 by modulating binding of SP1 and SP3 repressor proteins to the osteoarthritis susceptibility SNP rs143383. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1059-73. [PMID: 24861163 PMCID: PMC4099533 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
GDF5 encodes an extracellular signalling molecule that is essential for normal skeletal development. The rs144383 C to T SNP located in the 5'UTR of this gene is functional and has a pleiotropic effect on the musculoskeletal system, being a risk factor for knee-osteoarthritis (OA), congenital hip dysplasia, lumbar disc degeneration and Achilles tendon pathology. rs143383 exerts a joint-wide effect on GDF5 expression, with expression of the OA-associated T allele being significantly reduced relative to the C allele, termed allelic expression imbalance. We have previously reported that the GDF5 locus is subject to DNA methylation and that allelic imbalance of rs143383 is mediated by SP1, SP3 and DEAF1 transcriptional repressors. In this study, we have assayed GDF5 methylation in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage, and investigated the effect of methylation on the allelic imbalance of rs143383. We observed demethylation of the GDF5 5'UTR in OA knee cartilage relative to both OA (p = 0.009) and non-OA (p = 0.001) hip cartilage, with the most significant demethylation observed at the highly conserved +37 CpG site located 4 bp upstream of rs143383. Methylation modulates the level and direction of allelic imbalance of rs143383, with methylation of the +37 CpG dinucleotide within the SP1/SP3 binding site having an allele-specific effect on SP1 and SP3 binding. Furthermore, methylation attenuated the repressive effects of SP1, SP3 and DEAF1 on GDF5 promoter activity. This data suggest that the differential methylation of the +37 CpG site between osteoarthritic hip and knee cartilage may be responsible for the knee-specific effect of rs143383 on OA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise N Reynard
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor Catherine Cookson Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK,
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Tawonsawatruk T, Changthong T, Pingsuthiwong S, Trachoo O, Sura T, Wajanavisit W. A genetic association study between growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF 5) polymorphism and knee osteoarthritis in Thai population. J Orthop Surg Res 2011; 6:47. [PMID: 21936909 PMCID: PMC3189142 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-6-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multi-factorial disease and genetic factor is one of the important etiologic risk factors. Various genetic polymorphisms have been elucidated that they might be associated with OA. Recently, several studies have shown an association between Growth Differentiation Factor 5(GDF5) polymorphism and knee OA. However, the role of genetic predisposing factor in each ethnic group cannot be replicated to all, with conflicting data in the literatures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between GDF5 polymorphism and knee OA in Thai population. Materials and Methods One hundred and ninety three patients aged 54-88 years who attended Ramathibodi Hospital were enrolled. Ninety cases with knee OA according to American College of Rheumatology criteria and one hundred and three cases in control group gave informed consent. Blood sample (5 ml) were collected for identification of GDF5 (rs143383) single nucleotide polymorphism by PCR/RFLP according to a standard protocol. This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on human experimentation of Ramathibodi Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the risk of knee OA by genotype (TT, TC and CC) and allele (T/C) analyses. Results The baseline characteristics between two groups including job, smoking and activity were not different, except age and BMI. The entire cases and controls were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). The OA knee group (n = 90) had genotypic figure which has shown by TT 42.2% (n = 38), TC 45.6% (n = 41) and CC 12% (n = 11), whereas the control group (n = 103) revealed TT 32% (n = 33), TC 45.6% (n = 47), and CC 22.3% (n = 23), respectively. Genotypic TT increased risk of knee OA as compared to CC [OR = 2.41 (P = 0.04, 95%CI = 1.02-5.67)]. In the allele analysis, the T allele was found to be significantly associated with knee OA [OR = 1.53 (P = 0.043, 95%CI = 1.01-2.30)]. Conclusion These data suggested that GDF5 polymorphism has an association with knee OA in Thai ethnic. This finding also supports the hypothesis that OA has an important genetic component in its etiology, and GDF5 protein might play important role in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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