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Tiourin E, Sharpe F, Kalina S, Leis AR. Surgical Reconstruction for the Triphalangeal Thumb. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5379. [PMID: 37928630 PMCID: PMC10624463 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The triphalangeal thumb poses a complex reconstructive challenge to the congenital hand surgeon due to its rarity and variable anatomy. We discuss the available evidence, reporting clinical characteristics and outcomes of surgical reconstructive procedures of triphalangeal thumb alongside a representative case. The congenital hand surgeon must approach each patient with triphalangeal thumb individually to optimize the use of available tissues to maximize functional and aesthetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Tiourin
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, Calif
| | - Frances Sharpe
- SCPM Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Fontana, Calif
| | - Sharon Kalina
- SCPM Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Fontana, Calif
| | - Amber R Leis
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, Calif
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital Orange County, Orange, Calif
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2
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Guinard G. THE FORELIMBS OF ALVAREZSAUROIDEA (DINOSAURIA: THEROPODA): INSIGHT FROM EVOLUTIONARY TERATOLOGY. J Morphol 2022; 283:1257-1272. [PMID: 35915891 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alvarezsauroidea (Tetanurae) are non-avian theropod dinosaurs whose forelimb evolution is characterised by overdevelopment of digit I, at the expense of the other two digits, complemented by a drastic forelimb shortening in derived species (Parvicursorinae). These variations are recognised as evolutionary developmental anomalies. Evolutionary teratology hence leads to a double diagnosis with 1) macrodactyly of digit I and microdactyly of digits II and III, plus 2) anterior micromelia. The teratological macrodactyly/microdactyly coupling evolved first. Developmental mechanisms disturbing limb proportion are thought to be convergent with those of other Tetanurae (Tyrannosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae). As for the manual anomalies, both are specific to Alvarezsauroidea (macrodactyly/microdactyly) and inherited (digit loss/reduction). While considering the frame-shift theory, posterior digits develop before the most anterior one. There would therefore be a decrease in the area devoted to digits II (condensation 3) and III (condensation 4), in connection with the Shh signalling pathway, interacting with other molecular players such as the GLI 3 protein and the Hox system. Developmental independence of digit I (condensation 2) would contribute to generate a particular morphology. Macrodactyly would be linked to a variation in Hoxd-13, impacting Gli3 activity, increasing cell proliferation. The loss/reduction of digital ray/phalanges (digits II and III), would be associated to Shh activity, a mechanism inherited from the theropodan ancestry. The macrodactyly/macrodactyly coupling, and then anterior micromelia, fundamentally changed the forelimb mechanical function, compared to the 'classical' grasping structure of basal representatives and other theropods. The distal ossification of the macrodactylian digit has been identified as physiological, implying the use of the structure. However, the debate of a particular 'adaptive' use is pointless since the ecology of an organism is interactively complex, being both at the scale of the individual and dependent on circumstances. Other anatomical features also allow for compensation and a different predation (cursorial hindlimbs). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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3
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Xu H, Xiang M, Qin Y, Cheng H, Chen D, Fu Q, Zhang KK, Xie L. Tbx5 inhibits hedgehog signaling in determination of digit identity. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1405-1416. [PMID: 31373354 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant TBX5 mutation causes Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), which is characterized by limb defects in humans, but the underlying mechanistic basis is unclear. We used a mouse model with Tbx5 conditional knockdown in Hh-receiving cells (marked by Gli1+) during E8 to E10.5, a previously established model to study atrial septum defects, which displayed polydactyly or hypodactyly. The results suggested that Tbx5 is required for digit identity in a subset of limb mesenchymal cells. Specifically, Tbx5 deletion in this cell population decreased cell apoptosis and increased the proliferation of handplate mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, Tbx5 was found to negatively regulate the Hh-signaling activity through transcriptional regulation of Ptch1, a known Hh-signaling repressor. Repression of Hh-signaling through Smo co-mutation in Tbx5 heterozygotes rescued the limb defects, thus placing Tbx5 upstream of Hh-signaling in limb defects. This work reveals an important missing component necessary for understanding not only limb development but also the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying HOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.,Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Menglan Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Yushu Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Henghui Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Duohua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Food Science, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.,Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ke K Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Thirkannad SM, Patil R. The Story of the Hand. Indian J Plast Surg 2021; 54:106-113. [PMID: 34239230 PMCID: PMC8257305 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the Story of the Human Hand. It traces the functional needs that led to evolution of the human hand as well as its embryological development. The various in utero stages of formation of the human hand are covered along with a description of the various molecular and genetic factors that control this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil M. Thirkannad
- Kleinert–Kutz Hand Care Center, Christine M. Kleinert Institute for Hand and Microsurgery, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Rahul Patil
- Kleinert–Kutz Hand Care Center, Christine M. Kleinert Institute for Hand and Microsurgery, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
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The Classification of VACTERL Association into 3 Groups According to the Limb Defect. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3360. [PMID: 33680640 PMCID: PMC7929542 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The VACTERL association (VA) is defined as the nonrandom co-occurrence of 6 anomalies: vertebral anomalies (V), Anal atresia (A), Cardiac defects (C), Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TE), Renal defects (R), and Limb anomalies (L). The current communication presents an argument that patients with VA should be classified into three district groups based on their limb defects: VACTERL1: patients with normal limbs; VACTERL2: patients with limb anomalies other than radial ray defects of the upper limbs; and VACTERL3: patients with radial ray defects of the upper limbs. The author will demonstrate that the rationale behind the L1-3 classification in patients in VA is based on the embryogenesis of the 6 affected anatomical areas in VA. The pathogenesis of VACTERL1 is secondary to perturbations of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) interactions. SHH signaling is known to have a major role in the normal development of the vertebrae, ano-rectal area, heart, tracheo-esophageal area, and kidney. However, SHH is not involved in the development of the radial ray; hence, patients present with no limb defects. The pathogenesis of VACTERL2 is variable depending on the type of gene mutation. The pathogenesis of VACTERL3 is related to errors in a group of proteins (namely, the proteins of the TBX5-SALL4-SALL1 loop and the FGF8-FGF10 loop/ pathway). These proteins are essential for the normal development of the radial ray and they interact in the development of the other anatomical areas of VA including the heart and kidney. Hence, VACTERL3 patients present with radial ray deficiency.
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Yin Y, Ji J, Zhao J, Chen S, Tian W. Clinical and epidemiological features of heart-hand syndrome, an updated analysis in China. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:777. [PMID: 33238988 PMCID: PMC7690113 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to prospectively recruit patients treated with limb malformation and to explore the prevalence and the clinical and epidemiological features of Heart-Hand Syndrome (HHS) in China. METHODS The consecutive patients treated for congenital upper limb malformation in Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital from October 1st, 2016 to October 1st, 2019 were prospectively recruited. We reviewed the patients' medical records and identified patients with abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) and/or abnormal ultrasonic cardiogram as well as their basic demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS A total 1653 (1053 male and 600 female) patients with congenital upper extremity malformations were prospectively recruited. Among them, 200 (12.1%) had abnormal ultrasonic cardiogram (181patients, 10.9%) and/or abnormal ECG (19 patients, 1.1%). The commonest type of abnormal heart structure was atrial septal defect (69/181 38.1%), and the commonest abnormal ECG was wave patterns (7/19, 36.8%). HHS patients had a higher comorbidity rate (11%) than non-HHS patients (6.9%). Patients with HHS were classified into four groups by the types of congenital upper extremity malformations, among which the most common group was thumb type (121/200, 60.5%). CONCLUSIONS HHS occurred frequently among patients with congenital upper extremity malformation in China, particularly for those with multiple congenital malformations. The commonest type of hand malformations of HHS patients was thumb malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobin Yin
- Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Xin jie kou dong jie 31, Xi Cheng Qu, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Skåne University Hospital, Building 28, floor 11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Junhui Zhao
- Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Xin jie kou dong jie 31, Xi Cheng Qu, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Shanlin Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Xin jie kou dong jie 31, Xi Cheng Qu, Beijing, 100035, China.
| | - Wen Tian
- Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Xin jie kou dong jie 31, Xi Cheng Qu, Beijing, 100035, China.
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Clinical Aspects and Current Therapeutic Approaches for FOP. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090325. [PMID: 32887348 PMCID: PMC7555688 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare heritable disorder of connective tissues characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification in various skeletal sites. It is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding activin A receptor type I (ACVR1)/activin-like kinase 2 (ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Heterotopic ossification is usually progressive leading to severe deformities in the trunk and extremities. Early clinical diagnosis is important to prevent unnecessary iatrogenic harm or trauma. Clinicians should become aware of early detectable skeletal malformations, including great toe deformities, shortened thumb, neck stiffness associated with hypertrophy of the posterior elements of the cervical spine, multiple ossification centers in the calcaneus, and osteochondroma-like lesions of the long bones. Although there is presently no definitive medical treatment to prevent, stop or reverse heterotopic ossification in FOP, exciting advances of novel pharmacological drugs focusing on target inhibition of the activated ACVR1 receptor, including palovarotene, REGN 2477, rapamycin, and saracatinib, have developed and are currently in clinical trials.
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8
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Kavanagh KD, Bailey CS, Sears KE. Evidence of five digits in embryonic horses and developmental stabilization of tetrapod digit number. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192756. [PMID: 32019446 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work comparing the developmental mechanisms involved in digit reduction in horses with other mammals reported that horses have only a 'single digit', with two flanking metapodials identified as remnants of digit II and IV. Here we show that early Equus embryos go through a stage with five digit condensations, and that the flanking splint metapodials result from fusions of the two anterior digits I and II and the two posterior digits IV and V, in a striking parallel between ontogeny and phylogeny. Given that even this most extreme case of digit reduction exhibits primary pentadactyly, we re-examined the initial stages of digit condensation of all digit-reduced tetrapods where data are available and found that in all cases, five or four digits initiate (four with digit I missing). The persistent pentadactyl initiation in the horse and other digit-reduced modern taxa underscores a durable developmental stability at the initiation of digits. The digit evodevo model may help illuminate the biological circumstances under which organ systems become highly stabilized versus highly plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - C Scott Bailey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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9
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The formation of the thumb requires direct modulation of Gli3 transcription by Hoxa13. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1090-1096. [PMID: 31896583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919470117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tetrapod limb, the digits (fingers or toes) are the elements most subject to morphological diversification in response to functional adaptations. However, despite their functional importance, the mechanisms controlling digit morphology remain poorly understood. Here we have focused on understanding the special morphology of the thumb (digit 1), the acquisition of which was an important adaptation of the human hand. To this end, we have studied the limbs of the Hoxa13 mouse mutant that specifically fail to form digit 1. We show that, consistent with the role of Hoxa13 in Hoxd transcriptional regulation, the expression of Hoxd13 in Hoxa13 mutant limbs does not extend into the presumptive digit 1 territory, which is therefore devoid of distal Hox transcripts, a circumstance that can explain its agenesis. The loss of Hoxd13 expression, exclusively in digit 1 territory, correlates with increased Gli3 repressor activity, a Hoxd negative regulator, resulting from increased Gli3 transcription that, in turn, is due to the release from the negative modulation exerted by Hox13 paralogs on Gli3 regulatory sequences. Our results indicate that Hoxa13 acts hierarchically to initiate the formation of digit 1 by reducing Gli3 transcription and by enabling expansion of the 5'Hoxd second expression phase, thereby establishing anterior-posterior asymmetry in the handplate. Our work uncovers a mutual antagonism between Gli3 and Hox13 paralogs that has important implications for Hox and Gli3 gene regulation in the context of development and evolution.
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10
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Thomas BP, Pallapati S. Congenital thumb differences- current concepts. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11:580-589. [PMID: 32684694 PMCID: PMC7355096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalies of the thumb development are not uncommon and may be associated with a number of syndromes also. These anomalies range from total absence to duplication. Reconstructive surgery for the creation of an opposable thumb is the most rewarding aspect of Hand Surgery and also the most challenging. Classification systems have been modified for better description. A number of procedures have been introduced to improve the functionality of the hand in anomalies and age old concepts are undergoing a metamorphosis to further this. A brief description of the common conditions and their treatment are discussed here and highlighted by selected clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu P. Thomas
- Corresponding author. Paul Brand Centre for Hand Surgery, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, TN, 632004, India.
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11
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Potuijt JWP, Galjaard RJH, van der Spek PJ, van Nieuwenhoven CA, Ahituv N, Oberg KC, Hovius SER. A multidisciplinary review of triphalangeal thumb. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2019; 44:59-68. [PMID: 30318985 PMCID: PMC6297887 DOI: 10.1177/1753193418803521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a rare congenital limb anomaly, triphalangeal thumb is a subject of research in various scientific fields, providing new insights in clinical research and evolutionary biology. The findings of triphalangeal thumb can be predictive for other congenital anomalies as part of an underlying syndrome. Furthermore, triphalangeal thumb is still being used as a model in molecular genetics to study gene regulation by long-range regulatory elements. We present a review that summarizes a number of scientifically relevant topics that involve the triphalangeal thumb phenotype. Future initiatives involving multidisciplinary teams collaborating in the field of triphalangeal thumb research can lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of this condition as well as other congenital upper limb anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W. P. Potuijt
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Jacob W. P. Potuijt, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Ee-1589 Postbus 2040, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert-Jan H. Galjaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne A. van Nieuwenhoven
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, SF, USA,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, SF, USA
| | - Kerby C. Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA
| | - Steven E. R. Hovius
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Pazzaglia UE, Sibilia V, Casati L, Salvi AG, Minini A, Reguzzoni M. The missing segment of the autopod 1st ray: new insights from a morphometric study of the human hand. J Anat 2018; 233:828-842. [PMID: 30368800 PMCID: PMC6231165 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the 1st segment of the human autopod 1st ray is a 'true' metapodial with loss of the proximal or mid phalanx or the original basal phalanx with loss of the metacarpal has been a long-lasting discussion. The actual knowledge of the developmental pattern of upper autopod segments at a fetal age of 20-22 weeks, combined with X-ray morphometry of normal long bones of the hand in the growing ages, was used for analysis of the parameters, percentage length, position of epiphyseal ossification centers and proximal/distal growth rate. The symmetric growth pattern in the fetal anlagen changed to unidirectional in the postnatal development in relation to epiphyseal ossification formation. The percentage length assessment, the distribution of the epiphyseal ossification centers, and differential proximal/distal growth rate among the growing hand segments supported homology of most proximal segment of the thumb with the 2nd-5th proximal phalanges and that of the proximal phalanx of the thumb with the 2nd-5th mid phalanges in the same hand. Published case reports of either metanalysis of 'triphalangeal thumb' and 'proximal/distal epiphyseal ossification centers' were used to support the applied morphometric methodology; in particular, the latter did not give evidence of growth pattern inversion of the proximal segment of the thumb. The presented data support the hypothesis that during evolution, the lost segment of the autopod 1st ray is the metacarpal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo E. Pazzaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical SpecialtiesRadiological Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Valeria Sibilia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanoItaly
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanoItaly
| | - Andrea G. Salvi
- Department of Medical and Surgical SpecialtiesRadiological Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Andrea Minini
- Department of Medical and Surgical SpecialtiesRadiological Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Surgical and Morphological SciencesUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
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Al-Qattan MM. The association between preaxial polydactyly and radial longitudinal deficiency in syndromic cases: a report on nine families. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2018; 43:744-750. [PMID: 29451098 DOI: 10.1177/1753193418758862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Preaxial polydactyly and radial longitudinal deficiency are usually viewed as two different entities. We present nine families with different disorders in which both preaxial polydactyly and radial longitudinal deficiency were seen in the phenotype. This indicates that both entities may be caused by the same developmental error or insult. The pathogenesis is complex and may be related to the interactions of two signalling loops: the first loop (named as the radial longitudinal deficiency loop) contains genes/proteins responsible for the development of the radial ray; and the second loop (named as the preaxial polydactyly loop) contains the Sonic Hedgehog involved in the pathogenesis of preaxial polydactyly. This entity is named as the preaxial polydactyly-radial longitudinal deficiency association and should be included in the description of the preaxial polydactyly spectrum. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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14
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Guéro S. Developmental biology of the upper limb. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2018; 37:265-274. [PMID: 30041930 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide hand surgeons with current knowledge on the developmental biology of the upper limb. It will review positioning, limb bud emergence and formation of the apical ectodermal ridge. The development of the limb bud is analyzed in its three axes: proximal-distal, anteroposterior and dorsoventral. The signaling center and primary morphogens that initiate and stimulate the development of each axis will be described. For the proximal-distal axis, the apical ectodermal ridge stimulates the production of FGFs in the underlying distal mesoderm. The anteroposterior (or radio-ulnar) differentiation is a function of the zone of polarizing activity via the small Sonic hedgehog protein, which diffuses in a decreasing concentration gradient from the ulnar to the radial side of the bud. This gradient is essential to digit identity and numbers. For the dorsoventral differentiation, the signaling center is the dorsal ectoderm, which secretes WNT7A. Limb segmentation is described in three parts (arm, forearm and hand) along with the formation of the digital rays until finger separation. An example of congenital anomalies is provided for each step. To keep the length of this lecture within reason, the embryogenesis of nerves, blood vessels, muscles and tendons will not be discussed. On the other hand, the singularity of the thumb relative to the other fingers will be described. With a better understanding of developmental biology, surgeons should have better insight into congenital anomalies of the upper limb. This approach is the basis for the new OMT classification used by the IFFSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guéro
- Institut de la Main, Clinique Bizet, 22, rue Georges-Bizet, 75116 Paris, France; Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
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15
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Zone of Polarizing Activity Regulatory Sequence Mutations/Duplications with Preaxial Polydactyly and Longitudinal Preaxial Ray Deficiency in the Phenotype: A Review of Human Cases, Animal Models, and Insights Regarding the Pathogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1573871. [PMID: 29651423 PMCID: PMC5832050 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1573871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians and scientists interested in developmental biology have viewed preaxial polydactyly (PPD) and longitudinal preaxial ray deficiency (LPAD) as two different entities. Point mutations and duplications in the zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) are associated with anterior ectopic expression of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in the limb bud and usually result in a PPD phenotype. However, some of these mutations/duplications also have LPAD in the phenotype. This unusual PPD-LPAD association in ZRS mutations/duplications has not been specifically reviewed in the literature. The author reviews this unusual entity and gives insights regarding its pathogenesis.
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16
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Agostini G, Rasoazanabary E, Godfrey LR. The befuddling nature of mouse lemur hands and feet at Bezà Mahafaly, SW Madagascar. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28605033 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The reddish-gray mouse lemur (Microcebus griseorufus) possesses striking phenotypic and behavioral variation. This project investigates differences in autopod proportions in neighboring populations of M. griseorufus from the Special Reserve at Bezà Mahafaly in southwest Madagascar. One population resides in an environment generally preferred by M. griseorufus-a spiny forest with large-trunked trees, vertically-oriented supports, and more open ground, while the other resides in a gallery forest with abundant small, often horizontal peripheral branches in high canopy. We demonstrate significant interpopulation differences in autopod morphophology despite no evidence of divergence in mitochondrial cytochrome b. We test two hypotheses regarding ultimate causation. The first, based on the Fine Branch Arborealism Hypothesis (FBAH), holds that autopod differences are related to different locomotor practices in the two environments, and the second, based on the Narrow Niche Hypothesis (NNH), holds that the observed differences reflect a relaxation (from ancestral to descendant conditions) of selective pressure for terrestrial locomotion and/or use of large, vertical supports combined with positive selection for locomoting in peripheral branch settings. Our data conform well to FBAH expectations and show some support for the NNH. Individuals from the gallery forest possess disproportionally long posterior digits that facilitate locomotion on small, flexible canopy supports while individuals from the spiny forest possess shorter posterior digits and a longer pollex/hallux that increase functional grasping diameter for large vertical supports and facilitate efficient ground locomotion. Focal individual data confirm differences in how often individuals descend to the ground and use vertical supports. We further show that predispersal juveniles, like adults, possess autopod morphologies suited to their natal forest. We explore two proximate mechanisms that could generate these cheiridial differences. The first posits an in vivo plastic response to different locomotor behaviors, the second posits differences that manifest in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Agostini
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | | | - Laurie R Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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17
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The congenital great toe malformation of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva? - A close call. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:399-402. [PMID: 28473268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital bilateral hallux valgus with associated absence or fusion of the interphalangeal joint is a classic diagnostic feature of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a human genetic disease of extra-skeletal bone formation caused in nearly all cases by a gain-of-function mutation in Activin A Receptor I/Activin-like Kinase 2 (ACVR1/ALK2), which encodes a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) Type 1 receptor. This toe malformation prompts the suspicion of FOP even before the appearance of extra-skeletal bone. Here we report the case of a four-month-old child who was suspected of having FOP on the basis of a great toe malformation identical to that seen in children with the disease. METHODS The patient's genomic DNA of the coding region of ACVR1 was sequenced and analyzed for mutations known to cause FOP and novel mutations. Subsequent comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses were performed to detect mutations elsewhere in the genome. RESULTS Genetic testing exonerated ACVR1 as culpable for the patient's toe malformation. CGH and SNP analyses identified a large intragenic deletion in a different BMP Type 1 receptor gene, BMP Receptor 1B/Activin-like kinase 6 (BMPR1B/ALK6), a gene associated with a variable spectrum of autosomal dominant brachydactyly phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS This report illustrates that while toe morphology remains the earliest indicator of FOP, toe morphology alone is not an unequivocal clinical diagnostic feature of FOP, and supports that embryonic development of the great toe is highly sensitive to dysregulated signaling from at least two BMP type I receptors.
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18
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Elmakky A, Stanghellini I, Landi A, Percesepe A. Role of Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Radial Deficiencies in Humans. Curr Genomics 2016; 16:264-78. [PMID: 26962299 PMCID: PMC4765521 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150528000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial deficiencies (RDs), defined as under/abnormal development or absence of any of the
structures of the forearm, radial carpal bones and thumb, occur with a live birth incidence ranging
from 1 out of 30,000 to 1 out 6,000 newborns and represent about one third/one fourth of all the congenital
upper limb anomalies. About half of radial disorders have a mendelian cause and pattern of
inheritance, whereas the remaining half appears sporadic with no known gene involved. In sporadic
forms certain anomalies, such as thumb or radial hypoplasia, may occur either alone or in association
with systemic conditions, like vertebral abnormalities or renal defects. All the cases with a mendelian inheritance are syndromic
forms, which include cardiac defects (in Holt-Oram syndrome), bone marrow failure (in Fanconi anemia), platelet
deficiency (in thrombocytopenia-absent-radius syndrome), ocular motility impairment (in Okihiro syndrome). The
genetics of radial deficiencies is complex, characterized by genetic heterogeneity and high inter- and intra-familial clinical
variability: this review will analyze the etiopathogenesis and the genotype/phenotype correlations of the main radial deficiency
disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Elmakky
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stanghellini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Landi
- Hand Surgery and Microsurgery, Department of Locomotor System Diseases, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Percesepe
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
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19
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Ladd AL, Leopold SS. Editor's Spotlight/Take 5: The 2014 ABJS Nicolas Andry Award: The puzzle of the thumb: mobility, stability, and demands in opposition. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014; 472:3601-4. [PMID: 25287522 PMCID: PMC4397801 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth S Leopold
- Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 1600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19013, USA,
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20
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Mishima K, Kitoh H, Haga N, Nakashima Y, Kamizono J, Katagiri T, Susami T, Matsushita M, Ishiguro N. Radiographic characteristics of the hand and cervical spine in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:46-51. [PMID: 25343126 PMCID: PMC4204539 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a disabling heritable disorder of connective tissue characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification in various extraskeletal sites. Early correct diagnosis of FOP is important to prevent additional iatrogenic harm or trauma. Congenital malformation of the great toes is a well-known diagnostic clue, but some patients show normal-appearing great toes. The thumb shortening and cervical spine abnormalities are other skeletal features often observed in FOP. This study aimed to address the quantitative assessment of these features in a cohort of patients with FOP, which potentially helps early diagnosis of FOP. Radiographs of the hand and cervical spine were retrospectively analyzed from a total of 18 FOP patients (9 males and 9 females) with an average age of 13.9 years (range 0.7-39.3 years). The elevated ratio of the second metacarpal bone to the distal phalanx of the thumb (> +1SD) was a consistent finding irrespective of the patient's age and gender. Infant FOP patients, in addition, exhibited an extremely high ratio of the second metacarpal bone to the first metacarpal bone (> +3SD). The height/depth ratio of the C5 vertebra increased in patients over 4 years of age (> +2SD). Additionally, the ratio of (height+depth) of the C5 spinous process to the C5 vertebral depth was markedly elevated in young patients (> +2SD). We quantitatively demonstrated the hand and cervical spine characteristics of FOP. These findings, which can be seen from early infancy, could be useful for early diagnosis of FOP even in patients without great toe abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- The Research Committee on Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, Tokyo, Japan
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Hiroshi Kitoh, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Nobuhiko Haga
- The Research Committee on Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- The Research Committee on Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Kamizono
- The Research Committee on Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takenobu Katagiri
- The Research Committee on Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Susami
- The Research Committee on Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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