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Rahardja R, Love H, Clatworthy MG, Young SW. Validating the capture rate of revisions by the New Zealand ACL Registry: An analysis of all-cause reoperation following primary ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024. [PMID: 38813897 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the New Zealand Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Registry's capture rate of revisions by cross-referencing Registry data with reoperations data recorded by the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) and identify risk factors for all-cause reoperation. METHODS Primary ACL reconstructions performed between April 2014 and September 2019 were individually matched on a record-by-record basis between the two databases. The ACC database was used to identify patients who underwent a reoperation with manual review of operation notes to identify whether a revision or other procedure was performed. This was combined with the number of revisions separately recorded in the New Zealand ACL Registry, which was used as the denominator value to calculate the Registry's capture rate of revisions. Patient and surgical data recorded in the Registry were analysed to identify independent predictors for all-cause reoperation. RESULTS A total of 8046 primary ACL reconstructions were matched between the New Zealand ACL Registry and the ACC databases. The reoperation rate was 8.9% (n = 715) at a mean follow-up of 2.5 years. Meniscal-related procedures were the most common reoperation (n = 299, 3.7%), followed by revision ACL reconstruction (n = 219, 2.7%), arthrofibrosis (n = 185, 2.3%), cartilage (n = 56, 0.7%) and implants (n = 32, 0.4%). The New Zealand ACL Registry captured 96% of revisions. Younger age (hazard ratio [HR] > 1.4, p < 0.001), earlier surgery (HR > 1.3, p = 0.05), concurrent meniscal repair (medial meniscus HR = 1.9, p < 0.001 and lateral meniscus HR = 1.3, p = 0.022) and hamstring tendon autografts (HR = 1.4, p = 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of reoperation. CONCLUSION The New Zealand ACL Registry captured 96% of revisions. Risk factors for all-cause reoperation included younger age, earlier surgery, meniscal repair and hamstring tendon autografts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rahardja
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark G Clatworthy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon W Young
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Yang CP, Hung SF, Lin KY, Hung YC, Chen YJ, Yao SY, Chiu CH, Chan YS. The increased lateral tibial slope may result in inferior long-term clinical outcome after DB-ACL reconstruction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2024; 144:619-626. [PMID: 37962635 PMCID: PMC10822791 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-023-05114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if there is a correlation between lateral tibial slope and long-term clinical results in patients who underwent double-bundle ACL reconstruction. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients that received double-bundle ACL reconstruction at a single institution by a single surgeon from January 2011 to December 2014. All the magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed and lateral tibial slopes (LTS) were recorded by an experienced surgeon and rechecked by the other two authors of this study that specialized in orthopedic knee surgery. The relationship between PROMs measurement and lateral tibial slope were analyzed. The patients were then separated into two groups (LTS > 7.4° and < 7.4°) according to the previous study. RESULTS A total of 119 patients were enrolled in this study. All enrolled patients were followed for at least 8 years. The PROMS result were negatively correlated with the lateral tibial slope (p values all < 0.001). The patients with high lateral tibial slope had significantly lower PROMS values (Lysholm 94.26 ± 5.61 vs 80.15 ± 8.28, p = 0.013; IKDC 82.99 ± 4.55 vs 70.09 ± 7.15, p = 0.003; Tegner 9.32 ± 0.95 vs 6.85 ± 1.99, p < 0.001). Finally, the LTS cutoff value between patients with "Good" and "Fair" Lysholm score in our study was 7.55 degrees. CONCLUSIONS Patients with high lateral tibial slope may result in inferior long-term subjective outcomes. The using of double-bundle ACL reconstruction along cannot overcome the negative impact caused by steep lateral tibial slope. A lateral tibial slope of 7.55° may be used as a cut-off for a good clinical outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III retrospective comparative prognostic trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Pang Yang
- Comprehensive Sports Medicine Center, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Hung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Yi Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Hung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jou Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chiu
- Comprehensive Sports Medicine Center, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Chan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 222, Mai-Chin Rd, Keelung City, 204, Taiwan.
- Comprehensive Sports Medicine Center, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.
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3
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Zhao D, Pan JK, Lin FZ, Luo MH, Liang GH, Zeng LF, Huang HT, Han YH, Xu NJ, Yang WY, Liu J. Risk Factors for Revision or Rerupture After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:3053-3075. [PMID: 36189967 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221119787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rerupture or need for revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a serious complication. Preventive strategies that target the early identification of risk factors are important to reduce the incidence of additional surgery. PURPOSE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate risk factors for revision or rerupture after ACLR. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from database inception to November 2021 and updated in January 2022. Quantitative, original studies reporting potential adjusted risk factors were included. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for potential risk factors. RESULTS A total of 71 studies across 13 countries with a total sample size of 629,120 met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen factors were associated with an increase in the risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR: male sex (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14-1.41), younger age (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.08), lower body mass index (BMI) (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06), family history (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.50-4.08), White race (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.60), higher posterolateral tibial slope (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.26), preoperative high-grade anterior knee laxity (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.46-3.64), higher baseline Marx activity level (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13), return to a high activity level/sport (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.15-3.57), an ACLR within less than a year after injury (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.81-2.32), a concomitant medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.31-2.00), an anteromedial portal or transportal technique (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.22-1.51), hamstring tendon (HT) autografts (vs bone-patellar tendon-bone [BPTB] autografts) (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.40-1.82), allografts (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.65-4.19), and smaller graft diameter (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.05-1.38). The other factors failed to show an association with an increased risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR. CONCLUSION Male sex, younger age, lower BMI, family history, White race, higher posterolateral tibial slope, preoperative high-grade anterior knee laxity, higher baseline Marx activity level, return to a high activity level/sport, an ACLR within less than a year from injury, a concomitant MCL injury, an anteromedial portal or transportal technique, HT autografts (vs BPTB autografts), allografts, and smaller graft diameter may increase the risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR. Raising awareness and implementing effective preventions/interventions for risk factors are priorities for clinical practitioners to reduce the incidence of revision or rerupture after ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ke Pan
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Zheng Lin
- The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hui Luo
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Hong Liang
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Feng Zeng
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Tao Huang
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Han
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan-Jun Xu
- The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Yi Yang
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Lording TD. Review of Cha et al. (2005) on "Arthroscopic Double Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: An Anatomical Approach". J ISAKOS 2023; 8:140-144. [PMID: 36924827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
This classic discusses the original publication 'Arthroscopic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL): An anatomical approach', the first detailed description of the surgical technique popularised by Dr Freddie Fu. The technique, in which the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the ACL are reconstructed individually using two grafts with independent bone tunnels, was designed to more closely recreate the function of the native ACL by more closely reproducing the functional anatomy. This reconstruction was biomechanically superior to single-bundle reconstruction, particularly with regards to rotational control, leading to great interest from ACL surgeons around the world. Clinical superiority was more difficult to demonstrate; however, and the technical difficulty of the procedure has limited its use. Nevertheless, the pursuit of improved patient outcomes through attention to functional anatomical detail continues. 'Recreating the functional anatomy of the intact ACL remains the cornerstone of ACL reconstruction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lording
- Melbourne Orthopaedic Group, Windsor, 3181, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia.
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5
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Delaloye JR, Hartog C, Blatter S, Schläppi M, Müller D, Schwenke T, Murar J, Koch PP. Biomechanical Comparison of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Single-Bundle Round or Ribbon-like Hamstring Tendon Graft. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:1162-1170. [PMID: 36917792 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231159069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent instability of the knee is reported in up to 30% of patients after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Based on anatomic findings showing that ACL is a flat ribbon-like structure that twists during knee flexion, a new surgical ACL reconstruction technique using a ribbon-like graft has been developed. However the effect of this surgical technique on knee kinematics has not yet been evaluated. PURPOSE To compare the anteroposterior and rotational stability of the knee after ACL reconstruction using single-bundle (SB) round and ribbon-like grafts in anterolateral-intact/deficient knees. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Twelve human fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were tested with a 6 degrees of freedom robotic system. Internal rotation and anterior translation of the knee were recorded from 0° to 90° of flexion. A full kinematic assessment was performed in each of the following conditions: (1) intact knee, (2) after sectioning of the ACL, (3) after ACL reconstruction using a SB hamstring tendon graft in a round configuration and a ribbon-like configuration, and (4) after sectioning of the anterolateral structures. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS When compared with the intact knee, the ACL-deficient knee demonstrated a mean ± SD increase in anterior translation and internal rotation of 6.3 ± 2.5 mm (P < .01) and 5.8°± 2.3° (P < .01), respectively. After ACL reconstruction using a SB ribbon-like graft, the mean difference in anterior translation and internal rotation as compared with the intact knee was -0.1 ± 1.5 mm (P = .842) and 0.0°± 1.1° (P = .999). These differences from the intact knee were also not significant after ACL reconstruction using a round graft (-0.1 ± 1.3 mm, P = .999; -0.5°± 1.5°, P = .401). In the ACL-reconstructed knee using either a ribbon-like or round graft, sectioning of the anterolateral structures did not induce a significant increase of anterior translation and internal rotation of the knee. CONCLUSION ACL reconstruction using a SB ribbon-like or round graft restored the kinematics of the intact knee at time zero. Secondary sectioning of the anterolateral structures in the ACL-reconstructed knee using both types of graft did not significantly affect the anterior translation and internal rotation of the knee. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the first biomechanical study on the new ACL reconstruction technique using a ribbon-like graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Romain Delaloye
- Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hartog
- Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Blatter
- Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Michel Schläppi
- Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jozef Murar
- Twin Cities Orthopedics, Edina, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter P Koch
- Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital, Winterthur, Switzerland
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6
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Monárrez R, Bennett C. Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair With Single-Bundle Hamstring Tendon Augmentation Providing Complete Femoral Footprint Restoration for Sherman Type One Tears: A Technique Guide. Arthrosc Tech 2022; 11:e1957-e1961. [PMID: 36457414 PMCID: PMC9705601 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is renewed interest in performing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repairs in appropriate patients who have Sherman type 1 ACL tears. However, ACL repairs are associated with unacceptably high failure rates, which may be partly improved with suture augmentation. Our technique uses a hamstring autograft tendon to reconstruct a bundle through a femoral tunnel while inserting the native ACL tissue into the other bundle's femoral footprint. The tear pattern dictates whether the native ACL tissue is inserted into the anteromedial or posterolateral lateral femoral origin. The improved cellular and biomechanical milieu for healing of both the repair and reconstruction may translate to earlier return to sport and reduced failure rates. In addition, by restoring the entire femoral footprint with a single femoral tunnel, improved rotational control is achieved without the bone stock loss observed in traditional ACL double-bundle reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Monárrez
- Address correspondence to Rubén Monárrez, M.D., Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital, 2401 W Belvedere Ave., Baltimore, MD 21215.
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7
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Järvelä T, Musahl V. Revising a double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament: one- or two-stage procedure? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:1855-1857. [PMID: 35039920 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Järvelä
- Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Center, Hospital Mehiläinen, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Volker Musahl
- Blue Cross of Western Pennsylvania Professor and Chief Sports Medicine, International Sports Medicine, UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, Co-Head Team Physician Football, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Miles JJ, McGuigan PM, King E, Daniels KAJ. Biomechanical asymmetries differ between autograft types during unplanned change of direction after ACL reconstruction. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1236-1248. [PMID: 35419809 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nine months after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, athletes who undergo surgery using a bone-patellar-tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft demonstrate higher loading asymmetries during vertical jumping than those with a hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. These asymmetries may transfer into sporting movements with a greater ACL injury risk. The aim of this study was to compare between-limb asymmetries in knee mechanics and task performance during an unplanned 90° change-of-direction (CoD) task in male field sport athletes reconstructed with BPTB or HT autografts. Seventy-eight male multidirectional field sport athletes with either a BPTB (n = 39) or HT (n = 39) autograft completed maximal unplanned CoD trials in a three-dimensional motion capture laboratory at approximately 9 months post-surgery. A mixed-model 2x2 ANOVA (autograft type x limb) was used to compare variables related to ACL injury risk (e.g., internal knee moments) and performance (e.g., completion time) between autografts and limbs. Statistical parametric mapping was used for a waveform comparison throughout stance, supplemented with a discrete point analyses of peak knee moments and performance variables. Interaction effects were found at the knee joint, with BPTB demonstrating greater asymmetries than HT in knee extension moment (p < 0.001); resultant ground reaction force (p < 0.001); peak knee external rotation moment (p = 0.04); and knee adduction (p = 0.05), medial rotation (p < 0.001), and flexion (p < 0.001) angles. No differences were found between autografts for any performance variable. BPTB demonstrated greater lower-limb biomechanical asymmetries than HT during CoD, which may influence knee loading and longer-term outcomes and should thus be targeted during rehabilitation prior to return to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Miles
- Sports Medicine Research Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Enda King
- Sports Medicine Research Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine A J Daniels
- Sports Medicine Research Department, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Shen X, Qin Y, Zuo J, Liu T, Xiao J. A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Failure. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:682-693. [PMID: 33784786 DOI: 10.1055/a-1393-6282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although most studies have introduced risk factors related to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure, studies on combinations of high-risk factors are rare. To provide a systematic review of the risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure to guide surgeons through the decision-making process, an extensive literature search was performed of the Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library databases. Studies published between January 1, 2009, and September 19, 2019, regarding the existing evidence for risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure or graft failure were included in this review. Study quality was evaluated with the quality index. Ultimately, 66 articles met our criteria. There were 46 cases classified as technical factors, 21 cases as patient-related risk factors, and 14 cases as status of the knee joint. Quality assessment scores ranged from 14 to 24. This systematic review provides a comprehensive summary of the risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure, including technical factors, patient-related factors, and the factors associated with the status of the knee joint. Emphasis should be placed on avoiding these high-risk combinations or correcting modifiable risk factors during preoperative planning to reduce the rate of graft rupture and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyue Shen
- Department of Orthopedics,The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanguo Qin
- Department of Orthopedics,The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianlin Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Wu B, Liang D, Yang L, Li S, Qiu Z, Qin Q, Liang X, Liu H, Ouyang K, Xiong J, Wang D, Lu W, Zhong M, Li Y, Li H, Feng W, Chen K, Peng L, Zhu W. Interbundle Impingement Pressure in Individualized and Nonindividualized Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Cadaveric Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967120958487. [PMID: 33614806 PMCID: PMC7869155 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120958487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Graft impingement is one of the main concerns in double-bundle anterior
cruciate ligament reconstruction (DB-ACLR). Impingement between the
anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles has been postulated to
cause graft deterioration or rerupture, but this has not been thoroughly
investigated, and the interbundle impingement pressure (IIP) has not been
well researched. Purpose: To determine the IIP between the AM and PL bundles in the native anterior
cruciate ligament (ACL) and in DB-ACLR with individualized and
nonindividualized double-tunnel placement. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 30 fresh-frozen, nonpaired, human cadaveric knees were randomly
divided into 3 groups of 10 knees: native intact ACL (NI group), DB-ACLR
tunnel placement using the preserved remnant procedure (individualized
reconstruction) (PR group), and DB-ACLR tunnel placement using the bony
landmark procedure (nonindividualized reconstruction) (BL group). Pressure
sensors were inserted between the AM and PL bundles. The knee was moved
passively from full extension to full flexion, and the IIP between the 2 ACL
bundles was measured every 15°. Similarly, the impingement pressure was
measured between the ACL and intercondylar roof and between the ACL and
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Results: No significant differences were found in the maximum, mean, or minimum
ACL-roof and ACL-PCL impingement pressures among the 3 groups. The IIP
significantly increased when the knee joint was flexed >120° in all 3
groups (P < .001). Compared with the other 2 groups, the
BL group had significantly higher maximum and mean IIP throughout the range
of knee movement (P < .001) and from maximum extension
to 120° of flexion (P < .001). The BL group also had
significantly higher minimum IIP than the other 2 groups when knee flexion
was >120° (P < .001). No significant differences were
seen in maximum, minimum, or mean IIP between the NI and PR groups. Conclusion: The PR procedure (individualized DB-ACLR) was more consistent with the
interbundle biomechanical conditions of the native ACL, whereas the BL
procedure (nonindividualized DB-ACLR) had higher maximum and mean IIP. The
IIP was higher than the ACL–intercondylar roof or ACL-PCL pressures, and it
increased significantly when knee flexion was >120°. Clinical Relevance: These data suggest that surgeons can perform individualized DB-ACLR using
preserved remnants for tunnel placement as impingement-free DB-ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Daqiang Liang
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihe Qiu
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qihuang Qin
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinzhi Liang
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kan Ouyang
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingjin Zhong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Investigation performed at the Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Investigation performed at the Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Investigation performed at the Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenzhe Feng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Investigation performed at the Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Investigation performed at the Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangquan Peng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Investigation performed at the Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Investigation performed at the Department of Sports Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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11
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No difference in revision rates between anteromedial portal and transtibial drilling of the femoral graft tunnel in primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: early results from the New Zealand ACL Registry. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:3631-3638. [PMID: 32239269 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-05959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of an accessory anteromedial portal to drill the femoral graft tunnel in primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction was introduced in the 2000s in an effort to achieve a more anatomic femoral tunnel position. However, some early studies reported an increase in revision ACL reconstruction compared to the traditional transtibial technique. The aim of this study was to analyse recent data recorded by the New Zealand ACL Registry to compare outcomes of ACL reconstruction performed using the anteromedial portal and transtibial techniques. METHODS Analysis was performed on primary isolated single-bundle ACL reconstructions recorded between 2014 and 2018 by the New Zealand ACL Registry. Patients were categorised into two groups according to whether an anteromedial portal or transtibial technique was used to drill the femoral graft tunnel. The primary outcome was revision ACL reconstruction and was compared between both groups through univariate and multivariate survival analyses. The secondary outcomes that were analysed included subscales of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Marx activity score. RESULTS Six thousand one hundred and eighty-eight primary single-bundle ACL reconstructions were performed using either the anteromedial portal or transtibial drilling techniques. The mean time of follow-up was 23.3 (SD ± 14.0) months. Similar patient characteristics such as mean age (29 years, SD ± 11), sex (males = 58% versus 57%) and time to surgery (median 4 months, IQR 5) were observed between both groups. The rate of revision ACL reconstruction was 2.6% in the anteromedial portal group and 2.2% in the transtibial group (n.s.). The adjusted risk of revision ACL reconstruction was 1.07 (95% CI 0.62-1.84, n.s.). Patients in the anteromedial portal group reported improved scores for subscales of the KOOS and higher Marx activity scores at 1-year post-reconstruction. CONCLUSION There was no difference in the risk of revision ACL reconstruction between the two femoral tunnel drilling techniques at short-term follow-up. We observed minor differences in patient-reported outcomes at 1-year follow-up favouring the anteromedial portal technique, which may not be clinically relevant. Surgeons can achieve good clinical outcomes with either drilling technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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12
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Oval femoral tunnel technique is superior to the conventional round femoral tunnel technique using the hamstring tendon in anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:2245-2254. [PMID: 31776627 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to compare the efficacy between the oval femoral tunnel technique and the conventional round femoral tunnel technique in ACL reconstruction using an autologous hamstring tendon on the basis of the postoperative clinical outcomes and ACL graft tendon maturity. The hypothesis was that ACL reconstruction performed using the oval femoral tunnel technique was better than that performed using the round femoral tunnel technique in clinical functions and graft maturity. METHODS One hundred and eight patients who underwent anatomical single-bundle ACL reconstruction were included in this study and the follow-up period was at least 2 years. Thirty-nine patients admitted between February and August in 2016 were included in the oval femoral tunnel group and 69 patients admitted between September 2016 and March 2017 were included in the round femoral tunnel group. The Lachman test result, pivot-shift test result, Lysholm score, IKDC score, and VAS score were used for the clinical evaluation. An objective assessment of anteroposterior stability was performed using a KT1000 arthrometer. Postoperative MRI was conducted to compare the ACL graft maturity differences between the oval femoral tunnel group and round femoral tunnel group, where the signal/noise quotient (SNQ) was calculated. In addition, second-look arthroscopy was conducted to compare the graft status and synovial coverage at 24 months postoperatively. RESULTS All the patients presented with significant improvement in all clinical scores from the preoperative period to the 24-month follow-up. During the postoperative follow-up period, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of the VAS score, knee ROM, Lachman test results, and graft status determined in the second-look arthroscopic evaluation. The Lysholm score was 97.1 ± 3.9 and 94.8 ± 5.6 in the oval femoral tunnel group and round femoral tunnel group, respectively, at the 24-month follow-up (p = 0.031). The IKDC subjective score was 92.0 ± 2.6 and 89.0 ± 3.6 in the oval femoral tunnel group and round femoral tunnel group, respectively, at the end of the follow-up period (p < 0.001). Significantly more patients with 1-degree positive pivot-shift test results were observed in the round femoral tunnel group (10/65) than in the oval femoral tunnel group (1/37) at the end of the follow-up period (p = 0.048). The mean SNQ of the oval femoral tunnel group was 2.7 ± 0.9, which was significantly lower than that of the round femoral tunnel group (3.6 ± 1.1) at the 24-month postoperative follow-up (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Based on the clinical evaluations, MRI findings and second-look arthroscopy results of the two groups, the oval femoral tunnel technique yielded significantly better knee function and knee laxity restoration and more mature ACL grafts than the round femoral tunnel technique, whereas no significant differences were found at the second-look arthroscopy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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13
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Abstract
A subset of patients have residual rotational laxity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) despite the evolution of ACLR techniques. In recent years, there has been increased interest in addressing residual laxity because it is associated with poor outcomes after ACLR. There is an expanding body of knowledge on the anatomy and biomechanics of the anterolateral soft tissue restraints in regard to their rotational control of the knee and this has reignited an interest in extra-articular reconstruction techniques for augmenting ACLR. Reconstruction techniques currently used can be broadly categorized as either lateral extra-articular tenodesis or anterolateral ligament reconstruction. In this review, we discuss the relevant anatomy, biomechanics, and rationale behind the indications and technique of our current extra-articular augmentation procedure.
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14
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Rahardja R, Zhu M, Love H, Clatworthy MG, Monk AP, Young SW. Factors associated with revision following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review of registry data. Knee 2020; 27:287-299. [PMID: 32014408 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify the patient and surgical factors associated with revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction as reported by all national and community ACL registries. METHODS A systematic review was performed on the MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases. Eligibility criteria included English studies published by national or community ACL registries reporting on primary ACL reconstruction and risk factors associated with revision ACL reconstruction. RESULTS Thirty-three studies from the Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and Kaiser Permanente registries were included for review. Fourteen studies from all four registries reported younger age as a risk factor for revision ACL reconstruction. In addition, the Swedish registry reported concomitant medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury, undergoing earlier surgery, lower Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), smaller graft diameter and an anteromedial portal drilling technique as risk factors for revision. The risk factors reported by the Norwegian registry included lower body mass index (BMI), lower KOOS, hamstring tendon grafts and suspensory fixation. The Danish registry reported hamstring tendon grafts, anteromedial portal drilling and suspensory fixation as risk factors. The Kaiser Permanente registry reported male sex, lower BMI, ethnicity, hamstring tendon grafts, allografts, smaller graft diameter and an anteromedial portal technique as risk factors for revision. CONCLUSION Multiple patient and surgical factors were associated with increased risk of revision ACL reconstruction in registries. Younger age and the use of hamstring tendon grafts were consistently reported as risk factors for failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Zhu
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark G Clatworthy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Paul Monk
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon W Young
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Svantesson E, Hamrin Senorski E, Danielsson A, Sundemo D, Westin O, Ayeni OR, Samuelsson K. Strength in numbers? The fragility index of studies from the Scandinavian knee ligament registries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:339-352. [PMID: 31190245 PMCID: PMC6995986 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fragility index (FI) is a metric to evaluate the robustness of statistically significant results. It describes the number of patients who would need to change from a non-event to an event to change a result from significant to non-significant. This systematic survey aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying the FI to findings related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in the Scandinavian knee ligament registries. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and AMED databases were searched. Studies from the Scandinavian knee ligament registers were eligible if they reported a statistically significant result (p < 0.05) for any of the following dichotomous outcomes; ACL revision, contralateral ACL reconstruction or the presence of postoperative knee laxity. Only studies with a two-arm comparative analysis were included. Eligibility assessment, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. The dichotomous analyses were stratified according to the grouping variable for the two comparative arms as follows; age, patient sex, activity at injury, graft choice, drilling technique, graft fixation, single- versus double-bundle, concomitant cartilage injury and country. The two-sided Fisher's exact test was used to calculate the FI of all statistically significant analyses. RESULTS From 158 identified studies, 13 studies were included. They reported statistical significance for a total of 56 dichotomous analyses, of which all but two had been determined by a time-to-event analysis. The median sample size for the arms was 5540 (range 92-38,666). The mean FI for all 56 dichotomous analyses was 80.6 (median 34.5), which means that a mean of 80.6 patients were needed to change outcome status to generate a non-significant result instead of a significant one. Seventeen analyses (30.4%) immediately became non-significant when performing the two-sided Fisher's exact test and, therefore, had an FI of 0. The analyses related to age were the most robust, with a mean FI of 178.5 (median 116, range 1-1089). The mean FI of the other grouping variables ranged from 0.5 to 48.0. CONCLUSION There was large variability in the FI in analyses from the Scandinavian knee ligament registries and almost one third of the analyses had an FI of zero. The FI is a rough measurement of robustness when applied to registry studies, however, future studies are needed to determine the most appropriate metric for robustness in registry studies. The use of the FI can provide clinicians with a deeper understanding of significant study results and promotes an evidence-based approach in the clinical care of patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review of prospective cohort studies, Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor Svantesson
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Eric Hamrin Senorski
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adam Danielsson
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Sundemo
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Westin
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Olufemi R. Ayeni
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Kristian Samuelsson
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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16
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Similar risk of ACL graft revision for alpine skiers, football and handball players: the graft revision rate is influenced by age and graft choice. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:33-37. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesThe risk of graft revision following ACL reconstruction may depend on the sport type the individuals are engaged in. The purpose of this study was to report the ACL graft revision rate in alpine skiers, football and handball players.Materials and methodsPrimary ACL reconstructions and graft revision data from 2004 to December 2016 were obtained from the Norwegian Cruciate Ligament Registry. The graft survival rates were calculated for individuals in each of the three sport types, for bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB) and hamstring tendons (HT) grafts separately, and related to age at primary operation and sex.ResultsA total of 711 grafts in 14 201 primary ACL reconstructions were revised (5.0%) after median 6 years, 3.8% in alpine skiers, 5.0% in soccer and 6.1% in handball players (p<0.001). Adjusted Cox regression showed similar ACL graft survival rates in the three groups. The HR for graft revision was 5 times higher for individuals aged ≤18 years than for those aged ≥35 years (p<0.001). The corresponding HR for graft type was 1.8 times higher for HT than for BPTB grafts (p<0.001), but 2.8 times higher for individuals aged ≤18 years (p<0.001). The 12 years survival of BPTB grafts was 96% compared with 93% for HT grafts (p <0.001).ConclusionThe revision rate for ACL grafts was similar among alpine skiers, football and handball players, and the results support the use of BPTB grafts in young athletes with closed growth zones in the knee.Study designCohort study; level of evidence, 2.
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17
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Roos EM, Boyle E, Frobell RB, Lohmander LS, Ingelsrud LH. It is good to feel better, but better to feel good: whether a patient finds treatment 'successful' or not depends on the questions researchers ask. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:1474-1478. [PMID: 31072841 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In sports physiotherapy, medicine and orthopaedic randomised controlled trials (RCT), the investigators (and readers) focus on the difference between groups in change scores from baseline to follow-up. Mean score changes are difficult to interpret ('is an improvement of 20 units good?'), and follow-up scores may be more meaningful. We investigated how applying three different responder criteria to change and follow-up scores would affect the 'outcome' of RCTs. Responder criteria refers to participants' perceptions of how the intervention affected them. METHODS We applied three different criteria-minimal important change (MIC), patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) and treatment failure (TF)-to the aggregate Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS4) and the five KOOS subscales, the primary and secondary outcomes of the KANON trial (ISRCTN84752559). This trial included young active adults with an acute ACL injury and compared two treatment strategies: exercise therapy plus early reconstructive surgery, and exercise therapy plus delayed reconstructive surgery, if needed. RESULTS MIC: At 2 years, more than 90% in the two treatment arms reported themselves to be minimally but importantly improved for the primary outcome KOOS4. PASS: About 50% of participants in both treatment arms reported their KOOS4 follow-up scores to be satisfactory. TF: Almost 10% of participants in both treatment arms found their outcomes so unsatisfactory that they thought their treatment had failed. There were no statistically significant or meaningful differences between treatment arms using these criteria. CONCLUSION We applied change criteria as well as cross-sectional follow-up criteria to interpret trial outcomes with more clinical focus. We suggest researchers apply MIC, PASS and TF thresholds to enhance interpretation of KOOS and other patient-reported scores. The findings from this study can improve shared decision-making processes for people with an acute ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M Roos
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Eleanor Boyle
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard B Frobell
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Stefan Lohmander
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lina Holm Ingelsrud
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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18
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Knee hyperextension and a small lateral condyle are associated with greater quantified antero-lateral rotatory instability in the patients with a complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:868-874. [PMID: 30242454 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify factors associated with quantified rotatory stability (pivot-shift phenomenon) in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injured knee joint. METHODS A consecutive sample of 54 patients who were diagnosed with an ACL injury and admitted to our hospital to undergo ACL reconstruction were enrolled in this study. Antero-lateral rotatory laxity of the knee joint was quantified using a Kinematic Rapid Assessment device (KiRA; Orthokey LTD) under spinal block before initiating reconstruction of the ACL. Univariate and multivariate regressions were performed assuming relationships between patient characteristics (independent variables) and quantified antero-lateral rotatory stability (a dependent variable). RESULTS It was observed that a low BMI (t = - 1.659, n.s.), greater passive knee extension angle (t = 2.374, P = 0.023), and a narrower lateral femoral condyle width index (t = - 1.712, n.s.) could be candidates associated with the antero-lateral rotatory instability, using univariate analysis. Employing multivariate analysis controlling for these three variables, that the range of passive knee extension was found to be significantly associated with antero-lateral rotatory instability in the ACL-injured knee joint (t = 2.21, P = 0.035). Patients were then divided into two groups (pivot-shift negative versus positive groups) based on the KiRA-documented quantified pivot-shift test. Interestingly, 23.3% of patients were pivot-shift negative, even though their ACL was confirmed as a complete rupture by arthroscopic observations. The degree of passive knee extension was 2.3 ± 4.5 (mean ± SD) in the pivot-shift negative group, while it was 6.8 ± 6.6 in the pivot-shift positive group (n.s.). The lateral femoral condyle width index was 36.6 ± 2.0% in the pivot-shift negative group, and it was significantly wider than in the pivot-shift positive group (33.8 ± 2.6%, P = 0.0046). Finally, we estimated that the risk of positive pivot-shift depends on the degree of knee extension. The logistic regression analysis revealed that genu recurvatum significantly increased the odds ratio for positive pivot-shift (OR = 3.08, P = 0.047, 95% CI = 1.017-9.350). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that greater antero-lateral rotatory instability in patients with a complete ACL rupture was associated with genu recurvatum and small lateral femoral condyle. These factors should be considered as predictors of a poor outcome from an ACL reconstruction due to a higher load on the ACL graft, and therefore, the attending physicians should modify the treatment strategies accordingly. This study indicates that joint hyperlaxity and bone morphology contribute to the rotational stability of the knee joint, in addition to the ACL and antero-lateral complex (ALC). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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19
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Borton ZM, Yasen SK, Mumith A, Wilson AJ. Mid-bundle positioning of the femoral socket increases graft rupture in anatomic single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee 2018; 25:1122-1128. [PMID: 30224151 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions are superior to non-anatomic graft placements with regard to controlling rotational laxity. Different techniques of anatomic single-bundle reconstruction exist. The femoral tunnel may be placed in a mid-bundle position (MB) or within the anteromedial bundle footprint (AM) with no definitive consensus as to the preferred position. Our institution, reflecting trends in surgical practice, has experience with both techniques. METHODS Interrogation of our prospectively maintained database yielded all primary ACL reconstructions performed using the anatomic TransLateral single-bundle all-inside technique. A two year minimum follow-up was set. The failure rate of the MB and AM cohorts was compared as a primary outcome. Patient-reported outcomes across cohorts at several time-points were analysed as a secondary outcome. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-nine primary ACL reconstructions were identified at a median follow-up of 49 months. MB positioning was utilised in 113 cases (40.5%) and AM positioning in 166 (59.5%). There were significantly more failures in the MB cohort (p = 0.029). Logistic regression revealed mid-bundle femoral positioning was associated with greater than fourfold increase in graft failure (odds ratio 4.14, p = 0.039). CONCLUSION Data from this case series suggests that amongst anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstructions, grafts with a mid-bundle femoral tunnel are more than four times more likely to fail versus those with a femoral tunnel placed four millimetres deeper within the anteromedial bundle footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakk M Borton
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, United Kingdom; Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, United Kingdom.
| | - Sam K Yasen
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, United Kingdom; Department of Sports and Exercise, University of Winchester, Sparkford Road, Winchester SO22 4NR, United Kingdom
| | - Aadil Mumith
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Wilson
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, United Kingdom; Department of Sports and Exercise, University of Winchester, Sparkford Road, Winchester SO22 4NR, United Kingdom
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20
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Mayr HO, Bruder S, Hube R, Bernstein A, Suedkamp NP, Stoehr A. Single-Bundle Versus Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction-5-Year Results. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:2647-2653. [PMID: 29937346 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare anatomic single-bundle (SB) with double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) and to evaluate the respective clinical outcome results. METHODS In a prospective randomized study, 64 patients were included and separated into 2 groups. Anatomic SB and DB ACL-Rs were performed with hamstring tendons. Five years after surgery, the follow-up (FU) examination comprised International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) 2000, Laxitester (ORTEMA Sport Protection, Markgroeningen, Germany) measurement, and radiograph evaluation. Power calculation was performed to achieve a 95% confidence interval and 80% power on the base of 7-point IKDC subjective difference between the groups. RESULTS A total of 53 patients (83% FU) were examined at 63.2 ± 4.7 months after surgery: 28 patients in the DB group and 25 patients in the SB group. IKDC subjective (SB: 92.8 ± 6.2, DB: 91.6 ± 7.1; P = .55) and objective scores (grade A SB/DB 20%/25%, B SB/DB 72%/57%, C SB/DB 8%/18%, D SB/DB 4%/0%; P = .45) showed no differences comparing both groups. The Laxitester measurements showed no significant difference in regard to anterior-posterior translation in neutral, internal, and external rotation or to rotation angles (P = .79). No difference was seen between the groups regarding osteoarthritic changes and tunnel widening. CONCLUSIONS At the 5-year FU, no advantage for either the DB or SB technique in ACL-R can be seen with regard to patient-related and objective outcome measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann O Mayr
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Knee, Hip and Shoulder Surgery, Schoen Clinic Munich Harlaching, Munich, Germany.
| | - Silvia Bruder
- Department of Knee, Hip and Shoulder Surgery, Schoen Clinic Munich Harlaching, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Hube
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, OCM-Clinic, Munich, Germany
| | - Anke Bernstein
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norbert P Suedkamp
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Stoehr
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, OCM-Clinic, Munich, Germany
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21
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DiBartola AC, Swank KR, Flanigan DC. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction complicated by Propionibacterium acnes infection: case series. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2018; 46:273-278. [PMID: 29634385 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1463062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures. While generally successful, failure resulting in revision surgery is reported to be between 1.9 - 4.9%. However, when not related to traumatic re-injury, failure mechanism is poorly understood. One potential but understudied mechanism of ACL reconstruction failure is infection. We describe three patients with previous ACL reconstructions who later developed infection with Propionibacterium acnes. Two cases presented with knee pain and swelling, and one presented with instability. While only two of the three cases received antibiotic treatment, all three cases were free of knee and infectious symptomatology at most recent follow-up. P. acnes infection may represent one potential mechanism for biologic failure of ACL reconstruction and anaerobic operative cultures may be used to identify its presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C DiBartola
- a Department of Orthopaedics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | | | - David C Flanigan
- a Department of Orthopaedics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Team Physician and Director of the Cartilage Restoration Program, Department of Orthopaedics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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22
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Aga C, Risberg MA, Fagerland MW, Johansen S, Trøan I, Heir S, Engebretsen L. No Difference in the KOOS Quality of Life Subscore Between Anatomic Double-Bundle and Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction of the Knee: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial With 2 Years' Follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2341-2354. [PMID: 30021073 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518782454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The double-bundle reconstruction technique was developed to resemble the properties of the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) more closely than the conventional single-bundle technique. The clinical benefit of the operative procedure is controversial, and there is a need for studies with a focus on patient-reported outcomes (PROs). STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. HYPOTHESIS Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction would be superior to anatomic single-bundle reconstruction regarding the change in the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Quality of Life (QoL) subscore from baseline to 2-year follow-up. METHODS According to sample size calculations, 120 patients aged 18 to 40 years with a primary ACL injury of their knee were randomized to the anatomic double-bundle or anatomic single-bundle reconstruction groups. Patients with posterior cruciate ligament, posterolateral corner, or lateral collateral ligament injuries or with established osteoarthritis were excluded. Patients with residual laxity from a coexistent medial collateral ligament injury were excluded. Data were registered at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years. In 24 patients, postoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography was performed to verify the positioning of the bundles. The outcome measures were the change in KOOS subscores and the International Knee Documentation Committee 2000 subjective score, pivot-shift test result, Lachman test finding, KT-1000 arthrometer measurement, activity level, return-to-sports rate, and osteoarthritic changes on radiographs. A linear mixed model was used for the analysis of all the PROs, including the primary outcome. RESULTS The change in the KOOS QoL subscore from baseline to 2-year follow-up was not different between the double- and single-bundle groups (mean change, 29.2 points vs 28.7 points, respectively; -0.5-point difference; 95% CI, -8.4 to 7.4 points; P = .91). Neither were there any differences between the 2 groups in the remaining PROs, knee laxity measurements, or activity levels of the patients. Radiological signs of osteoarthritis were found in 2 patients. Eleven patients had a graft rupture: 8 in the single-bundle group and 3 in the double-bundle group ( P = .16). Three-dimensional computed tomography of the knees verified the positioning of the anteromedial bundle, posterolateral bundle, and single-bundle grafts to be within acceptable limits. CONCLUSION There was no difference in the KOOS QoL subscore, the remaining PROs, knee laxity measurements, or activity levels comparing the double- and single-bundle ACL reconstruction techniques. The number of bundles does not seem to influence clinical and subjective outcomes, as long as the tunnels are adequately positioned. Registration: NCT01033188 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Aga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Martina Hansens Hospital, Bærum, Norway.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - May Arna Risberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Wang Fagerland
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steinar Johansen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Trøan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Heir
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Martina Hansens Hospital, Bærum, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Svantesson E, Hamrin Senorski E, Baldari A, Ayeni OR, Engebretsen L, Franceschi F, Karlsson J, Samuelsson K. Factors associated with additional anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and register comparison: a systematic review on the Scandinavian knee ligament registers. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:418-425. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo present an overview of the Scandinavian knee ligament registers with regard to factors associated with additional ACL reconstruction, and studies comparing the Scandinavian registers with other knee ligament registers.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesFour electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and AMED were searched, and 157 studies were identified. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full-text studies for eligibility. A modified version of the Downs and Black checklist was applied for quality appraisal.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEligible studies were those published since the establishment of the Scandinavian registers in 2004, which reported factors associated with additional ACL reconstruction and compared data from other registers.ResultsThirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria and generally displayed good reporting quality. Adolescent age (<20 years) was the most common factor associated with additional ACL reconstruction. The choice of hamstring tendon graft compared with patella tendon, transportal femoral tunnel drilling, smaller graft diameter and utilisation of suspensory fixation devices were associated with additional ACL reconstruction. Concomitant cartilage injury decreased the likelihood of additional ACL reconstruction. Patient sex alone did not influence the likelihood. The demographics of patients undergoing ACL reconstruction in the Scandinavian registers are comparable to registers in other geographical settings. However, there are differences in surgical factors including the presence of intra-articular pathology and graft choice.SummaryThe studies published from the Scandinavian registers in general have a high reporting quality when regarded as cohort studies. Several factors are associated with undergoing additional ACL reconstruction. The results from the registers may help facilitate treatment decisions.
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