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Wang H, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu C, Xu J, Zhao Z, Liu H, Liu J, Ma Y. The synergistic effect of metal ions and amino acids on the fermentation of β-CGTase-producing statin DF257. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:53. [PMID: 38274847 PMCID: PMC10805693 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
To meet the growing demand of β-cyclodextrin (CD), innovative approaches are being developed to improve the production of β-CD by β-cyclodextrin glucose-transferase (CGTase). Considering the low production and efficacy of wild-type β-CGTase-producing strains, to obtain the strains suitable for industrial production of β-CGTase, the recombinant engineered bacteria strain DF257 is constructed by transfecting with the plasmid expressing His tagged β-CGTase. The fermentation of β-CGTase-expressing DF257 was optimized in the presence of different metal ions, amino acids, and incubated at a certain temperature and pH condition. The results showed that when Mg2+ and isoleucine were added into the culture medium at 0.5 mM and 0.5 g/L, respectively, the enzyme activity of β-CGTase increased significantly after incubation at 37 °C with the initial pH of 7.5. In addition, the optimal temperature for β-CGTase with the addition of Mg2+ and isoleucine was also determined. The T half of β-CGTase under 50, 55, 60 and 65 °C was 9.5, 8.8, 6.2 and 1.2 h, respectively. Further investigation showed that β-CGTase kept stable under the pH 6.0-10.0, and pH 7.5 was identified as the optimal pH condition of β-CGTase. With the addition of Mg2+ and isoleucine, the kinetic properties of β-CGTase in the cyclization reaction had a similar form with Michaelis equation under 50 °C and pH 7.5, and Vmax, Km, and Kcat was 3.74 mg/mL/min, 3.28 mg/mL, and 31.17/s, respectively. The possible underlying mechanism by which Mg2+ and isoleucine synergistically improved the thermostability of β-CGTase was investigated by the surface hydrophobicity index analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results indicated that addition of Mg2+ and isoleucine maintained the spatial structure and enhanced the thermostability of β-CGTase. These findings provided a theoretical basis for realizing the industrialization application of β-CGTase in promoting the generation of β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Wenxi Zhou
- Tongliao Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbanddry Sciences, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Cuifang Wang
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Chen Liu
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Zejun Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Jia Liu
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Yunxiao Ma
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996, Xilamulun Street, Horqin District, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia China
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Saini K, Gupta R. Cell Surface Expression of γ-CGTase from Evansella caseinilytica on E. coli: Application in the enzymatic conversion of starch to γ-cyclodextrin. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 159:110066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nakapong S, Tumhom S, Kaulpiboon J, Pongsawasdi P. Heterologous expression of 4α-glucanotransferase: overproduction and properties for industrial applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:36. [PMID: 34993677 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
4α-Glucanotransferase (4α-GTase) is unique in its ability to form cyclic oligosaccharides, some of which are of industrial importance. Generally, low amount of enzymes is produced by or isolated from their natural sources: animals, plants, and microorganisms. Heterologous expressions of these enzymes, in an attempt to increase their production for applicable uses, have been widely studied since 1980s; however, the expressions are mostly performed in the prokaryotic bacteria, mostly Escherichia coli. Site-directed mutagenesis has added more value to these expressed enzymes to display the desired properties beneficial for their applications. The search for further suitable properties for food application leads to an extended research in expression by another group of host organism, the generally-recognized as safe host including the Bacillus and the eukaryotic yeast systems. Herein, our review focuses on two types of 4α-GTase: the cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase and amylomaltase. The updated studies on the general structure and properties of the two enzymes with emphasis on heterologous expression, mutagenesis for property improvement, and their industrial applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhana Nakapong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Suthipapun Tumhom
- Office of National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council, Ministry of Higher Education Science Research and Innovation, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Kaulpiboon
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Piamsook Pongsawasdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Saini K, Kashyap A, Saini M, Gupta R. Gamma cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from evansella caseinilytica: production, characterization and product specificity. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:16. [PMID: 34926120 PMCID: PMC8669088 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkalohalophilic Evansella caseinilytica produced an extracellular cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) with cyclization activity of 43.5 ± 4.4 U/L in M1 medium containing 1% starch and 6% NaCl in nutrient broth at 37 ºC, pH 9.0, after 48 h. This is the first report of CGTase from this bacterium. 0.1% starch was found to induce CGTase, and further optimization using one variable at a time approach followed by statistical optimization led to 5.5-fold enhancement resulting in 240.5 ± 5.46 U/L. Six parameters were identified as positive signals using Plackett-Burman (PB). Of these, yeast extract, MgSO4 and tryptone were taken further for Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by disposing beef extract and fixing starch and soya peptone. The optimized M4 medium consisted of tryptone (0.1%, w/v), yeast extract (0.25%, w/v), MgSO4 (8 mM, w/v), potato starch (0.1%, w/v) and soya peptone (0.2%, w/v). CGTase was further purified with 6.44-fold purification and 19.32% yield employing starch affinity. It was found to be monomeric, corresponding to a size of 68 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE and was further confirmed to be 65 kDa by size exclusion chromatography. γ-Cyclodextrins were produced as the major product with a conversion of 5% soluble starch into 20.38% γ-cyclodextrins after 24 h reaction, as determined by HPLC. Peptide fingerprint after LC-MS analysis matched with IPT/TIG domain-containing protein within the genome of E. caseinilytica. Further blastp analysis revealed the closest homology with γ-CGTase from an alkalophilic E. clarkii, thereby confirming CGTase from E. caseinilytica as γ-CGTase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Amuliya Kashyap
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Meenu Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
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Ogunbadejo B, Al-Zuhair S. MOFs as Potential Matrices in Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase Immobilization. Molecules 2021; 26:680. [PMID: 33525568 PMCID: PMC7869009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) and their derivatives have attracted significant attention in the pharmaceutical, food, and textile industries, which has led to an increased demand for their production. CD is typically produced by the action of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) on starch. Owing to the relatively high cost of enzymes, the economic feasibility of the entire process strongly depends on the effective retention and recycling of CGTase in the reaction system, while maintaining its stability. CGTase enzymes immobilized on various supports such as porous glass beads or glyoxyl-agarose have been previously used to achieve this objective. Nevertheless, the attachment of biocatalysts on conventional supports is associated with numerous drawbacks, including enzyme leaching prominent in physical adsorption, reduced activity as a result of chemisorption, and increased mass transfer limitations. Recent reports on the successful utilization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as supports for various enzymes suggest that CGTase could be immobilized for enhanced production of CDs. The three-dimensional microenvironment of MOFs could maintain the stability of CGTase while posing minimal diffusional limitations. Moreover, the presence of different functional groups on the surfaces of MOFs could provide multiple points for attachment of CGTase, thereby reducing enzyme loss through leaching. The present review focuses on the advantages MOFs can offer as support for CGTase immobilization as well as their potential for application in CD production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulaiman Al-Zuhair
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, UAE;
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Upadhyay D, Sharma S, Shrivastava D, Kulshreshtha NM. Production and characterization of β-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus sp. ND1. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 59:192-205. [PMID: 30548870 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A potent β-CGTase producing bacterium ND1 has been isolated from sugarcane field soil in India. The biochemical, physiologicaland phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene suggest that the isolate belongs to Bacillus cereus group. The enzyme β-CGTase produced from isolate ND1 catalyzes production of β-cyclodextrin utilizing starch as a substrate which has diverse applications in various fields. The enzyme production parameters pH, temperature, and substrate concentration were optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and were found to be 8.9, 30.55 °C, and 1.88%, respectively for optimal enzyme activity. The crude enzyme was partially purified (29-fold) using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was found to be 63.53 U mg-1 . The enzyme is monomeric in nature with a molecular weight of 97.4 kD as determined by SDS-PAGE. It is stable in a wide range of pH (6-10) and temperature (40-60 °C) values. The maximum CGTase activity was observed at pH 9 and temperature 50 °C. The Km value was found to be 2.613 ± 0.5 and Vmax was 0.309 ± 0.05 µg min-1 indicating high substrate specificity. Together; these results suggest that the enzyme may be of wide commercial value in various industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani Upadhyay
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonika Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Divya Shrivastava
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Niha M Kulshreshtha
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.,Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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7
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A novel cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9: purification and properties. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:168. [PMID: 28330240 PMCID: PMC4987636 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC. 2.1.1.19) produced using new alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9 has been purified to homogeneity in a single step by the starch adsorption method. The specific activity of the purified CGTase was 45 U/mg compared to crude 0.9 U/mg. This resulted in a 50-fold purification of the enzyme with 33 % yield. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was found to be 27.72 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and activity staining confirmed the presence of CGTase in crude and the ammonium sulfate precipitate fraction. The purified CGTase has a pI value of 4.2. The optimum pH of 6.0 and 60 °C temperature were found to be the best for CGTase activity. Purified CGTase showed 5.18 kcal/mol activation energy (Ea). The CGTase activity was increased in the presence of metal ions (5 mM): Ca+2 (130 %), Mg+2 (123 %), Mn+2 (119 %) and Co+2 (116 %). The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of Hg+2 (0.0 %), Cu+2 (0.0 %) and Fe+2 (3.8 %). Inhibitor N-bromosuccinimide (5 mM) showed the highest 96 % inhibition of CGTase activity. SDS and triton X-100 among different detergents and surfactants (1.0 %, w/v) tested showed 92 % inhibition. Among the organic solvents checked for their effect on enzyme activity, 5 % (v/v) toluene resulted in 48 % increased activity. Polyethylene glycol-6000 showed a 26 % increase in the CGTase activity. The kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were 10 mg/ml and 146 µmol/mg min, respectively, for purified CGTase.
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8
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Arce-Vázquez MB, Ponce-Alquicira E, Delgado-Fornué E, Pedroza-Islas R, Díaz-Godínez G, Soriano-Santos J. Integral Use of Amaranth Starch to Obtain Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase, by Bacillus megaterium, to Produce β-Cyclodextrin. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1513. [PMID: 27721811 PMCID: PMC5033961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is an enzyme that produces cyclodextrins (CDs) from starch and related carbohydrates, producing a mixture of α-, β-, and γ-CDs in different amounts. CGTase production, mainly by Bacillus sp., depends on fermentation conditions such as pH, temperature, concentration of nutrients, carbon and nitrogen sources, among others. Bacillus megaterium CGTase produces those three types of CDs, however, β-CD should prevail. Although, waxy corn starch (CS) is used industrially to obtain CGTase and CDs because of its high amylopectin content, alternative sources such as amaranth starch (AS) could be used to accomplish those purposes. AS has high susceptibility to the amylolytic activity of CGTase because of its 80% amylopectin content. Therefore, the aim of this work was evaluate the AS as carbon source for CGTase production by B. megaterium in a submerged fermentation. Afterwards, the CGTase was purified partially and its activity to synthesize α-, β-, and γ-CDs was evaluated using 1% AS as substrate. B. megaterium produced a 66 kDa CGTase (Topt = 50°C; pHopt = 8.0), from the early exponential growth phase which lasted 36 h. The maximum CGTase specific activity (106.62 ± 8.33 U/mg protein) was obtained after 36 h of culture. CGTase obtained with a Km = 0.152 mM and a Vmax = 13.4 μM/min yielded 40.47% total CDs using AS which was roughly twice as much as that of corn starch (CS; 24.48%). High costs to produce CDs in the pharmaceutical and food industries might be reduced by using AS because of its higher α-, β- and γ-CDs production (12.81, 17.94, and 9.92%, respectively) in a shorter time than that needed for CS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ezequiel Delgado-Fornué
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, Biomaterials Research Center, University of Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ruth Pedroza-Islas
- Department of Engineering and Chemistry, Iberoamericana University Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Díaz-Godínez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Center for Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Tlaxcala Tlaxcala, México
| | - J Soriano-Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, Metropolitan Autonomus University Mexico, Mexico
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Ahmad N, Mehboob S, Rashid N. Starch-processing enzymes — emphasis on thermostable 4-α-glucanotransferases. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Melzer S, Sonnendecker C, Föllner C, Zimmermann W. Stepwise error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling changed the pH activity range and product specificity of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:528-34. [PMID: 26155461 PMCID: PMC4491590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed random mutagenesis experiments with a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling steps were combined. Variants with a broad pH activity range could be obtained. Several variants showed increased product specificity for γ-cyclodextrin.
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) from the alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. G-825-6 converts starch mainly to γ-cyclodextrin (CD8). A combination of error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling was used to obtain variants of this enzyme with higher product specificity for CD8 and a broad pH activity range. The variant S54 with seven amino acid substitutions showed a 1.2-fold increase in CD8-synthesizing activity and the product ratio of CD7:CD8 was shifted to 1:7 compared to 1:3 of the wild-type enzyme. Nine amino acid substitutions of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase were performed to generate the variant S35 active in a pH range 4.0–10.0. Compared to the wild-type enzyme which is inactive below pH 6.0, S35 retained 70% of its CD8-synthesizing activity at pH 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Melzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sonnendecker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Föllner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Ramirez Pérez HL. Production and characterization of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus.sp isolated from Cuban Soil. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-chem.asglim.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from an alkaliphilic Bacillus.sp strain, isolated from Cuba soil, was purified with Sephadex G-50 with a yield of 66.5 %. The CGTase was stable over a very wide pH range, 6.0 –10, at 25°C and was most active at pH 7.5. The enzyme exhibited an optimum temperature of 60°C and was stable to 50°C for at least 8 h. The T50 value – defined as the temperature at which 50% of the initial activity was retained– was 63 °C in this enzyme . The influence of substrate or product concentration on the initial rate of CD production was studied and the kinetic parameters were determined. The analysis of kinetic parameters Km and Vmax was obtained by the action of CGTase on the starch of corn with respect to β-CD and the values were 4.1 g/L and 5,2 μM β-CD/min ml respectively.. The purified CGTase from Bacillus.sp could be used for an efficient cyclodextrin production which significant yield of γ-cyclodextrins.
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12
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Elbaz AF, Sobhi A, ElMekawy A. Purification and characterization of cyclodextrin β-glucanotransferase from novel alkalophilic bacilli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:767-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Sanjari S, Vahabzadeh F, Naderifar A, Pesaran M. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer coefficients of airlift reactors with net draft tubes of different sizes: Production of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase usingBacillussp. DSM 2523. STARCH-STARKE 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201400057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Sanjari
- Chemical Engineering Department, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Group; Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic); Tehran Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vahabzadeh
- Chemical Engineering Department, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Group; Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic); Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Naderifar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Group; Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic); Tehran Iran
| | - Mahdi Pesaran
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Department of Bioreactor Engineering, Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
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Oguma T, Kitao S, Kobayashi M. Purification and Characterization of Cycloisomaltooligosaccharide Glucanotransferase and Cloning of cit from Bacillus circulans U-155. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2014. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2013_017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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15
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Mora MMM, Sánchez KH, Santana RV, Rojas AP, Ramírez HL, Torres-Labandeira JJ. Partial purification and properties of cyclodextrin glycosiltransferase (CGTase) from alkalophilic Bacillus species. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:61. [PMID: 23420668 PMCID: PMC3568484 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.9) is an unique enzyme capable of converting starch and related substrates into cyclodextrins (CDs). In this paper, we report an one step gel purification method of CGTase from Bacillus sp. and later enzyme characterization. The Bacillus sp. strain was isolated from a Colocacia esculenta rizospheric soil sample and the CGTase production was carried out in alkaline medium (pH=10). The CGTase purification from the culture supernatant was performed by gel filtration. The enzyme was purified in one step with a recovery of 87.3% activity and 40-fold purification for specific enzymatic activity of 2.24 U/mg. Optimal activity was observed at pH 5.0 in citrate-phosphate buffer, and the enzyme retained almost 100 % of its activity between pH 5.5 and 10 after incubation for 1 h at 4°C. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 55°C and showed a T(50%) of 70°C. The ratio of α:β:γ CD formed by the enzyme was 0.74:1:0.61 for soluble starch and 0.29:1:0.85 for cocoyam starch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arley Pérez Rojas
- Center for Environmental Studies, University of Matanzas, Matanzas, C.P., 44740 Cuba
| | - Héctor L Ramírez
- Center for Enzyme Technology, University of Matanzas, Matanzas, C.P., 44740 Cuba
| | - Juan José Torres-Labandeira
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Pharmacy, Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Spain
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Zhou Y, Lee YS, Park IH, Sun ZX, Yang TX, Yang P, Choi YL, Sun M. Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase encoded by a gene of Paenibacillus azotofixans YUPP-5 exhibited a new function to hydrolyze polysaccharides with β-1,4 linkage. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 50:151-7. [PMID: 22226202 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The bacteria with hydrolysis activity to glucomannan were isolated from the rhizosphere of Amorphophallus konjac through enrichment cultivation. One strain with strong activity in degrading glucomannan was identified preliminarily as Paenibacillus azotofixans YUPP-5 according to the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. This strain is able to hydrolyze many polysaccharide with β-1,4 linkage, including glucomannan, galactomannan, xylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and chitin. One hydrolytic enzyme band of approximately 70 kDa was examined from the supernatants of YUPP-5 by using zymogram with mixture polysaccharides as substrate. The encoding gene had an open reading frame of 2157 bp, which deduced cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase), including 718 amino acids with a signal peptide in the N-terminal region. When the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, the recombinant CGTase exhibited strong activity in degrading polysaccharides with β-1,4 linkage, and in forming cyclodextrin by using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate. This CGTase exhibited some new functions. Finally, the hydrolytic oligosaccharides from galactomannan or glucomannan were detected by thin layer chromatography. Pentasaccharide, tetrasaccharide, trisaccharide, and disaccharide could be examined as reaction time went on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Wetland Agriculture in the Central Yangtze, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei Province, PR China.
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Muria SR, Cheirsilp B, Kitcha S. Effect of substrate concentration and temperature on the kinetics and thermal stability of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase for the production of β-cyclodextrin: Experimental results vs. mathematical model. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Leemhuis H, Kelly RM, Dijkhuizen L. Engineering of cyclodextrin glucanotransferases and the impact for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:823-35. [PMID: 19763564 PMCID: PMC2804789 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) are industrially important enzymes that produce cyclic alpha-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) from starch. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases are also applied as catalysts in the synthesis of glycosylated molecules and can act as antistaling agents in the baking industry. To improve the performance of CGTases in these various applications, protein engineers are screening for CGTase variants with higher product yields, improved CD size specificity, etc. In this review, we focus on the strategies employed in obtaining CGTases with new or enhanced enzymatic capabilities by searching for new enzymes and improving existing enzymatic activities via protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ronan M. Kelly
- Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, NIBRT, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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Zhekova B, Dobrev G, Stanchev V, Pishtiyski I. Approaches for yield increase of β-cyclodextrin formed by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus megaterium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-9985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:436-56. [PMID: 18565714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell surfaces are all covered with bioactive oligosaccharides which play an important role in molecular recognition events such as immune recognition, cell-cell communication and initiation of microbial pathogenesis. Consequently, bioactive oligosaccharides have been recognized as a medicinally relevant class of biomolecules for which the interest is growing. For the preparation of complex and highly pure oligosaccharides, methods based on the application of glycosyltransferases are currently recognized as being the most effective. The present paper reviews the potential of glycosyltransferases as synthetic tools in oligosaccharide synthesis. Reaction mechanisms and selected characteristics of these enzymes are described in relation to the stereochemistry of the transfer reaction and the requirements of sugar nucleotide donors. For the application of glycosyltransferases, accepted substrate profiles are summarized and the whole-cell approach versus isolated enzyme methodology is compared. Sialyltransferase-catalyzed syntheses of gangliosides and other sialylated oligosaccharides are described in more detail in view of the prominent role of these compounds in biological recognition.
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