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Verma D. Extremophilic Prokaryotic Endoxylanases: Diversity, Applicability, and Molecular Insights. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:728475. [PMID: 34566933 PMCID: PMC8458939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophilic endoxylanases grabbed attention in recent years due to their applicability under harsh conditions of several industrial processes. Thermophilic, alkaliphilic, and acidophilic endoxylanases found their employability in bio-bleaching of paper pulp, bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into xylooligosaccharides, bioethanol production, and improving the nutritious value of bread and other bakery products. Xylanases obtained from extremophilic bacteria and archaea are considered better than fungal sources for several reasons. For example, enzymatic activity under broad pH and temperature range, low molecular weight, cellulase-free activity, and longer stability under extreme conditions of prokaryotic derived xylanases make them a good choice. In addition, a short life span, easy cultivation/harvesting methods, higher yield, and rapid DNA manipulations of bacterial and archaeal cells further reduces the overall cost of the product. This review focuses on the diversity of prokaryotic endoxylanases, their characteristics, and their functional attributes. Besides, the molecular mechanisms of their extreme behavior have also been presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay Verma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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Bibi Z, Ul Qader SA, Aman A, Ur Rehman H, Nawaz MA, Karim A, Us Salam I, Waqas M, Kamran A. Xylan deterioration approach: Purification and catalytic behavior optimization of a novel β-1,4-d-xylanohydrolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus KIBGE-IB29. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 21:e00299. [PMID: 30619731 PMCID: PMC6312829 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
β-1,4-d-Xylanohydrolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus KIBGE-IB29 was purified and characterized. The catalytic properties revealed significant stability over broad pH and temperature range. Native-PAGE and In-gel activity assay were carried out. Various organic solvents and detergents significantly improved the enzyme activity. β-1,4-d-Xylanohydrolase showed excellent storage stability for prospective industrial use.
The β-1,4-d-xylanohydrolase is an industry valuable catalytic protein and used to synthesize xylooligosaccharides and xylose. In the current study, β-1,4-d-xylanohydrolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus KIBGE-IB29 was partially purified up to 9.5-fold with a recovery yield of 52%. It exhibited optimal catalytic activity at pH-7.0 and 50 °C within 5 min. Almost 50% activity retained at pH-4.0 to 9.0 however, 70% activity observed within the range of 40 °C to 70 °C. The β-1,4-d-xylanohydrolase showed a significant hydrolytic pattern with 48.7 kDa molecular mass. It was found that the enzymatic activity improved up to 160% with 1.0 mM ethanol. Moreover, the activity of enzyme drastically increased up to 2.3 and 1.5 fold when incubated with Tween 80 and Triton X-100 (1.0 mM), respectively. The β-1,4-d-xylanohydrolase also retained 72% activity at −80 °C after 180 days. Such a remarkable biochemical properties of β-1,4-d-xylanohydrolase make it possible to forecast its potential use in textile and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Bibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology (FUUAST), Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | - Shah Ali Ul Qader
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Aman
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Haneef Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turbat, Kech, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Asad Karim
- Jamil-Ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Punjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Science (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Irum Us Salam
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology (FUUAST), Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology (FUUAST), Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | - Aysha Kamran
- Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS), Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Khandeparker R, Parab P, Amberkar U. Recombinant Xylanase from Bacillus tequilensis BT21: Biochemical Characterisation and Its Application in the Production of Xylobiose from Agricultural Residues. Food Technol Biotechnol 2017; 55:164-172. [PMID: 28867946 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.55.02.17.4896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial strain Bacillus tequilensis BT21 isolated from marine sediments was found to produce extracellular xylanase. The xynBT21 gene encoding xylanase enzyme was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene encoded a protein consisting of 213 amino acid residues with calculated molecular mass of 23.3 kDa. Purified recombinant xylanase had optimum activity at 60 °C and pH=6. The enzyme was highly stable in alkaline pH, at pH=7 it remained 100% active for 24 h, while its activity increased at pH=8 and 9 during incubation. B. tequilensis BT21 xylanase had alkaline pI of 9.4 and belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 11. The mode of action of XynBT21 on beechwood xylan and xylooligosaccharides was studied. It hydrolysed xylooligosaccharides and beechwood xylan yielding mainly xylobiose (X2) with a small amount of xylose (X1), indicating that XynBT21 was probably an endo-acting xylanase. Enzymatic hydrolysis using wheat bran as a substrate revealed that xylanase reported here has the potential to produce xylobiose from wheat bran. Xylooligosaccharides, especially xylobiose, have strong bifidogenic properties and are increasingly used as a prebiotic. This is the first report that describes this novel xylanase enzyme from marine B. tequilensis BT21 used for the release of xylobiose from wheat bran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pankaj Parab
- National Institute of Oceanography, CSIR, 403 004 Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Ujwala Amberkar
- National Institute of Oceanography, CSIR, 403 004 Dona Paula, Goa, India
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Characterization of a Novel Xylanase Gene from Rumen Content of Hu Sheep. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1424-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shanmugaprakash M, Kirthika J, Ragupathy J, Nilanee K, Manickam A. Statistical based media optimization and production of naringinase using Aspergillus brasiliensis 1344. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 64:443-52. [PMID: 24380816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Statistics based optimization, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of naringinase from Aspergillus brasiliensis MTCC 1344, using solid state fermentation. Cassava waste (CW) was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of A. brasiliensis. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on naringinase activity, three media components--maltose, peptone and calcium chloride were screened. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed using these three factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Derringer's desired function methodology showed that the concentrations of maltose (7.74 g/L), peptone (4.19 g/L) and calcium chloride (7.63 mM) were the optimal levels for maximal naringinase activity (889.91 U/mg) which were validated through experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shanmugaprakash
- Downstream Processing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, India.
| | - J Kirthika
- Downstream Processing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, India
| | - J Ragupathy
- Downstream Processing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, India
| | - K Nilanee
- Downstream Processing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, India
| | - A Manickam
- Downstream Processing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, India
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A Highly Thermostable Xylanase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Purification and Partial Characterization. Enzyme Res 2013; 2013:429305. [PMID: 24416589 PMCID: PMC3876469 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven xylanolytic bacterial strains were isolated from saw-dust dump soil. The bacterial strain X6 was selected on the basis of the highest xylanase activity with no cellulase contamination. It was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. Xylanase production studies by S. maltophilia on different commercial xylans and agro-industrial residues suggested that wheat bran was the best carbon source for xylanase production (26.4 ± 0.6 IU/mL). The studies with inorganic and organic nitrogen sources suggested yeast extract as the best support for xylanase production (25 ± 0.6 IU/mL). Maximum xylanase production was observed at initial medium pH = 8.0 (23.8 ± 0.4 IU/mL) with production at pH = 7.0 and pH = 9.0 being almost comparable. Xylanase produced by S. maltophilia was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The final purification was 5.43-fold with recovery of 19.18%. The molecular weight of the purified xylanase protein was ~142 kDa. Both crude and purified xylanase had good stability at pH = 9.0 and 80°C with activity retention greater than 90% after 30 min incubation. The enzyme stability at high temperature and alkaline pH make it potentially effective for industrial applications.
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Production and characterization of xylanase from Bacillus licheniformis P11(C) with potential for fruit juice and bakery industry. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Assessment of the biomass hydrolysis potential in bacterial isolates from a volcanic environment: biosynthesis of the corresponding activities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2889-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mandal A, Kar S, Das Mohapatra PK, Maity C, Pati BR, Mondal KC. Regulation of xylanase biosynthesis in Bacillus cereus BSA1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1052-60. [PMID: 22222433 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbial xylanases have a promising biotechnological potential to be used in industries. In this study, regulation of xylanase production was examined in Bacillus cereus BSA1. Xylanase production was induced by xylan. The enzyme production further increased in the presence of xylose and arabinose in very low concentration with addition of xylan (0.5% up to 6.02 U/ml). Addition of glucose (about 0.1%) to the media supplemented with xylan repressed xylanase production. Even higher concentration (>0.1%) of xylose and arabinose repressed xylanase biosynthesis. Glucose-mediated repression was partially relived by addition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Chemical like 2-4-dinitrophenol, which can inhibit adenosine triphosphate synthesis in cell, repressed xylanase synthesis and it suggested xylanase synthesis to be an energy dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish Mandal
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramananda College, Bishnupur, Bankura 722122, West Bengal, India
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Enhancing catalytic activity of a hybrid xylanase through single substitution of Leu to Pro near the active site. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:929-35. [PMID: 22805813 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A modified error-prone PCR and high-throughout screening system based on 96-well plate were employed to improve catalytic activity of a hybrid xylanase (ATx). The mutant (FSI-A124) with enhanced activity was further heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris under the control of GAP promoter. The recombinant xylanase driven by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-mating factor was secreted into culture medium. After growth in YPD medium for 96 h, xylanase activity in the culture supernatant reached 66.1 U ml(-1), which was 2.92 times as that of its parent. 6 × His-tagged purification increased the specific activity to 1557.61 U mg(-1). The optimum temperature and pH of recombinant xylanase were 55°C and 6.0, respectively. A single amino acid substitution (L49P) was observed within sequence of the mutant. Insight of the three dimensional structure revealed that proline possibly produced weaker hydrogen bond, van der Waals force and hydrophobic interaction with other residues nearby than leucine, especially for V174, contributing to the flexibility of catalytic residue E177. In this study, FSI-A124 exhibited higher xylanase activity but poorer thermostability than its parent, indicating that activity and stability might be negatively correlated.
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Bajaj BK, Sharma M, Sharma S. Alkalistable endo-β-1,4-xylanase production from a newly isolated alkalitolerant Penicillium sp. SS1 using agro-residues. 3 Biotech 2011; 1:83-90. [PMID: 22582149 PMCID: PMC3339607 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostable and alkalitolerant xylanases have got intense research focus due to their vast applications in various industries including pulp and paper, food, feed, textile, biofuel, etc. In the present investigation, a Penicillum sp. SS1 isolated from degrading woody material was found to produce moderately thermoactive and alkalistable endo-β-1,4-xylanase (xylanase). Maximum xylanase production was observed after fourth day of fermentation (43.84 IU/ml). The organism produced substantial quantities of xylanase using agricultural residues like wheat bran (20.6 IU/ml), rice bran (21.8 IU/ml) and sawdust (10.7 IU/ml) as carbon sources. The enzyme preparation was totally free of filter paper activity (FPase) and possessed negligible carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity; this could be an important feature of enzyme if the intended application of enzyme is in pulp and paper industries. Among nitrogen sources examined, yeast extract supported maximum xylanase production (45.74 IU/ml), and was followed by soybean meal (22.2 IU/ml) and ammonium sulphate (20 IU/ml). Maximum xylanase production was observed at initial medium pH 9 (25.6 IU/ml); however, at pH 8 and 10 also significantly high enzyme titre was observed (24 and 21.2 IU/ml, respectively). Thus, Penicillium sp. SS1 displayed capability of growing and producing xylanase at high alkaline pH (8-10). Maximum xylanase activity was reported at 50 °C, however, significantly high activity was observed at 60 °C (65.4%), however, at 70-80 °C activity was lost considerably. At 50-60 °C the enzyme retained very high activity up to 30-60 min (91-100%), however, prolonged incubation (90 min) caused considerable activity reduction (residual activity 63-68%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar Bajaj
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180 006 India
- Present Address: Biotechnology and Fermentation Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Gerlaugh Hall, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Centre (OARDC), The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Mukul Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180 006 India
| | - Sunny Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180 006 India
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Isolation, purification, and characterization of haloalkaline xylanase from a marine Bacillus pumilus strain, GESF-1. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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