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Microbial Production of Value-added Products from Cashew Apples- an Economical Boost to Cashew Farmers. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cashew farming-considered as one of the major profit-making agricultural businesses-requires renewed practices in processing its products and by-products for sustained growth. The current review highlights the commercial potential of cashew apples by proposing value-addition strategies through microbial fermentation routes that can help garnering additional profit to the growers. The immense potential of cashew apples and pulp wastes generated after juice-extraction in producing a range of products through the fermentation process such as bioethanol, hydrolytic enzymes, lactic acid, biosurfactants, wine and Feni (an alcoholic beverage) is discussed. Furthermore, a case on the existing Feni-making practices in Goa, India is reviewed, and the need for upgrades in the processing methods for waste mitigation is emphasized. Based on the literature survey and from the gathered knowledge on cashew industries through visits to various cashew farming sites, it is strongly emphasized that a radical improvement in cashew farming is possible only through the adoption of holistic approaches in the cultivation and proper utilization of wastes and its management of cashew apples. Also, Feni production, which is the mainstay of India’s current cashew processing industry, requires major up-gradation in processing methods to improve its quality, marketability, and export potential.
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Wu C, Zhang F, Li L, Jiang Z, Ni H, Xiao A. Novel optimization strategy for tannase production through a modified solid-state fermentation system. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:92. [PMID: 29619088 PMCID: PMC5879601 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High amounts of insoluble substrates exist in the traditional solid-state fermentation (SSF) system. The presence of these substrates complicates the determination of microbial biomass. Thus, enzyme activity is used as the sole index for the optimization of the traditional SSF system, and the relationship between microbial growth and enzyme synthesis is always ignored. This study was conducted to address this deficiency. All soluble nutrients from tea stalk were extracted using water. The aqueous extract was then mixed with polyurethane sponge to establish a modified SSF system, which was then used to conduct tannase production. With this system, biomass, enzyme activity, and enzyme productivity could be measured rationally and accurately. Thus, the association between biomass and enzyme activity could be easily identified, and the shortcomings of traditional SSF could be addressed. RESULTS Different carbon and nitrogen sources exerted different effects on microbial growth and enzyme production. Single-factor experiments showed that glucose and yeast extract greatly improved microbial biomass accumulation and that tannin and (NH4)2SO4 efficiently promoted enzyme productivity. Then, these four factors were optimized through response surface methodology. Tannase activity reached 19.22 U/gds when the added amounts of tannin, glucose, (NH4)2SO4, and yeast extract were 7.49, 8.11, 9.26, and 2.25%, respectively. Tannase activity under the optimized process conditions was 6.36 times higher than that under the initial process conditions. The optimized parameters were directly applied to the traditional tea stalk SSF system. Tannase activity reached 245 U/gds, which is 2.9 times higher than our previously reported value. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a modified SSF system was established to address the shortcomings of the traditional SSF system. Analysis revealed that enzymatic activity and microbial biomass are closely related, and different carbon and nitrogen sources have different effects on microbial growth and enzyme production. The maximal tannase activity was obtained under the optimal combination of nutrient sources that enhances cell growth and tannase accumulation. Moreover, tannase production through the traditional tea stalk SSF was markedly improved when the optimized parameters were applied. This work provides an innovative approach to bioproduction research through SSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
| | - Zhedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, 361021 China
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Ma WL, Zhao FF, Ye Q, Hu ZX, Yan D, Hou J, Yang Y. Production and Partial Purification of Tannase fromAspergillus ficuumGim 3.6. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:754-68. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.952384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aboubakr HA, El-Sahn MA, El-Banna AA. Some factors affecting tannase production by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:559-67. [PMID: 24294255 PMCID: PMC3833161 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One variable at a time procedure was used to evaluate the effect of qualitative variables on the production of tannase from Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem. These variables including: fermentation technique, agitation condition, tannins source, adding carbohydrates incorporation with tannic acid, nitrogen source type and divalent cations. Submerged fermentation under intermittent shaking gave the highest total tannase activity. Maximum extracellular tannase activity (305 units/50 mL) was attained in medium containing tannic acid as tannins source and sodium nitrate as nitrogen source at 30 °C for 96 h. All added carbohydrates showed significant adverse effects on the production of tannase. All tested divalent cations significantly decreased tannase production. Moreover, split plot design was carried out to study the effect of fermentation temperature and fermentation time on tannase production. The results indicated maximum tannase production (312.7 units/50 mL) at 35 °C for 96 h. In other words, increasing fermentation temperature from 30 °C to 35 °C resulted in increasing tannase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada A Aboubakr
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Selwal MK, Yadav A, Selwal KK, Aggarwal NK, Gupta R, Gautam SK. Tannase Production by Penicillium Atramentosum KM under SSF and its Applications in Wine Clarification and Tea Cream Solubilization. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 42:374-87. [PMID: 24031644 PMCID: PMC3768918 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannin acyl hydrolase commonly known as tannase is an industrially important enzyme having a wide range of applications, so there is always a scope for novel tannase with better characteristics. A newly isolated tannase-yielding fungal strain identified as Penicillium atramentosum KM was used for tannase production under solid-state fermentation (SSF) using different agro residues like amla (Phyllanthus emblica), ber (Zyzyphus mauritiana), jamun (Syzygium cumini), Jamoa (Eugenia cuspidate) and keekar (Acacia nilotica) leaves. Among these substrates, maximal extracellular tannase production i.e. 170.75 U/gds and 165.56 U/gds was obtained with jamun and keekar leaves respectively at 28ºC after 96 h. A substrate to distilled water ratio of 1:2 (w/v) was found to be the best for tannase production. Supplementation of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) as nitrogen source had enhanced tannase production both in jamun and keekar leaves. Applications of the enzyme were studied in wine clarification and tea cream solubilization. It resulted in 38.05% reduction of tannic acid content in case of jamun wine, 43.59% reduction in case of grape wine and 74% reduction in the tea extract after 3 h at 35°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjit K Selwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University , Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana , India
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Carvalho AFA, Neto PDO, da Silva DF, Pastore GM. Xylo-oligosaccharides from lignocellulosic materials: Chemical structure, health benefits and production by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fontes CP, Santiago Silveira M, Guilherme AA, Fernandes FA, Rodrigues S. Substitution of yeast extract by ammonium sulfate for mannitol production in cashew apple juice. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Beniwal V, Rajesh, Goel G, Kumar A, Chhokar V. Production of tannase through solid state fermentation using Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia Sissoo)sawdust—a timber industry waste. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Darah I, Sumathi G, Jain K, Hong LS. Involvement of Physical Parameters in Medium Improvement for Tannase Production by Aspergillus niger FETL FT3 in Submerged Fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:897931. [PMID: 21826273 PMCID: PMC3150781 DOI: 10.4061/2011/897931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger FETL FT3, a local extracellular tannase producer strain that was isolated from one of dumping sites of tannin-rich barks of Rhizophora apiculata in Perak, Malaysia. This fungus was cultivated in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask under submerged fermentation system. Various physical parameters were studied in order to maximize the tannase production. Maximal yield of tannase production, that is, 2.81 U per mL was obtained on the fourth day of cultivation when the submerged fermentation was carried out using liquid Czapek-Dox medium containing (percent; weight per volume) 0.25% NaNO3, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.05% MgSO4 ·7H2O, 0.05% KCl, and 1.0% tannic acid. The physical parameters used initial medium pH of 6.0, incubation temperature of 30°C, agitation speed of 200 rpm and inoculums size of 6 × 106 spores/ ml. This research has showed that physical parameters were influenced the tannase production by the fungus with 156.4 percent increment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Darah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Joshi C, Khare SK. Utilization of deoiled Jatropha curcas seed cake for production of xylanase from thermophilic Scytalidium thermophilum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:1722-1726. [PMID: 20855195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is a major biodiesel crop. Large amount of deoiled cake is generated as by-product during biodiesel production from its seeds. Deoiled J. curcas seed cake was assessed as substrate for the production of xylanase from thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum by solid-state fermentation. The seed cake was efficiently utilized by S. thermophilum for its growth during which it produced good amount of heat stable extracellular xylanase. The solid-state fermentation conditions were optimized for maximum xylanase production. Under the optimized conditions viz. deoiled seed cake supplemented with 1% oat-spelt xylan, adjusted to pH 9.0, moisture content 1:3 w/v, inoculated with 1×10(6) spores per 5 g cake and incubated at 45 °C, 1455 U xylanase/g deoiled seed cake was obtained. The xylanase was useful in biobleaching of paper pulp. Solid-state fermentation of deoiled cake appears a potentially viable approach for its effective utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Joshi
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India
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Silveira MS, Fontes CPML, Guilherme AA, Fernandes FAN, Rodrigues S. Cashew Apple Juice as Substrate for Lactic Acid Production. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-010-0382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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