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Evaluation of TILI-2 as an Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Oxidative Agent and Its Role in Preventing Melanogenesis Using a Proteomics Approach. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103228. [PMID: 35630706 PMCID: PMC9147390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a desire to develop new molecules that can combat hyperpigmentation. To this end, the N-terminal cysteine-containing heptapeptide TILI-2 has shown promising preliminary results. In this work, the mechanism by which it works was evaluated using a series of biochemical assays focusing on known biochemical pathways, followed by LC-MS/MS proteomics to discover pathways that have not been considered before. We demonstrate that TILI-2 is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase’s monophenolase activity and it could potentially scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals. It has a very low cytotoxicity up to 1400 µM against human fibroblast NFDH cells and macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Our proteomics study revealed that another putative mechanism by which TILI-2 may reduce melanin production involves the disruption of the TGF-β signaling pathway in mouse B16F1 cells. This result suggests that TILI-2 has potential scope to be used as a depigmenting agent.
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Vita GM, De Simone G, Leboffe L, Montagnani F, Mariotti D, Di Bella S, Luzzati R, Gori A, Ascenzi P, di Masi A. Human Serum Albumin Binds Streptolysin O (SLO) Toxin Produced by Group A Streptococcus and Inhibits Its Cytotoxic and Hemolytic Effects. Front Immunol 2020; 11:507092. [PMID: 33363530 PMCID: PMC7752801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.507092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of group A Streptococcus (GAS) is mediated by direct bacterial invasivity and toxin-associated damage. Among the extracellular products, the exotoxin streptolysin O (SLO) is produced by almost all GAS strains. SLO is a pore forming toxin (PFT) hemolitically active and extremely toxic in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in plasma, is a player in the innate immunity "orchestra." We previously demonstrated that HSA acts as a physiological buffer, partially neutralizing Clostridioides difficile toxins that reach the bloodstream after being produced in the colon. Here, we report the in vitro and ex vivo capability of HSA to neutralize the cytotoxic and hemolytic effects of SLO. HSA binds SLO with high affinity at a non-conventional site located in domain II, which was previously reported to interact also with C. difficile toxins. HSA:SLO recognition protects HEp-2 and A549 cells from cytotoxic effects and cell membrane permeabilization induced by SLO. Moreover, HSA inhibits the SLO-dependent hemolytic effect in red blood cells isolated from healthy human donors. The recognition of SLO by HSA may have a significant protective role in human serum and sustains the emerging hypothesis that HSA is an important constituent of the innate immunity system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Montagnani
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Di Bella
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Department of Medical, Siurgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Department of Medical, Siurgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
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Gayathri L, Akbarsha MA, Ruckmani K. In vitro study on aspects of molecular mechanisms underlying invasive aspergillosis caused by gliotoxin and fumagillin, alone and in combination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14473. [PMID: 32879392 PMCID: PMC7467938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) and fumagillin (FUM) are mycotoxins most abundantly produced by Aspergillus fumigatus during the early stages of infection to cause invasive aspergillosis (IA). Therefore, we hypothesized that GT and FUM could be the possible source of virulence factors, which we put to test adopting in vitro monoculture and the novel integrated multiple organ co-culture (IdMOC) of A549 and L132 cell. We found that (i) GT is more cytotoxic to lung epithelial cells than FUM, and (ii) GT and FUM act synergistically to inflict pathology to the lung epithelial cell. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the master regulator of the cytotoxicity of GT, FUM and GT + FUM. ROS may be produced as a sequel to mitochondrial damage and, thus, mitochondria are both the source of ROS and the target to ROS. GT-, FUM- and GT + FUM-induced DNA damage is mediated either by ROS-dependent mechanism or directly by the fungal toxins. In addition, GT, FUM and GT + FUM may induce protein accumulation. Further, it is speculated that GT and FUM inflict epithelial damage by neutrophil-mediated inflammation. With respect to multiple organ cytotoxicity, GT was found to be cytotoxic at IC50 concentration in the following order: renal epithelial cells < type II epithelial cells < hepatocytes < normal lung epithelial cells. Taken together, GT and FUM alone and in combination contribute to exacerbate the damage of lung epithelial cells and, thus, are involved in the progression of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Gayathri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University-BIT Campus, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (Autonomous), University College of Engineering, Anna University-BIT Campus, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620002, India
| | - Mohammad A Akbarsha
- National College (Autonomous), Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620001, India
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Centre for Alternatives, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Kandasamy Ruckmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University-BIT Campus, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India.
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (Autonomous), University College of Engineering, Anna University-BIT Campus, Tiruchchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India.
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Díaz JM, Dozois CM, Avelar-González FJ, Hernández-Cuellar E, Pokharel P, de Santiago AS, Guerrero-Barrera AL. The Vacuolating Autotransporter Toxin (Vat) of Escherichia coli Causes Cell Cytoskeleton Changes and Produces Non-lysosomal Vacuole Formation in Bladder Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:299. [PMID: 32670893 PMCID: PMC7332727 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect more than 150 million people, with a cost of over 3.5 billion dollars, each year. Escherichia coli is associated with 70–80% of UTIs. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) has virulence factors including adhesins, siderophores, and toxins that damage host cells. Vacuolating autotransporter toxin (Vat) is a member of serine protease autotransporter proteins of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) present in some uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains. Vat has been identified in 20–36% of UPEC and is present in almost 68% of urosepsis isolates. However, the mechanism of action of Vat on host cells is not well-known. Thus, in this study the effect of Vat in a urothelium model of bladder cells was investigated. Several toxin concentrations were tested for different time periods, resulting in 15–47% of cellular damage as measured by the LDH assay. Vat induced vacuole formation on the urothelium model in a time-dependent manner. Vat treatment showed loss of the intercellular contacts on the bladder cell monolayer, observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. This was also shown using antibodies against ZO-1 and occludin by immunofluorescence. Additionally, changes in permeability of the epithelial monolayer was demonstrated with a fluorescence-based permeability assay. Cellular damage was also evaluated by the identification of cytoskeletal changes produced by Vat. Thus, after Vat treatment, cells presented F-actin distribution changes and loss of stress fibers in comparison with control cells. Vat also modified tubulin, but it was not found to affect Arp3 distribution. In order to find the nature of the vacuoles generated by Vat, the Lysotracker deep red fluorescent dye for the detection of acidic organelles was used. Cells treated with Vat showed generation of some vacuoles without acidic content. An ex vivo experiment with mouse bladder exposed to Vat demonstrated loss of integrity of the urothelium. In conclusion, Vat induced cellular damage, vacuole formation, and urothelial barrier dysregulation of bladder epithelial cells. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of these vacuoles induced by Vat and their relationship with the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Díaz
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (UAA), Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Charles M Dozois
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Fappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Pravil Pokharel
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Fappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
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Zhang C, Chen F, Liu X, Han X, Hu Y, Su X, Chen Y, Sun Y, Han L. Gliotoxin Induces Cofilin Phosphorylation to Promote Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus Into Type II Human Pneumocyte Cells. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1345. [PMID: 31275272 PMCID: PMC6591310 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is able to internalize into lung epithelial cells to escape from immune attack for further dissemination. We previously reported that gliotoxin, a major mycotoxin of A. fumigatus, promotes this internalization; however, the mechanism remained unclear. Here, we report that gliotoxin is able to induce cofilin phosphorylation in A549 type II human pneumocytes. Either too high or too low a level of cofilin phosphorylation blocked the gliotoxin-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and A. fumigatus internalization. LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1) and its upstream small GTPases (Cdc42 and RhoA, but not Rac1) predominantly mediated the gliotoxin-induced cofilin phosphorylation and A. fumigatus internalization. Simultaneously, gliotoxin significantly stimulated an increase in cAMP; however, adding an antagonist of PKA did not block gliotoxin-induced A. fumigatus internalization. In vivo, exogenous gliotoxin helped gliotoxin synthesis deficient strain gliPΔ invade into the lung tissue and the lung fungal burden increased markedly in immunosuppressed mice. In conclusion, these data revealed a novel role of gliotoxin in inducing cofilin phosphorylation mostly through the Cdc42/RhoA-LIMK1 signaling pathway to promote actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and internalization of A. fumigatus into type II human pneumocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Zhang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyan Chen
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Han
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingsong Hu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Su
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yansong Sun
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Han
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Zhang C, Liu X, Chen F, Hu Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Han X, Sun Y, Han L. Gliotoxin destructs the pulmonary epithelium barrier function by reducing cofilin oligomer formation to promote the dissolution of actin stress fibers. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:169-176. [PMID: 30017941 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The destruction of pulmonary epithelium is a major feature of lung diseases caused by the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus). Gliotoxin, a major mycotoxin of A. fumigatus, is widely postulated to be associated with the tissue invasion. However, the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we first discovered that cofilin, a regulator of actin dynamics in the pulmonary epithelial cells, existed mainly in the form of oligomer, which kept it unable to depolymerize actin filaments. Gliotoxin could reduce the formation of cofilin oligomer and promote the release of active cofilin monomer by regulating cofilin phosphorylation balance. Then, the active cofilin induced the dissolution of actin stress fibers to result in the disruption of pulmonary epithelium barrier function. Collectively, our study revealed a novel mechanism of gliotoxin destructing lung epithelium barrier function and for the first time indicated the role of cofilin oligomer in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Zhang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, PLA, Beijing, China; Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, PLA, Beijing, China; Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyan Chen
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yingsong Hu
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqian Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, PLA, Beijing, China; Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxi Liu
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Han
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yansong Sun
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Han
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China.
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Jia X, Chen F, Pan W, Yu R, Tian S, Han G, Fang H, Wang S, Zhao J, Li X, Zheng D, Tao S, Liao W, Han X, Han L. Gliotoxin promotes Aspergillus fumigatus internalization into type II human pneumocyte A549 cells by inducing host phospholipase D activation. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:491-501. [PMID: 24637030 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus into lung epithelial cells is critical for the infection process in the host. Gliotoxin is the most potent toxin produced by A. fumigatus. However, its role in A. fumigatus internalization into the lung epithelial cells is still largely unknown. In the present study, the deletion of the gliP gene regulating the production of gliotoxin in A. fumigatus suppressed the internalization of conidia into the A549 lung epithelial cells, and this suppression could be rescued by the exogenous addition of gliotoxin. At lower concentrations, gliotoxin enhanced the internalization of the conidia of A. fumigatus into A549 cells; in contrast, it inhibited the phagocytosis of J774 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Under a concentration of 100 ng/ml, gliotoxin had no effect on A549 cell viability but attenuated ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. Gliotoxin significantly stimulated the phospholipase D activity in the A549 cells at a concentration of 50 ng/ml. This stimulation was blocked by the pretreatment of host cells with PLD1- but not PLD2-specific inhibitor. Morphological cell changes induced by gliotoxin were observed in the A549 cells accompanying with obvious actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and a moderate alteration of phospholipase D distribution. Our data indicated that gliotoxin might be responsible for modulating the A. fumigatus internalization into epithelial cells through phospholipase D1 activation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jia
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyan Chen
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rentao Yu
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Patent Examination Cooperation Center of the Patent Office, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tian
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gaige Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiqin Fang
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingya Zhao
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianping Li
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyu Zheng
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Tao
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqing Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelin Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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