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Takaoka N, Sanoh S, Ohta S, Esmaeeli M, Leimkühler S, Kurosaki M, Terao M, Garattini E, Kotake Y. Involvement of aldehyde oxidase in the metabolism of aromatic and aliphatic aldehyde-odorants in the mouse olfactory epithelium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 715:109099. [PMID: 34856193 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) expressed in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are known to metabolize odorants. Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) recognizes a wide range of substrates among which are substrates with aldehyde groups. Some of these AOX substrates are odorants, such as benzaldehyde and n-octanal. One of the mouse AOX isoforms, namely AOX2 (mAOX2), was shown to be specifically expressed in mouse OE but its role to metabolize odorants in this tissue remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the involvement of mouse AOX isoforms in the oxidative metabolism of aldehyde-odorants in the OE. Mouse OE extracts effectively metabolized aromatic and aliphatic aldehyde-odorants. Gene expression analysis revealed that not only mAOX2 but also the mAOX3 isoform is expressed in the OE. Furthermore, evaluation of inhibitory effects using the purified recombinant enzymes led us to identify specific inhibitors of each isoform, namely chlorpromazine, 17β-estradiol, menadione, norharmane, and raloxifene. Using these specific inhibitors, we defined the contribution of mAOX2 and mAOX3 to the metabolism of aldehyde-odorants in the mouse OE. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that mAOX2 and mAOX3 are responsible for the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehyde-odorants in the mouse OE, implying their involvement in odor perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takaoka
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mariam Esmaeeli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mami Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Italy
| | - Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Italy
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Soltani S, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Rashidi MR. A comprehensive review of in silico approaches for the prediction and modulation of aldehyde oxidase-mediated drug metabolism: The current features, challenges and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113559. [PMID: 34119831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism necessitates the development and application of the in silico rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects for the early prediction and modulation of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX-mediated metabolism and modulation methods. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered have been discussed. The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism is a hot topic in drug discovery. Different strategies are available for the modulation of the AOX-mediated metabolism of drugs. Application of the rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects is necessary for the early prediction of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents a comprehensive review of AOX molecular structure, AOX-mediated reactions, AOX substrates, AOX inhibition, approaches to modify AOX-mediated metabolism, prediction of AOX metabolism/substrates/inhibitors, and the AOX related structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Furthermore, an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX metabolism has been carried out. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered in the scientific literature have been discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaieh Soltani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rashidi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute and Pharmacy faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Mota C, Esmaeeli M, Coelho C, Santos-Silva T, Wolff M, Foti A, Leimkühler S, Romão MJ. Human aldehyde oxidase (hAOX1): structure determination of the Moco-free form of the natural variant G1269R and biophysical studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:925-934. [PMID: 30985987 PMCID: PMC6487702 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aldehyde oxidase (hAOX1) is a molybdenum enzyme with high toxicological importance, but its physiological role is still unknown. hAOX1 metabolizes different classes of xenobiotics and is one of the main drug‐metabolizing enzymes in the liver, along with cytochrome P450. hAOX1 oxidizes and inactivates a large number of drug molecules and has been responsible for the failure of several phase I clinical trials. The interindividual variability of drug‐metabolizing enzymes caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is highly relevant in pharmaceutical treatments. In this study, we present the crystal structure of the inactive variant G1269R, revealing the first structure of a molybdenum cofactor (Moco)‐free form of hAOX1. These data allowed to model, for the first time, the flexible Gate 1 that controls access to the active site. Furthermore, we inspected the thermostability of wild‐type hAOX1 and hAOX1 with various SNPs (L438V, R1231H, G1269R or S1271L) by CD spectroscopy and ThermoFAD, revealing that amino acid exchanges close to the Moco site can impact protein stability up to 10 °C. These results correlated with biochemical and structural data and enhance our understanding of hAOX1 and the effect of SNPs in the gene encoding this enzyme in the human population. Enzymes Aldehyde oxidase (EC1.2.3.1); xanthine dehydrogenase (EC1.17.1.4); xanthine oxidase (EC1.1.3.2). Databases Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession number 6Q6Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Mota
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariam Esmaeeli
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Catarina Coelho
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Teresa Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Martin Wolff
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alessandro Foti
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maria João Romão
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Wang J, Li W, Niu D, Singh S, Lu F, Liu X. Improved synthesis of isomaltooligosaccharides using immobilized α-glucosidase in organic-aqueous media. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:731-738. [PMID: 30263598 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Glucosidase was immobilized onto an epoxy-activated resin (Eupergit C) to catalyze maltose into isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO), and then the effects of organic-aqueous media on the enzymatic properties of immobilized α-glucosidase were examined. An immobilization efficiency of 79.61% was obtained under the condition of pH 6.0, ionic strength of 2.0 M, and 30 mg of protein/g of resin. The butyl acetate-aqueous biphasic system was found to significantly improve the catalytic activity of the immobilized enzyme and the yield of IMO. The highest yield of IMO (50.83%, w/w) was obtained at pH 4.5 and 55 °C in a butyl acetate/buffer system (25:75, v/v). In addition, the immobilized enzyme particles were distributed into the organic phase after the completion of transglycosylation, which facilitates the separation and recycling use of the immobilized enzyme. Immobilized α-glucosidase retains a robust reusability in this continuous operation model. The present findings are of potential in improving the IMO manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- 1Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China.,5College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Wei Li
- 2College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Dandan Niu
- 2College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China.,3Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116 China
| | - Suren Singh
- 4Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Fuping Lu
- 2College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- 1Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
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Behera D, Pattem R, Gudi G. Effect of commonly used organic solvents on Aldehyde oxidase-mediated Vanillin, Phthalazine and Methotrexate oxidation in human, rat and mouse liver subcellular fractions. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:722-33. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.889332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Meng Y, Yuan Y, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Li M, Wang Z, Pu X, Jiang L. Effects of organic solvents and substrate binding on trypsin in acetonitrile and hexane media. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3749-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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