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Tang M, You J, Yang T, Sun Q, Jiang S, Xu M, Pan X, Rao Z. Application of modern synthetic biology technology in aromatic amino acids and derived compounds biosynthesis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:131050. [PMID: 38942210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic amino acids (AAA) and derived compounds have enormous commercial value with extensive applications in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical fields. Microbial production of AAA and derived compounds is a promising prospect for its environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, low yield and production efficiency remain major challenges for realizing industrial production. With the advancement of synthetic biology, microbial production of AAA and derived compounds has been significantly facilitated. In this review, a comprehensive overview on the current progresses, challenges and corresponding solutions for AAA and derived compounds biosynthesis is provided. The most cutting-edge developments of synthetic biology technology in AAA and derived compounds biosynthesis, including CRISPR-based system, genetically encoded biosensors and synthetic genetic circuits, were highlighted. Finally, future prospects of modern strategies conducive to the biosynthesis of AAA and derived compounds are discussed. This review offers guidance on constructing microbial cell factory for aromatic compound using synthetic biology technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Jiajia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Tianjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Qisheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Shuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Xuewei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China.
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Du J, Li Y, Chen Z, Wang C, Huang Y, Li L. Functional characterization of a novel flavin reductase from a deep-sea sediment metagenomic library and its application for indirubin production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0042924. [PMID: 38780258 PMCID: PMC11218617 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00429-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial synthesis is a desirable approach to produce indirubin but suffers from low synthetic efficiency. Insufficient supply of reduced flavins is one major factor limiting synthetic efficiency. To address this, a novel flavin reductase, MoxB, was discovered through screening of the metagenomic library. MoxB showed a strong preference for NADH over NADPH as the electron source for FMN/FAD reduction and exhibited the highest activity at pH 8.0 and 30°C. It displayed remarkable thermostability by maintaining 80% of full activity after incubation at 60°C for 1 h. Furthermore, MoxB showed great organic solvent tolerance and its activity could be significantly increased by bivalent metal ions. In addition, heterologous expression of the moxB gene in the indirubin-producing E. coli significantly improved indirubin production up to 15.12-fold. This discovery expands the understanding of flavin reductases and provides a promising catalytic tool for microbial indirubin production.IMPORTANCEMuch effort has been exerted to produce indirubin using engineered Escherichia coli, but high-level production has not been achieved so far. Insufficient supply of reduced flavins is one key factor limiting the catalytic efficiency. However, the flavin reductases involved in indirubin biosynthesis have not been hitherto reported. Discovery of the novel flavin reductase MoxB provides a useful tool for enhancing indirubin production by E. coli. Overexpression of MoxB in indirubin-producing E. coli increased indirubin production by 15.12-fold in comparison to the control strain. Our results document the function of flavin reductase that reduces flavins during indirubin biosynthesis and provide an important foundation for using the flavin reductases to improve indirubin production by engineered microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Du
- Central Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanhua Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhengzhuang Chen
- Central Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Postgraduate Training Base of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Central Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Postgraduate Training Base of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yali Huang
- Basic Medical Science College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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3
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Kunevičius A, Sadauskas M, Raudytė J, Meškys R, Burokas A. Unraveling the Dynamics of Host-Microbiota Indole Metabolism: An Investigation of Indole, Indolin-2-one, Isatin, and 3-Hydroxyindolin-2-one. Molecules 2024; 29:993. [PMID: 38474504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota produces a variety of bioactive molecules that facilitate host-microbiota interaction. Indole and its metabolites are focused as possible biomarkers for various diseases. However, data on indole metabolism and individual metabolites remain limited. Hence, we investigated the metabolism and distribution of indole, indolin-2-one, isatin, and 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one. First, we orally administered a high dose of indole into C57BL/6J mice and measured the concentrations of indole metabolites in the brain, liver, plasma, large and small intestines, and cecum at multiple time points using HPLC/MS. Absorption in 30 min and full metabolization in 6 h were established. Furthermore, indole, indolin-2-one, and 3-hydroxiindolin-2-one, but not isatin, were found in the brain. Second, we confirmed these findings by using stable isotope-carrying indole. Third, we identified 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one as an indole metabolite in vivo by utilizing a 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one-converting enzyme, IifA. Further, we confirmed the ability of orally administered 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one to cross the blood-brain barrier in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we detected upregulation of the CYP1A2 and CYP2A5 genes, confirming the importance of these cytochrome isoforms in indole metabolism in vivo. Overall, our results provide a basic characterization of indole metabolism in the host and highlight 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one as a potentially brain-affecting indole metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnas Kunevičius
- Department of Biological Models, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mikas Sadauskas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julija Raudytė
- Department of Biological Models, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurelijus Burokas
- Department of Biological Models, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Liu C, Cheng M, Ma C, Chen J, Tan H. Identification of novel flavin-dependent monooxygenase from Strobilanthes Cusia reveals molecular basis of indoles' biosynthetic logic. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:527. [PMID: 37904107 PMCID: PMC10617207 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze is a traditional medical plant distributed widely in south China. The indole compounds that originated from the plant are responsible for its pharmacological activities. However, the reason why indole ingredients are accumulated in this herb and how it is biosynthesized has remained largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, metabolic and transcriptional profiling measurement experiments of different S. cusia organs were carried out to understand the underlying molecular basis of indoles' biosynthetic logic. A metabolic investigation demonstrated that the indoles are primarily accumulated mainly in aerial parts, particularly in leaves. RNA-seq was employed to reveal the organ specific accumulation of indoles in different S. cusia organs. Meanwhile, a flavin-dependent monooxygenase gene (ScFMO1) was found in S. cusia, and it has capacity to produce indoxyl from indole by the fermentation assay. Finally, we assessed the outcomes of transient expression experiment in tobacco and confirmed that ScFMO1 localizes in cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ScFMO1 plays a key role in biosynthesis of indoles (Indigo, indirubin, indican, etc.), it will be useful for illuminating the molecular basis of the medicinal indoles' biosynthesis and developing strategies for improving their yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengya Cheng
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- Department Chinese Medicine Authentication, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Xiao S, Wang Z, Wang B, Hou B, Cheng J, Bai T, Zhang Y, Wang W, Yan L, Zhang J. Expanding the application of tryptophan: Industrial biomanufacturing of tryptophan derivatives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1099098. [PMID: 37032885 PMCID: PMC10076799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1099098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan derivatives are various aromatic compounds produced in the tryptophan metabolic pathway, such as 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melatonin, 7-chloro-tryptophan, 7-bromo-tryptophan, indigo, indirubin, indole-3-acetic acid, violamycin, and dexoyviolacein. They have high added value, widely used in chemical, food, polymer and pharmaceutical industry and play an important role in treating diseases and improving life. At present, most tryptophan derivatives are synthesized by biosynthesis. The biosynthesis method is to combine metabolic engineering with synthetic biology and system biology, and use the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and other related microorganisms to reconstruct the artificial biosynthesis pathway, and then produce various tryptophan derivatives. In this paper, the characteristics, applications and specific biosynthetic pathways and methods of these derivatives were reviewed, and some strategies to increase the yield of derivatives and reduce the production cost on the basis of biosynthesis were introduced in order to make some contributions to the development of tryptophan derivatives biosynthesis industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Xiao
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Bangxu Wang
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Cheng, ; Lixiu Yan, ; Jiamin Zhang,
| | - Ting Bai
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixiu Yan
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Cheng, ; Lixiu Yan, ; Jiamin Zhang,
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Cheng, ; Lixiu Yan, ; Jiamin Zhang,
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6
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Medvedev A, Buneeva O. Tryptophan Metabolites as Mediators of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Communication: Focus on Isatin. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:922274. [PMID: 35846785 PMCID: PMC9280024 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.922274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Isatin (indole-2,3-dione) is an endogenous regulator, exhibiting various behavioral, biological, and pharmacological activities. Synthesis of isatin includes several crucial stages: cleavage of the tryptophan side chain and subsequent oxidation of the indole nucleus. Although these stages require concerted action of bacterial and host enzymes, there are two pathways of isatin formation: the host and bacterial pathways. Isatin acts as a neuroprotector in different experimental models of neurodegeneration. Its effects are realized via up- and downregulation of isatin-responsive genes and via interaction with numerous isatin-binding proteins identified in the brain. The effect of isatin on protein-protein interactions in the brain may be important for realization of weak inhibition of multiple receptor targets.
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7
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Kayastha S, Sagwan-Barkdoll L, Anterola A, Jayakody LN. Developing synthetic microbes to produce indirubin-derivatives. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Yin H, Chen H, Yan M, Li Z, Yang R, Li Y, Wang Y, Guan J, Mao H, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Efficient Bioproduction of Indigo and Indirubin by Optimizing a Novel Terpenoid Cyclase XiaI in Escherichia coli. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20569-20576. [PMID: 34396002 PMCID: PMC8359145 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Blue indigo dye, an important natural colorant, is used for textiles and food additives worldwide, while another red isomer, indirubin, is the major active ingredient of a traditional Chinese medicine named "Danggui Longhui Wan" for treating various diseases including granulocytic leukemia, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. In this work, we constructed a new and highly efficient indigoid production system by optimizing a novel terpenoid cyclase, XiaI, from the xiamycin biosynthetic pathway. Through introducing the flavin-reducing enzyme Fre, tryptophan-lysing and -importing enzymes TnaA and TnaB, and H2O2-degrading enzyme KatE and optimizing the fermentation parameters including temperature, the concentration of isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside, and feeding of the l-tryptophan precursor, the final maximum productivity of indigoids by the recombinant strain Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (XiaI-Fre-TnaAB-KatE) was apparently improved to 101.9 mg/L, an approximately 60-fold improvement to that of the starting strain E. coli BL21(DE3) (XiaI) (1.7 mg/L). In addition, when the fermentation system was enlarged to 1 L in the flask (feeding with 5 mM tryptophan and 10 mM 2-hydroxyindole), the indigoid productivity further increased to 276.7 mg/L at 48 h, including an indigo productivity of 26.0 mg/L and an indirubin productivity of 250.7 mg/L, which has been the highest productivity of indirubin so far. This work provided a basis for the commercial production of bio-indigo and the clinical drug indirubin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yin
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
- Synthetic
Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Meng Yan
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Rongdi Yang
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Jianyi Guan
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
- Synthetic
Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Huili Mao
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
- Synthetic
Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- School
of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
- Synthetic
Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China
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Choi K. Nitrogen‐Neutral Amino Acids Refinery: Deamination of Amino Acids for Bio‐Alcohol and Ammonia Production. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwon‐Young Choi
- Ajou University Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering College of Engineering Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
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10
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Cao M, Gao M, Suástegui M, Mei Y, Shao Z. Building microbial factories for the production of aromatic amino acid pathway derivatives: From commodity chemicals to plant-sourced natural products. Metab Eng 2020; 58:94-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Whole-cell biocatalysis using cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for biotransformation of sustainable bioresources (fatty acids, fatty alkanes, and aromatic amino acids). Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107504. [PMID: 31926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of CH bonds in a regio and stereoselective manner. Activation of the non-activated carbon atom can be further enhanced by multistep chemo-enzymatic reactions; moreover, several useful chemicals can be synthesized to provide alternative organic synthesis routes. Given their versatile functionality, CYPs show promise in a number of biotechnological fields. Recently, various CYPs, along with their sequences and functionalities, have been identified owing to rapid developments in sequencing technology and molecular biotechnology. In addition to these discoveries, attempts have been made to utilize CYPs to industrially produce biochemicals from available and sustainable bioresources such as oil, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lignin. Here, these accomplishments, particularly those involving the use of CYP enzymes as whole-cell biocatalysts for bioresource biotransformation, will be reviewed. Further, recently developed biotransformation pathways that result in gram-scale yields of fatty acids and fatty alkanes as well as aromatic amino acids, which depend on the hosts used for CYP expression, and the nature of the multistep reactions will be discussed. These pathways are similar regardless of whether the hosts are CYP-producing or non-CYP-producing; the limitations of these methods and the ways to overcome them are reviewed here.
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12
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Tanaka Y, Uchi H, Ito T, Furue M. Indirubin-pregnane X receptor-JNK axis accelerates skin wound healing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18174. [PMID: 31796845 PMCID: PMC6890704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirubin is a potent anti-inflammatory phytochemical derived from indigo naturalis. It is also endogenously produced in the intestine and detected in the circulation in mammals. Indirubin exerts its biological functions via two xenobiotic receptor systems: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR); however, its effects on wound healing remain elusive. To investigate whether indirubin promotes wound healing, we utilized an in vitro scratch injury assay and in vivo full-thickness mouse skin ulcer model and assessed wound closure. Indirubin significantly accelerated wound closure in both the scratch assay and the skin ulcer model. Using inhibitors of cell proliferation or migration, indirubin was found to upregulate the migratory but not the proliferative capacity of keratinocytes. Activation of AHR/PXR by indirubin was confirmed by their nuclear translocation and subsequent upregulation of CYP1A1 (AHR), or UGT1A1 mRNA (PXR) and also by luciferase reporter assay (PXR). Although both AHR and PXR were activated by indirubin, its pro-migratory capacity was canceled by PXR inhibition but not by AHR inhibition and was dependent on the JNK pathway. Moreover, activated PXR was detected in the nuclei of re-epithelialized keratinocytes in human skin ulcers. In conclusion, this study shows that the indirubin-PXR-JNK pathway promotes skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uchi
- Department of Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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13
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Kim J, Lee J, Lee PG, Kim EJ, Kroutil W, Kim BG. Elucidating Cysteine-Assisted Synthesis of Indirubin by a Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, 8074, Austria
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14
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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of indirubin from glucose. J Biotechnol 2018; 267:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Kugel S, Baunach M, Baer P, Ishida-Ito M, Sundaram S, Xu Z, Groll M, Hertweck C. Cryptic indole hydroxylation by a non-canonical terpenoid cyclase parallels bacterial xenobiotic detoxification. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643772 PMCID: PMC5481743 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoid natural products comprise a wide range of molecular architectures that typically result from C–C bond formations catalysed by classical type I/II terpene cyclases. However, the molecular diversity of biologically active terpenoids is substantially increased by fully unrelated, non-canonical terpenoid cyclases. Their evolutionary origin has remained enigmatic. Here we report the in vitro reconstitution of an unusual flavin-dependent bacterial indoloterpenoid cyclase, XiaF, together with a designated flavoenzyme-reductase (XiaP) that mediates a key step in xiamycin biosynthesis. The crystal structure of XiaF with bound FADH2 (at 2.4 Å resolution) and phylogenetic analyses reveal that XiaF is, surprisingly, most closely related to xenobiotic-degrading enzymes. Biotransformation assays show that XiaF is a designated indole hydroxylase that can be used for the production of indigo and indirubin. We unveil a cryptic hydroxylation step that sets the basis for terpenoid cyclization and suggest that the cyclase has evolved from xenobiotics detoxification enzymes. The biosynthesis of xiamycin, an antimicrobial bacterial indolosesquiterpenoid, involves an unusual cyclization cascade. Here, the authors characterise the XiaF enzyme, which resembles xenobiont-degrading enzymes and is responsible for a hidden indole hydroxylation step that triggers the cyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Kugel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Baunach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Baer
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Srividhya Sundaram
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zhongli Xu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Du J, Li L, Zhou S. Enhanced cyanophycin production by Escherichia coli overexpressing the heterologous cphA gene from a deep sea metagenomic library. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:239-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang J, Zhang X, Fan J, Zhang Z, Ma Q, Peng X. Indigoids Biosynthesis from Indole by Two Phenol-Degrading Strains, Pseudomonas sp. PI1 and Acinetobacter sp. PI2. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:1263-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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