Tantalum Electrodes Modified With Well-Aligned Carbon Nanotube–Au Nanoparticles: Application to the Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Cefazolin

Development of a fluorescent probe for cefazolin detection based on solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of silver nanoparticles

A novel, simple, and rapid method has been developed for the fluorimetric determination of trace levels of cefazolin. The method is based on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as fluorescent probes using resorcinol as a reducing and capping agent and then their extraction into the 1-octanol by a highly efficient solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique. The interaction of cefazolin with silver affected the fluorescence intensity of AgNPs in the organic phase that creates a micro-probe fluorimetric detection of this antibiotic at excitation/emission wavelengths of 410/527 nm. Under the established optimum conditions, the linear analytical range was from 0.80 to 12.00 ng mL^-1 of cefazolin with a detection limit of 0.55 ng mL^-1. The relative standard deviation for ten replicate measurements of 2 and 10 ng mL^-1 of cefazolin was 4.18 and 1.88%, respectively. The suggested method was successfully applied to the determination of cefazolin in pharmaceutical formulation, human urine and plasma.

Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Drug Sensing Platforms Using State-of-the- Art Electroanalytical Techniques

Background:

Currently, nanotechnology and nanomaterials are considered as the most popular and outstanding research subjects in scientific fields ranging from environmental studies to drug analysis. Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers etc. and non-carbon nanomaterials such as quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, nanorods etc. are widely used in electrochemical drug analysis for sensor development. Main aim of drug analysis with sensors is developing fast, easy to use and sensitive methods. Electroanalytical techniques such as voltammetry, potentiometry, amperometry etc. which measure electrical parameters such as current or potential in an electrochemical cell are considered economical, highly sensitive and versatile techniques.

Methods:

Most recent researches and studies about electrochemical analysis of drugs with carbon-based nanomaterials were analyzed. Books and review articles about this topic were reviewed.

Results:

The most significant carbon-based nanomaterials and electroanalytical techniques were explained in detail. In addition to this; recent applications of electrochemical techniques with carbon nanomaterials in drug analysis was expressed comprehensively. Recent researches about electrochemical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials in drug sensing were given in a table.

Conclusion:

Nanotechnology provides opportunities to create functional materials, devices and systems using nanomaterials with advantageous features such as high surface area, improved electrode kinetics and higher catalytic activity. Electrochemistry is widely used in drug analysis for pharmaceutical and medical purposes. Carbon nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors are one of the most preferred methods for drug analysis with high sensitivity, low cost and rapid detection.

Green and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of two cephalosporins in dosage forms

Using two green and sensitive spectrofluorimetric methods, we quantified two cephalosporins, cefepime (CFM) and cefazolin (CFZ), in raw and pharmaceutical formulations. The first method is based on the reaction between CFM and fluorescamine (borate buffer, pH 8), which yields a highly fluorescent product. After excitation at 384 nm, the fluorescent product emits light at 484 nm. At concentration ranges from 12.0 to 120.0 ng ml^-1, the relative fluorescence intensity/concentration curve was linear with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.46 ng ml^-1. The second method relied on measuring the CFZ quenching action on acriflavine fluorescence through formation of an ion-associate complex using Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 8. We measured acriflavine fluorescence at 505 nm after excitation at 265 nm. The decrease in acriflavine fluorescence intensity was CFZ concentration-dependent. Using this method, we quantified CFZ in concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 µg ml^-1 with a LOQ of 0.48 µg ml^-1. We studied and optimized the factors influencing reaction product formation. Moreover, we adapted our methods to the investigation of the mentioned drugs in raw and pharmaceutical formulations with greatly satisfying results. We statistically validated our methods according to International Council on Harmonisation Guidelines. The obtained results were consistent with those obtained with the official high-performance liquid chromatography methods.

Highly sensitive determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride antitumor agent via a carbon nanotube/gold nanoparticle based nanocomposite biosensor

A glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with gold nanoparticles has been investigated for the first time as an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), an efficient antitumor agent. The developed nanocomposite has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), besides cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry electrochemical techniques. An efficient catalytic activity for the reduction of DOX has been demonstrated, leading to a significant increase in peak current density and a remarkable decrease in reduction over-potential. Under the optimal condition, a wide linear DOX concentration range from 1×10^-11 to 1×10^-6 M with a very low detection limit of 6.5 pM was achieved with the modified electrode. Meanwhile, the functionalized MWCNTs/gold nanoparticles indicated an appropriate selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability as well as long-term stability. The promising outcomes of this research approved the applicability of the developed nanocomposite sensor towards trace amounts of DOX in pharmaceutical and clinical preparations.

Recent Electrochemical Assays on Cephalosporins

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Antibiotics are an important class among drugs because they are a significant agent to deal with infections. Cephalosporins are a very important group of antibiotics in the β-lactam class. The cephalosporins are semisynthetic antibiotics derived from products of the fungus Cephalosporium. Cephalosporins are classified as first, second, third, fourth, and advanced generation, based largely on their antibacterial spectrum and stability to β-lactamases. Electrochemical methods have been used for the determination of cephalosporin just as used in the determination of many antibiotic drugs. Electroanalytical methods present generally high sensitivity, low cost, low requirements, ease of preparation of the samples in a very short time, and a short analysis time. The most commonly used types are cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry. The aim of this review is to evaluate the advantages and uses of electroanalytical methods used in the determination of cephalosporins. In addition, current applications of the methods to the pharmaceutical analysis of cephalosporins will also be summarized in a table.

Electrochemical carbon based nanosensors: A promising tool in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis

Nanotechnology has become very popular in the sensor fields in recent times. It is thought that the utilization of such technologies, as well as the use of nanosized materials, could well have beneficial effects for the performance of sensors. Nano-sized materials have been shown to have a number of novel and interesting physical and chemical properties. Low-dimensional nanometer-sized materials and systems have defined a new research area in condensed-matter physics within past decades. Apart from the aforesaid categories of materials, there exist various materials of different types for fabricating nanosensors. Carbon is called as a unique element, due to its magnificent applications in many areas. Carbon is an astonishing element that can be found many forms including graphite, diamond, fullerenes, and graphene. This review provides an overview of some of the important and recent developments brought about by the application of carbon based nanostructures to nanotechnology for both chemical and biological sensor development and their application in pharmaceutical and biomedical area.

Nanostructured materials in electroanalysis of pharmaceuticals

Basic strategies and recent developments for the enhancement of the sensory performance of nanostructures in the electroanalysis of pharmaceuticals are reviewed. A discussion of the properties of nanostructures and their application as modified electrodes for drug assays is presented. The electrocatalytic effect of nanostructured materials and their application in determining low levels of drugs in pharmaceutical forms and biofluids are discussed.