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Reza A, Chen L, Mao X. Response surface methodology for process optimization in livestock wastewater treatment: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30326. [PMID: 38726140 PMCID: PMC11078649 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
With increasing demand for meat and dairy products, the volume of wastewater generated from the livestock industry has become a significant environmental concern. The treatment of livestock wastewater (LWW) is a challenging process that involves removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from livestock manure and urine. In response to this challenge, researchers have developed and investigated different biological, physical, and chemical treatment technologies that perform better upon optimization. Optimization of LWW handling processes can help improve the efficacy and sustainability of treatment systems as well as minimize environmental impacts and associated costs. Response surface methodology (RSM) as an optimization approach can effectively optimize operational parameters that affect process performance. This review article summarizes the main steps of RSM, recent applications of RSM in LWW treatment, highlights the advantages and limitations of this technique, and provides recommendations for future research and practice, including its cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and ability to improve treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Reza
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, Twin Falls Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, 315 Falls Avenue, Twin Falls, ID, 83303-1827, USA
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794-5000, USA
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA
| | - Lide Chen
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, Twin Falls Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, 315 Falls Avenue, Twin Falls, ID, 83303-1827, USA
| | - Xinwei Mao
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794-5000, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4424, USA
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Asghar S, Chen L, He BB. Optimization of Simultaneous Nutrients and Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal from Anaerobically Digested Liquid Dairy Manure in a Two-Step Fed Sequencing Batch Reactor System Using Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:537-557. [PMID: 37155003 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The technological development for efficient nutrient removal from liquid dairy manure is critical to a sustainable dairy industry. A nutrient removal process using a two-step fed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was developed in this study to achieve the applicability of simultaneous removal of phosphorus, nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand from anaerobically digested liquid dairy manure (ADLDM). Three operating parameters, namely anaerobic time:aerobic time (min), anaerobic DO:aerobic DO (mg L-1), and hydraulic retention time (days), were systematically investigated and optimized using the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis for maximum removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (TP), ortho-phosphate (OP), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) simultaneously. The results demonstrated that the optimal mean removal efficiencies of 91.21%, 92.63%, 91.82%, 88.61%, and 90.21% were achieved for TP, OP, NH3-N, TN, and COD at operating conditions, i.e., anaerobic:aerobic time of 90:90 min, anaerobic DO:aerobic DO of 0.4:2.4 mg L-1, and HRT of 3 days. Based on analysis of variance, the percentage contributions of these operating parameters towards the mean removal efficiencies of TP and COD were ranked in the order of anaerobic DO:aerobic DO > HRT > anaerobic time:aerobic time, while HRT was the most influential parameter for the mean removal efficiencies of OP, NH3-N, and TN followed by anaerobic time:aerobic time and anaerobic DO:aerobic DO. The optimal conditions obtained in this study are beneficial to the development of pilot and full-scale systems for simultaneous biological removal of phosphorus, nitrogen, and COD from ADLDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Asghar
- Environmental Science Program, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA
| | - Lide Chen
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, Twin Falls Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, 315 Falls Avenue, PO Box 1827, Twin Falls, ID, 83303-1827, USA.
| | - B Brian He
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
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Piotrowski R, Milewski K, Maciąg B. ADAPTIVE STOCHASTIC AND HYBRID NONLINEAR OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT WWTP. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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He Y, Zhang Y, Li T, Peng X, Jia X. High-concentration COD wastewater treatment with simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by a novel Candida tropicalis strain: Removal capability and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113471. [PMID: 35613633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic and anaerobic continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) were set up and inoculated with newly isolated Candida tropicalis. Reactors were operated at high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (8000 mg/L), the modified UASB expressed better COD removal rate simultaneously removal of nitrogen and phosphate than other two reactors. Notably, under both aerobic or anaerobic conditions, large amounts of organic acids and alcohol were generated. Transcriptomic analysis showed that carbon metabolism under anaerobic conditions shared the same pathway with aerobic conditions by regulating and inhibiting some functional genes. Experiments utilizing different carbon sources proved that our strain has excellent performances in utilizing organic materials, which were verified by transcriptomic analysis. Finally, the strain was applied to treat four types of sugar-containing wastewaters. Among them, our strain exerts the best removal capability of COD (90%), nitrogen (89%), and phosphate (82%) for brewery wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingxing Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Ritigala T, Chen Y, Zheng J, Demissie H, Zheng L, Yu D, Sui Q, Chen M, Zhu J, Fan H, Li J, Gao Q, Weragoda SK, Weerasooriya R, Jinadasa KBSN, Wei Y. Comparison of an integrated short-cut biological nitrogen removal process with magnetic coagulation treating swine wastewater and food waste digestate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124904. [PMID: 33676354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An integration of two processes, magnetic coagulation (MC) and short-cut biological nitrogen removal (SBNR), coupled with a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor (SMBR) controlled by an automatic real-time control strategy (RTC), was developed to treat different characteristics of high strength wastewater. The treatment efficiency and microbial community-diversity of the proposed method was evaluated and investigated using swine wastewater and food waste (FW) digestate. The MC showed high removal of TSS (89.1 ± 1.5%, 92.21 ± 1.8%), turbidity (90.58 ± 2.1%, 95.1 ± 2.1%), TP (88.5 ± 1.9%, 92.1 ± 1.5%), phosphate (87.76 ± 1.6%, 91.22 ± 1.5%), and SMBR achieved stable and excellent removal of COD (96.05 ± 0.2%, 97.39 ± 0.2%), TN (97.30 ± 0.3%, 97.44 ± 0.3%) andNH4+-N (99.07 ± 0.2%, 98.54 ± 0.2%) for swine wastewater and FW digestate, respectively. The effluent COD andNH4+-N concentrations were found to meet their discharge standards. The microbial community comparison showed similar diversity and richness, and genus Diaphorobacter and Thaurea were dominant in denitritation, and Nitrosomonas was dominant in nitritation treating both swine wastewater and FW digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharindu Ritigala
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiaxi Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hailu Demissie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry College of Natural Sciences, Arbaminch University, 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Libing Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianwen Sui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meixue Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinxing Zhu
- Beijing Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Beijing Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Beijing Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | - Rohan Weerasooriya
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - K B S N Jinadasa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
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Cheng HH, Narindri B, Chu H, Whang LM. Recent advancement on biological technologies and strategies for resource recovery from swine wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 303:122861. [PMID: 32046939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Swine wastewater is categorized as one of the agricultural wastewater with high contents of organics and nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorus, which may lead to eutrophication in the environment. Insufficient technologies to remove those nutrients could lead to environmental problems after discharge. Several physical and chemical methods have been applied to treat the swine wastewater, but biological treatments are considered as the promising methods due to the cost effectiveness and performance efficiency along with the production of valuable products and bioenergies. This review summarizes the characteristics of swine wastewaters in the beginning, and briefly describes the current issues on the treatments of swine wastewaters. Several biological techniques, such as anaerobic digestion, A/O process, microbial fuel cells, and microalgae cultivations, and their future aspects will be addressed. Finally, the potentials to reutilize biomass produced during the treatment processes are also presented under the consideration of circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Birgitta Narindri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Chu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ming Whang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Laboratory (SERL), National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy (RCETS), National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Choi D, Cho K, Jung J. Optimization of nitrogen removal performance in a single-stage SBR based on partial nitritation and ANAMMOX. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:105-114. [PMID: 31255780 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A partial nitritation (PN)/anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was successfully developed to treat high-strength ammonium wastewater. The feed distribution in the SBR cycle and sub-cycles was considered as the main operating strategy, and was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM)-based optimization technique. In the SBR cycle, the maximum nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 0.79 ± 0.01 kg m-3 d-1 was achieved by applying a feed distribution strategy that considered the kinetic characteristics of ANAMMOX and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, this strategy negatively affected the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) due to alkalinity loss. Therefore, the feed distribution in the SBR sub-cycles with respect to the NRE and the NRR was further studied. The nitrogen removal performance was optimized in the optimum region and an NRE of 88% and an NRR of 0.84 kg m-3 d-1 were achieved. The optimized model was verified in confirmation test. The RSM-based optimization results provide insights into the feed distribution strategy for achieving single-stage PN/ANAMMOX SBR operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Xu Z, Song X, Li Y, Li G, Luo W. Removal of antibiotics by sequencing-batch membrane bioreactor for swine wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:23-30. [PMID: 31150873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of antibiotics by sequencing-batch membrane bioreactor (SMBR) for swine wastewater treatment. Nine compounds categorized into three groups of commonly used veterinary antibiotics, namely sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, were evaluated. Results showed that both sulfonamides and tetracyclines were efficiently removed by SMBR (>90%) while a lower removal was observed for fluoroquinolones (<70%). Mass balance analysis evidenced that biodegradation/biotransformation was the main mechanism for the removal of antibiotics in SMBR operation. Moreover, sludge adsorption and membrane retention also slightly contributed to antibiotic removal. Of the three groups of antibiotics, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones were more prone to accumulate in biosolids. It is noteworthy that antibiotics temporarily affected SMBR performance by inhibiting sludge growth and activity as well as increasing the concentrations of extracellular polymeric substances and soluble microbial products in the mixed liquor. Nevertheless, >60% of organic matter and nutrients in swine wastewater could be removed over SMBR operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoye Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenhai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Improving SBR Performance Alongside with Cost Reduction through Optimizing Biological Processes and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Trajectory. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9112268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Authors of this paper take under investigation the optimization of biological processes during the wastewater treatment in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) plant. A designed optimizing supervisory controller generates the dissolved oxygen (DO) trajectory for the lower level parts of the hierarchical control system. Proper adjustment of this element has an essential impact on the efficiency of the wastewater treatment process as well as on the costs generated by the plant, especially by the aeration system. The main goal of the presented solution is to reduce the plant energy consumption and to maintain the quality of effluent in compliance with the water-law permit. Since the optimization is nonlinear and includes variations of different types of variables, to solve the given problem the authors performed simulation tests and decided to implement a hybrid of two different optimization algorithms: artificial bee colony (ABC) and direct search algorithm (DSA). Simulation tests for the wastewater treatment plant case study are presented.
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Han Z, Chen S, Lin X, Yu H, Duan L, Ye Z, Jia Y, Zhu S, Liu D. Performance and membrane fouling of a step-fed submerged membrane sequencing batch reactor treating swine biogas digestion slurry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:65-72. [PMID: 29035679 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1368302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify the performance of step-fed submerged membrane sequencing batch reactor (SMSBR) treating swine biogas digestion slurry and to explore the correlation between microbial metabolites and membrane fouling within this novel reactor, a lab-scale step-fed SMSBR was operated under nitrogen loading rate of 0.026, 0.052 and 0.062 g NH4+-N (gVSS·d)-1. Results show that the total removal efficiencies for NH4+-N, total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand in the reactor (>94%, >89% and >97%, respectively) were high during the whole experiment. However, the cycle removal efficiency of NH4+-N decreased significantly when the nitrogen loading rate was increased to 0.062 g NH4+-N (gVSS·d)-1. The total removal efficiency of total phosphorus in the step-fed SMSBR was generally higher than 75%, though large fluctuations were observed during the experiments. In addition, the concentrations of microbial metabolites, i.e., soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from activated sludge increased as nitrogen loading rate increased, both showing quadratic equation correlations with viscosity of the mixed liquid in the step-fed SMSBR (both R2 > 0.90). EPS content was higher than SMP content, while protein (PN) was detected as the main component in both SMP and EPS. EPS PN was found to be well correlated with transmembrane pressure, membrane flux and the total membrane fouling resistance. Furthermore, the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy results suggested the tryptophan-like protein as one of the main contributors to the membrane fouling. Overall, this study showed that the step-fed SMSBR could be used to treat swine digestion slurry at nitrogen loading rate of 0.052 g NH4+-N (gVSS·d)-1, and the control strategy of membrane fouling should be developed based on reducing the tryptophan-like PN in EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Han
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Shixia Chen
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaochang Lin
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
- b Agricultural Engineering Consulting Center , Beijing , China
| | - Li'an Duan
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yanbo Jia
- c Hangzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Songming Zhu
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Dezhao Liu
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
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